Towards Outdoor Electromagnetic Field Exposure Mapping Generation Using Conditional GANs.

With the ongoing fifth-generation cellular network (5G) deployment, electromagnetic field exposure has become a critical concern. However, measurements are scarce, and accurate electromagnetic field reconstruction in a geographic region remains challenging. This work proposes a conditional generative adversarial network to address this issue. The main objective is to reconstruct the electromagnetic field exposure map accurately according to the environment's topology from a few sensors located in an outdoor urban environment. The model is trained to learn and estimate the propagation characteristics of the electromagnetic field according to the topology of a given environment. In addition, the conditional generative adversarial network-based electromagnetic field mapping is compared with simple kriging. Results show that the proposed method produces accurate estimates and is a promising solution for exposure map reconstruction.

On the Stationarity Time of a Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Massive Radio Channel in a Line-of-Sight Suburban Environment.

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) communication systems are a pillar technology for 5G. However, the wireless radio channel models relying on the assumption of wide-sense stationary uncorrelated scattering (WSSUS) may not always be valid for dynamic scenarios. Nonetheless, an analysis of the stationarity time that validates this hypothesis for mMIMO vehicular channels as well as a clear relationship with the scattering properties is missing in the literature. Here, time-varying single-user mMIMO radio channels were measured in a suburban environment at the 5.89 GHz vehicular band with a strong Line-of-Sight (LOS) to study the non-WSSUS and large scale characteristics of the vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) link. The generalized local scattering function (GLSF), computed from the sampled channels, was used to derive (1) the spatial distribution of the stationarity time using the channel correlation function (CCF) and empirical collinearity methods and (2) the root mean square delay/angular spread and coherence time/bandwidth values from the projected power delay profile (PDP) and Doppler power spectra (DPS). The results highlight the high degree of correlation between the spatial distribution of the stationarity time and the scattering properties along the measurement route.

An extension of the RiMAX multipath estimation algorithm for ultra-wideband channel modeling.

This work presents an extension of the high-resolution RiMAX multipath estimation algorithm, enabling the analysis of frequency-dependent propagation parameters for ultra-wideband (UWB) channel modeling. Since RiMAX is a narrowband algorithm, it does not account for the frequency-dependency of the radio channel or the environment. As such, the impact of certain materials in which these systems operate can no longer be considered constant with respect to frequency, preventing an accurate estimation of multipath parameters for UWB communication. In order to track both the specular and dense multipath components (SMC and DMC) over frequency, an extension to the RiMAX algorithm was developed that can process UWB measurement data. The advantage of our approach is that geometrical propagation parameters do not appear or disappear from one sub-band onto the next. The UWB-RiMAX algorithm makes it possible to re-evaluate common radio channel parameters for DMC in the wideband scenario, and to extend the well-known deterministic propagation model comprising of SMC alone, towards a more hybrid model containing the stochastic contributions from the DMC's distributed diffuse scattering as well. Our algorithm was tested with synthetic radio channel models in an indoor environment, which show that our algorithm can match up to 99% of the SMC parameters according to the multipath component distance (MCD) metric and that the DMC reverberation time known from the theory of room electromagnetics can be estimated on average with an error margin of less than 2 ns throughout the UWB frequency band. We also present some preliminary results in an indoor environment, which indicate a strong presence of DMC and thus diffuse scattering. The DMC power represents up to 50% of the total measured power for the lower UWB frequencies and reduces to around 30% for the higher UWB frequencies.

Composite organic-inorganic butterfly scales: production of photonic structures with atomic layer deposition.

Recent advances in the photonics and optics industries have produced great demand for ever more sophisticated optical devices, such as photonic crystals. However, photonic crystals are notoriously difficult to manufacture. Increasingly, therefore, researchers have turned towards naturally occurring photonic structures for inspiration and a wide variety of elaborate techniques have been attempted to copy and harness biological processes to manufacture artificial photonic structures. Here, we describe a simple, direct process for producing an artificial photonic device by using a naturally occurring structure from the wings of the butterfly Papilio blumei as a template and low-temperature atomic layer deposition of TiO2 to create a faithful cast of the structure. The optical properties of the organic-inorganic diffraction structures produced are assessed by normal-incidence specular reflectance and found to be well described by multilayer computation method using a two-dimensional photonic crystal model. Depending on the structural integrity of the initially sealed scale, it was found possible not only to replicate the outer but also the inner and more complex surfaces of the structure, each resulting in distinct multicolor optical behavior as revealed by experimental and theoretical data. In this paper, we also explore tailoring the process to design composite skeleton architectures with desired optical properties and integrated multifunctional (mechanical, thermal, optical, fluidic) properties.

An all-dielectric route for terahertz cloaking.

An original all-dielectric design that performs cloaking at 0.58 THz is demonstrated. The cloak consists of radially positioned micrometer-sized ferroelectric cylinders which exhibit under Mie theory a strong magnetic resonance. Full-wave simulations coupled with a field-summation retrieval technique were employed to adjust the rods magnetic plasma frequency; hence, the radial distribution in the permeability of the cloak. The behavior of the complete micro-structured device was simulated and results unambiguously show good reconstruction of the E-field wavefronts behind the cloak with high power transmission. This all-dielectric configuration provides an attractive route for designing cloaking devices at microwave and terahertz frequencies.