Basic Psychological Needs and Sports Satisfaction Among Brazilian Athletes and Coaches: The Mediating Role of the Dyadic Relationship.

Even though sport satisfaction has proved an important element for youngsters to keep practicing sports, little is known on the sport satisfaction of coaches. Moreover, the coach-athlete relationship is acknowledged as a key element for sport success, but whether its importance is the same for coaches and athletes is yet to be investigated. Our study analyzed the mediating role of the coach-athlete relationship in associating the satisfaction of basic psychological needs and sport satisfaction of Brazilian coaches and athletes. 364 coaches and athletes participated in the study representing 182 dyads from different sports according to the following instruments: Basic Needs Satisfaction Sport Scale (BNSSS), Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire, athlete and coach versions (CART-Q), and the Athletic Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ). Data analysis followed a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with a significance level of p < 0.05, generating results in which the mediating model for coaches was not adequately fit, while the direct model, without mediation, was adequately fit and explained 48% of sport satisfaction variance. For athletes, the mediating model has shown adequate fit and explained 81% of the sport satisfaction variance, leading us to conclude that the quality of the coach-athlete relationship can be considered a determining factor for the satisfaction of young Brazilian athletes' basic psychological needs as well as sport satisfaction, but proved not as relevant to their coaches.

Influence of personality on pre-menstrual syndrome in athletes.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of personality on Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) in athletes. The sample included 25 Brazilian athletes, between 18 and 49 years of age. A diary of PMS symptoms was used (based on the criteria from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist, ACOG, 2000) and the Factorial Personality Inventory (Pasquali, Azevedo, & Ghesti, 1997). The Fisher exact test was used for data analysis, with p < .05. The athletes with PMS showed a strong need for performance, low need for assistance and introversión and very low need for change, while athletes without PMS demonstrated a very strong need for denial and strong needs for assistance, dominance, and persistence. There was a significant association between low denial (not submitting passively to external forces) and PMS (p < .05). It was concluded that certain personality traits may predispose athletes to react more intensely to needs and pressures produced by changes caused by the menstrual cycle, contributing to the onset of PMS.

Análise do estresse psicológico pré-competitivo e estratégias de coping de jovens atletas de futebol de campo / Analysis of pre-competition psychological stress and coping strategies of young soccer athletes

O estudo teve como objetivo investigar os níveis de estresse psicológico pré-competitivo e as estratégias de coping de atletas de futebol de campo das categorias infantil e juvenil. Foram sujeitos 64 atletas do gênero masculino. Como instrumentos foram utilizados o Teste de Estresse Psíquico no Futebol e o Inventário Atlético de Estratégias de Coping. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney, Anova One Way e Post Hoc de Tuckey, com significância P < 0,05. Os resultados evidenciaram que houve diferença significativa entre as categorias infantil e juvenil em três fatores de estresse: “pressão externa para ganhar” (P < 0,04), “ser prejudicado pelo árbitro” (P < 0,00) e “condições de jogo inadequadas” (P < 0,01), indicando maior influência dos fatores de estresse na categoria juvenil; entre os atletas das diferentes posições de jogo da categoria juvenil, notou-se diferença significativa no fator de estresse “dormir mal na noite anterior ao jogo” (P < 0,00); em relação às estratégias de coping, não foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as categorias infantil e juvenil; entretanto, nas diferentes posições de jogo da categoria juvenil, verificou-se diferença significativa na estratégia “concentração” (P < 0,01). Concluiu-se que a categoria juvenil é mais influenciada pelos fatores de estresse, assim como utiliza, de forma mais diversificada, as estratégias de coping.

This study aimed to investigate levels of pre-competition psychological stress and coping strategies of soccer athletes of child and juvenile categories. The subjects were 64 male athletes. The instruments used were the Soccer Stress Test (SAMULSKI; CHAGAS, 1996) and the Athletic Coping Strategies Inventory (SERPA; PALMEIRA, 1997). For data analysis, It was used the Kolmogorov Smirnov Test, Mann-Whitney, Anova One Way and Post Hoc Tuckey, with significance P < 0,05. The results showed a significant difference between child and juvenile categories in three stress factors: “external pressure to win” (P < 0,04), "being harmed by the referee” (P < 0,00) and “unsuitable playing conditions” (P < 0,01), indicating a bigger influence of the stress factors at the juvenile category; among the athletes of different positions of the juvenile category it was noted a significant difference in the stress factor "sleep poorly the night before the game” (P < 0,00); regarding coping strategies it was not found statistically significant difference between the child and juvenile categories; among the different positions of game of the juvenile category there was significant difference in strategy “concentration” (P < 0,01). It was concluded that juvenile category is more influenced by stress factors as well as it uses more diverse coping strategies.

Prevalência de síndrome pré-menstrual em atletas / Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome in athletes

A síndrome pré-menstrual (SPM) é um conjunto de sintomas emocionais e físicos que afeta negativamente as atividades diárias das mulheres durante o período pré-menstrual. Embora seja um tema bastante estudado na população em geral, existe uma lacuna na literatura a respeito da presença de SPM em atletas. Dessa forma, o objetivo do estudo foi analisar a prevalência de SPM em atletas. Foi desenvolvido um estudo do tipo inquérito, com 57 atletas, com idade entre 18 e 47 anos, de 11 modalidades esportivas. Para identificar a presença de SPM, utilizou-se uma ficha autoaplicável baseada nos critérios do American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG, 2000); a confirmação diagnóstica foi feita através do preenchimento de um diário de sintomas durante dois ciclos menstruais consecutivos (baseado no ACOG, 2000). Para análise dos dados utilizou-se teste de Shapiro-Wilk e teste exato de Fisher, adotando P < 0,05. A prevalência de SPM estimada de forma retrospectiva foi de 68 por cento, enquanto a avaliada pelo acompanhamento com os diários foi de 48 por cento. Mastalgia, explosão de raiva, ansiedade e irritabilidade foram os sintomas mais citados. Foram observadas associações significativas entre SPM e volume de treinamento semanal (P = 0,041), número de sintomas totais (P < 0,0001), número de sintomas físicos (P = 0,004), mastalgia (P = 0,028) e desconforto abdominal (P = 0,015). A prevalência de SPM em atletas foi considerada alta e a análise retrospectiva a superestimou em relação ao acompanhamento diário. A alta prevalência, bem como a associação entre SPM e maior volume de treinamento semanal, instiga que o treinamento esportivo pode ter algum impacto na prevalência de SPM em atletas.

The premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a set of emotional and physical symptoms that adversely affects the daily activities of women during the pre-menstrual period. Despite being a theme quite discussed in the general population, there is still a gap in the literature concerning the presence of PMS in athletes. Thus, the objective of the study was to analyze the prevalence of PMS in athletes. An inquiry study with 57 athletes age range of 18 and 47 years from 11 sport modalities was developed. A self-applicable sheet based on the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists criteria (ACOG, 2000) was used to identify the presence of PMS ; the diagnostic confirmation was performed through the answer of a symptoms diary during two consecutive menstrual cycles (based on ACOG, 2000). Shapiro Wilks test and Fisher's exact test, adopting a P<0.05 were used for the data analysis. The prevalence of PMS retrospectively estimated was of 68 percent while the estimated prevalence through the follow-up with the diaries was of 48 percent. Breast soreness, anger burst, anxiety and irritability were the mostly frequent mentioned symptoms. Significant associations were observed between PMS and weekly training volume (P = 0.041), total amount of symptoms (P < 0,0001), amount of physical symptoms (P = 0,004), breast soreness (P = 0,028) and abdominal discomfort (P = 0,015). The prevalence of PMS in athletes was considered high and the retrospective analysis overestimated the prevalence of PMS in relation to the daily follow-up. The high prevalence as well as the association between PMS and the higher volume of weekly training suggest that the sports training may have some impact in the prevalence of PMS in athletes.

Síndrome pré-menstrual e percepção de impacto no desempenho esportivode atletas brasileiras de futsal / Premenstrual syndrome and perception of impact on sport performance from brazilian indoor soccer athletes

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a associação entre Síndrome Pré-Menstrual (SPM) e percepção de impacto no desempenho esportivo de atletasbrasileiras de futsal. Foram estudadas 112 atletas, entre 18 a 31 anos de idade,participantes da Taça Brasil de Clubes, em 2007. Utilizou-se ficha auto-aplicável,com critérios do American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist (2000)para diagnosticar SPM e ficha de percepção de impacto no desempenho esportivo,em escala Likert com valores de 0 (“não afetado”) a 3 (“extremamente afetado”).Para análise dos dados, foram utilizados teste de Mann-Whitney, qui-quadrado dePearson e regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. A prevalência de SPM foide 47,32% e o impacto no desempenho esportivo naquelas com SPM foi RP 1,71(IC95% 1,23 a 2,38). Os sintomas associados com impacto no desempenho esportivoforam depressão, irritabilidade, mastalgia, dificuldade de concentração, dor lombar ecansaço. A intensidade com que as atletas com SPM sentem o desempenho afetadona fase pré-menstrual foi significativa nas categorias “um pouco afetado” (RP 2,1IC95% 1,26 a 3,55) e “extremamente afetado” (RP 3,5 IC95% 2,23 a 5,62). Atletascom 6 a 9 sintomas apresentaram maior risco (RP 3,20 IC95%1,53 a 6,71) do queatletas com 4 a 5 sintomas (RP 2,82 IC95%1,32 a 6,05) ou com 2 a 3 sintomas (RP2,57 IC95% 1,25 a 5,30). Em conclusão, a presença de SPM, o número e o tipo desintoma apresentaram associação com impacto no desempenho esportivo percebidopor atletas brasileiras de futsal.

This study’s objective was to verify the association between PremenstrualSyndrome (PMS) and perceived impact on sport performance from Brazilian indoorsoccer athletes. A total of 112 athletes were enrolled, with ages varying from 18 to 31years old, and who participated in the Brazilian Clubs Cup in 2007. The instrumentsused were: a self-reported sheet based on criteria from the American College of Obstetriciansand Gynecologist (2000) for the diagnosis of PMS and a sport performanceimpact perception sheet, organized in a Likert scale with values ranging from 0 (“notaffected”) to 3 (“extremely affected”). Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitneytest, Pearson’s chi-square and Poisson regression with robust variance. The prevalenceof PMS was 47.32% and the perceived impact on sport performance for those with PMSwas RP 1.71 (95%CI 1.23 to 2.38). The symptoms associated with sport performanceimpact were depression, irritability, breast tenderness, difficulty concentrating, back painand tiredness. The intensity with which the athletes with PMS feel their performanceaffected during the premenstrual phase was significant in the “lowly affected “(RP 2.195%CI 1.26 to 3.55) and “extremely affected” (RP 3.5 95%CI 2.23 to 5.62) categories.Athletes with 6 to 9 symptoms presented higher risk (RP 3.20 95%CI 1.53 to 6.71) thanathletes with 4 to 5 symptoms (RP 2.82 95%CI 1.32 to 6.05) or with 2 to 3 symptoms(RP 2.57 95%CI 1.25 to 5.30). In conclusion, the presence of PMS, the number and thekind of symptoms all exhibited associations with the sport performance impact perceivedby Brazilian indoor soccer athletes.

Impacto da síndrome pré-menstrual no estado de humor de atletas / Impact of premenstrual syndrome in the mood state of athletes

INTRODUÇÃO: Têm sido relatadas alterações negativas no estado de humor em algumas mulheres durante o ciclo menstrual, sobretudo naquelas que apresentam síndrome pré-menstrual (SPM). No entanto, existe uma lacuna na literatura a respeito das alterações no estado de humor durante o ciclo menstrual em atletas com SPM. OBJETIVO: Investigar o impacto da SPM no estado de humor de atletas ao longo do ciclo menstrual. MÉTODOS: Fizeram parte da amostra 57 atletas de diferentes esportes, de uma cidade do noroeste do Paraná. Utilizou-se um diário de sintomas, baseado nos critérios do American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist (ACOG), 2000, e o questionário Profile of Mood States (POMS). As atletas utilizaram o diário e responderam ao questionário ao longo de dois ciclos menstruais. Para análise dos dados foram usados os testes de Shapiro Wilk, de Friedman, de Wilcoxon e o teste U de Mann-Whitney, adotando-se P < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que apenas atletas com SPM apresentaram aumento na alteração total de humor da última semana para o último dia, sendo a diferença significativa no primeiro ciclo menstrual (p = 0,019). CONCLUSÃO: A presença de SPM pode afetar o estado de humor de atletas, gerando alterações negativas no período pré-menstrual, especialmente no último dia antes da menstruação.

INTRODUCTION: Negative alterations in mood states have been related to some women through the menstrual cycle, mainly on those who show premenstrual syndrome (PMS). However, there is a gap in the literature about the alterations in the mood states during the menstrual cycle in athletes with PMS. OBJECTIVE: Investigate the impact of PMS in the mood state of athletes through the menstrual cycle. METHODS: Were part of the sample 57 athletes from different sports, from a northeast city of Paraná. As instruments were used a Symptoms Dairy, based on the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist criteria (ACOG), 2000, and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire. The athletes answered the instruments through two menstrual cycles. For the data analysis were used the Shapiro-Wilk test, Friedman test, Wilcoxon test and Mann-Whitney test, adopting P < 0,05. RESULTS: It was verified that only athletes with PMS showed a raise in total humor alteration from the last week to the last day, with a significant difference on the 1º menstrual cycle (p = 0,019). CONCLUSION: The presence of PMS can affect the athletes' mood state, generating negative alterations in the pre-menstrual period, especially in the last day of menstruation.

Aptidão física relacionada à saúde em escolares de Jequié, BA, Brasil / Health-related physical fitness in students from Jequié, BA, Brazil

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a aptidão física relacionada à saúde (AFRS) em escolares de Jequié, BA, Brasil. Para tanto, a AFRS de 182 meninos e 160 meninas (sete a 12 anos), escolares da rede pública de ensino, foi avaliada mediante a aplicação dos testes motores corrida/caminhada de nove minutos (indicador de resistência cardiorrespiratória), abdominal modificado em um minuto (indicador de força e resistência abdominal), sentar-e-alcançar (indicador de flexibilidade). O somatório das espessuras das dobras cutâneas tricipital e subescapular foi utilizado como indicador de gordura corporal. Os resultados encontrados indicaram maior prevalência de meninos e meninas abaixo (19 por cento e 49 por cento, respectivamente) do que acima (3 por cento e 1 por cento, respectivamente) dos critérios estabelecidos pela AAHPERD (1988) para indicadores de gordura corporal. Por outro lado, somente 51 por cento dos meninos e 58 por cento das meninas no sentar-e-alcançar; 11 por cento e 7 por cento, respectivamente, no abdominal modificado em um minuto, e 15 por cento e 14 por cento, respectivamente, na corrida/caminhada de nove minutos alcançaram os critérios estabelecidos. Portanto, os resultados sugerem que programas efetivos de intervenção parecem necessários para a promoção de mudanças no estado nutricional e na atividade física habitual de escolares de Jequié.

The aim of this study was to analyze the health-related physical fitness (HRPF) in students from Jequié, BA, Brazil. Therefore, the HRPF of 182 boys and 160 girls aged 7-12 years, students from public schools, was assessed by the application of 9-minute-run/walk (indicator of cardiorespiratory capacity), modified in one minute abdominal (indicator of abdominal strength and endurance), sit-and-reach (indicator of flexibility) motor tests. The sum of the triciptal and subscapular skinfolds thickness was used as indicator of body fat. The results found indicated higher prevalence of boys and girls below (19 percent and 49 percent, respectively) than above (3 percent and 1 percent, respectively) the criteria established by the AAHPERD (1988) for indicators of body fat. Conversely, only 51 percent of the boys and 58 percent of the girls in the sit-and-reach; 11 percent and 7 percent, respectively, in the modified in one minute abdominal; and 15 percent and 14 percent, respectively, in the 9-minute-run/walk reached the established criteria. Thus, the results suggest that effective intervention programs seem necessary for the promotion of alterations in the nutritional status as well as habitual physical activity of students from Jequié.