Detection of Candidate Genes Associated with Fecundity through Genome-Wide Selection Signatures of Katahdin Ewes.

One of the strategies to genetically improve reproductive traits, despite their low inheritability, has been the identification of candidate genes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to detect candidate genes associated with fecundity through the fixation index (FST) and runs of homozygosity (ROH) of selection signatures in Katahdin ewes. Productive and reproductive records from three years were used and the genotypes (OvineSNP50K) of 48 Katahdin ewes. Two groups of ewes were identified to carry out the genetic comparison: with high fecundity (1.3 ± 0.03) and with low fecundity (1.1 ± 0.06). This study shows for the first time evidence of the influence of the CNOT11, GLUD1, GRID1, MAPK8, and CCL28 genes in the fecundity of Katahdin ewes; in addition, new candidate genes were detected for fecundity that were not reported previously in ewes but that were detected for other species: ANK2 (sow), ARHGAP22 (cow and buffalo cow), GHITM (cow), HERC6 (cow), DPF2 (cow), and TRNAC-GCA (buffalo cow, bull). These new candidate genes in ewes seem to have a high expression in reproduction. Therefore, future studies are needed focused on describing the physiological basis of changes in the reproductive behavior influenced by these genes.

Mexican Creole chickens: effect of data collection periods on goodness-of-fit and parameter precision of growth models.

The objective of this study was to estimate the good-of-fitness and precision of parameters of the Gompertz-Laird, Logistic, Richards, and Von Bertalanffy growth models, using different data collection periods (DCP). Two hundred and sixty-two Mexican Creole chicks (116 females and 146 males), were individually weighed to form the following sets of data for each sex: DCP1 (weights recorded weekly from hatching to 63 d, and every 2 wk, from 63 to 133 d of age), DCP2 (weights recorded weekly from hatching to 133 d of age), DCP3 (weights recorded every third day, from hatching to 63 d, and every 14 d, from 63 to 133 d of age), and DCP4 (weights recorded every third day, from hatching to 63 d, and weekly, from 63 to 133 d of age). Data were analyzed using the NLIN procedure of SAS (Marquardt algorithm). For all growth models, the width of confidence interval (CI) of each parameter, was estimated (α = 0.05). The adjusted coefficient of determination (AR2), as well as the Akaike (AIC) and Bayesian information criteria (BIC) were used to select the best model. The higher the AR2, and the lower the width of CI, as well as the AIC and BIC values, the better the model. The Gompertz-Laird model, more frequently showed the highest AR2, and the lowest AIC and BIC values compared to the other models. Moreover, for all models, both sexes and all parameters, most confidence interval widths (all with the Gompertz-Laird model) were the lowest with DCP3 when compared to the other sets of data. In conclusion, the Gompertz-Laird model was the best provided that the chickens are weighed every third day from hatching until 63 d of age, and every 2 wk thereafter.

Kisspeptin Stimulates the Pulsatile Secretion of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) during Postpartum Anestrus in Ewes Undergoing Continuous and Restricted Suckling.

This study tested whether the intravenous application of kisspeptin can stimulate the pulsatile secretion of LH in suckling ewes during postpartum anestrus. Ten days after lambing, Pelibuey ewes were allocated among two groups: (1) continuous suckling (n = 8), where the lambs remained with their mothers; and (2) restricted suckling (n = 8), where the mothers suckled their lambs twice daily for 30 min. On Day 19 postpartum, the ewes were individually penned with ad libitum access to water and feed and given an indwelling catheter in each jugular vein. On Day 20, 4 mL of blood was sampled every 15 min from 08:00 to 20:00 h to determine LH pulse frequency. At 14:00 h, four ewes in each group received 120 µg of kisspeptin diluted in 3 mL of saline as a continuous infusion for 6 h; the remaining four ewes in each group received only saline. The interaction between kisspeptin and suckling type did not affect LH pulse frequency (p > 0.05). Before kisspeptin administration, pulse frequency was similar in all groups (1.50 ± 0.40 pulses per 6 h; p > 0.05). With the application of kisspeptin, pulse frequency increased to 3.50 ± 0.43 pulses per 6 h (p ≤ 0.014), so the concentration of LH (1.11 ± 0.14 ng mL-1) was greater in kisspeptin-treated ewes than in saline-treated ewes (0.724 ± 0.07 ng mL-1; p ≤ 0.040). The frequency of LH pulses was greater with restricted suckling than with continuous suckling (2.44 ± 0.29 versus 1.69 ± 0.29 pulses per 6 h; p ≤ 0.040). We conclude that intravenous application of kisspeptin increases the pulsatile secretion of LH in suckling ewes and that suckling might reduce kisspeptin neuronal activity, perhaps explaining the suppression of ovulation. Moreover, the effects of kisspeptin and suckling on pulsatile LH secretion appear to be independent, perhaps operating through different neural pathways.

Influence of FecGE mutation on the reproductive variables of Pelibuey ewes in the anestrus period.

The growth and differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) intervenes in the fecundity and prolificacy of the ewe, which are important variables that participate in the reproductive efficiency of a flock. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of FecGE mutation of the gene GDF9 in the natural response of the manifestation to estrus, return to estrus, ovulation rate, pregnancy, lambing, prolificacy, and fecundity rate in Pelibuey ewes, during the anestrus period. The sequences of the exon 2 of the gene GDF9 were obtained from blood samples collected in Whatman™ FTA™ cards from 42 multiparous Pelibuey ewes with reproductive records. For this purpose, the quality of the sequences was analyzed and the polymorphisms and genotypes were searched for. The ewes were grouped according to their group: (a) homozygous or Embrapa (GG), (b) wild (AA), and (c) group without gene (sG). All the ewes studied manifested estrus behavior, but none showed signs of return to estrus after natural mating (p > 0.05); likewise, the pregnancy and lambing rates (p > 0.05) did not show differences between groups. However, the group GG presented higher ovulation rate, prolificacy, and fecundity rate (p < 0.05), compared to groups AA and sG. Although no differences were found in the manifestation of estrus, return to estrus, and percentage of pregnancy and lambing in females from the genotypes studied, the homozygous ewes GG presented 1.22 and 1.72 more corpus luteum (CL, p < 0.05), prolificacy of 0.7 and 0.7, and fecundity rate of 0.8 and 1.0 more lambs per ewe (p < 0.05) than the ones produced by the wild-type AA and sG groups, respectively.

Relation of the maximum temperature and relative humidity close to the insemination with the tropical milking criollo heifer's gestation in three seasons.

The high climatic variability of hot climates of the intertropical zone reduces cattle fertility. In dairy cows in temperates zones, the THI has been used to evaluate the temperature and relative humidity (RH) joint effect in reproduction, but its use is not recommended in all geographic zones; in hot climates, the maximum temperature (Tmax) can provide more convenient information than THI. The objective of this study was to determine the artificial insemination (AI) service seasons and their joint effect with the maximum temperature and relative humidity of the previous seven days, the service day, and posterior seven days to the AI in the tropical milking criollo (LT) heifer's gestation. Climatic data was used to define three seasons: hot-dry (HD), hot-humid (HH), and fresh-dry (FD), and 313 artificial insemination services from 176 heifers were analyzed over fourteen years. The seasons were determined by cluster analysis. Gestation at first service (GF) was analyzed with a logistic regression model and global gestation (GG) with a mixed linear generalized model. The Tmax of previous seven days insemination [Formula: see text] - 0.20 ± 0.09 (p ≤ 0.02) in HD (p ≤ 0.02) and RH of seven days posterior insemination [Formula: see text]= - 0.08 ± 0.04 (p ≤ 0.04) in HD (p ≤ 0.01) affected GF. No effect of the Tmax and RH on the service day was observed (p > 0.05). The highest GG probabilities were higher than 0.70 in HH and FD, making those seasons the most suitable for inseminating LT heifers.

Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in reproductive tissue and semen of naturally infected rams.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis (PTB), disease that causes a syndrome of bad nutrient absorption, weight loss and eventually death. The intestine is the main target organ where the infection develops; however, there is evidence of infection by MAP in extra-intestine sites of sheep, including mesenteric nodes and semen. The aim of the study was to identify the presence of MAP in reproductive tissue and semen of infected Pelibuey rams in clinical state of PTB. Seven rams were used in clinical PTB state and a non-infected ram by MAP of the Pelibuey breed, confirmed by serology, nPCR and bacteriological culture, with average weight and age of 57.23 ± 1.73 kg and 2.91 ± 0.17 years, respectively. The presence of MAP was identified in different tissue samples: spleen (1/7, 14.3% and 2/7, 28.6%), small intestine (3/7, 42.9% and 4/7, 57.1%) and mesenteric lymph nodes (3/7, 42.9% and 3/7, 42.9%), with nPCR and culture, respectively. It was also identified in epididymis tissue (1/7, 14.3%), Cowper gland (2/7, 28.6%) and prostate (1/7, 14.3%), using nPCR, although without detection in culture. It was identified in testicular tissue in 42.8% (3/7; culture or nPCR technique), but in 28.6% (2/7) with both techniques. Finally, the presence of MAP was identified in 42.9% (3/7) of semen samples with nPCR; however, it was not detected through culture. In conclusion, the presence of MAP was identified in lymphatic, digestive tissue, and semen; the presence of MAP was reported for the first time in epididymis, Cowper gland, prostate and testicles of infected Pelibuey rams.

Efecto del tipo de amamantamiento en la actividad ovárica postparto de ovejas pelibuey y tasas de crecimiento de corderos en los primeros 90 días de edad / Effect of Suckling Type on Ovarian Activity of Postpartum Pelibuey Ewes, and Lamb Growing Rate During the First 90 Days After Birth

La finalidad del presente estudio fue determinar el efecto del amamantamiento en la duración del intervalo parto-primera ovulación (IPPO), los cambios de peso corporal (CPC) posparto de las hembras y la ganancia diaria de peso (GDP) y mortalidad (M) de los corderos durante los primeros 90 d posparto en la raza Pelibuey. Cuarenta y dos ovejas multíparas con sus crías se asignaron al azar a uno de tres tratamientos: amamantamiento continuo (AC; n=16), amamantamiento restringido (AR; n= 16) y destete precoz (DP; n= 10). Los corderos en AC permanecieron con sus madres las 24 h del día con amamantamiento ad libitum; en AR, los corderos amamantaron durante 30 min al día (08:00 a 08:30); y en DP, las crías se separaron de sus madres desde los 7 d de nacidos sustituyéndose la alimentación con sustituto de leche. Para eliminar el efecto confundido de la época del año en los resultados obtenidos en el manejo del amamantamiento, se integró un grupo testigo con ovejas no gestantes (OV; n= 15). La eliminación del amamantamiento con el destete total (DP) de los corderos a los 7 d de edad aumentó el número de ovejas que ovularon antes de los 56 d posparto, disminuyó el IPPO y la pérdida de peso de las ovejas (P<0,05), disminuyó la GDP de las crías y aumentó la M de los corderos respecto a AC y AR (P<0,05). El AR disminuyó el IPPO con respecto a AC, mejoró la GDP y disminuyó la M de los corderos con respecto a DP (P<0,05). El AR parece ser el mejor sistema de manejo para un adecuado desarrollo del cordero y reiniciar la actividad reproductiva de las ovejas durante los primeros tres meses posparto.

It was studied the effects of suckling on ewe parturition-first ovulation period (IPPO), changes in post-parturition body weight (CPC), and lamb daily weight gain (GDP) and mortality (M) during the first 90 d postpartum. Forty-two multiparous Pelibuey ewes with lambs were randomly assigned to one of three suckling treatments: continuous suckling (AC; n=16), restricted suckling (AR; n=16) and early weaning (DP; n=10). Ewes and lambs in AC stayed together 24 h a day nursing ad-libitum, ewes and lambs in AR stayed together for only 30 min a day (from 08:00 to 08:30) to nurse, and lambs in DP were permanently separated from their mothers at day 7 after lambing and fed with a milk formula. A blank treatment consisting of non-pregnant ewes (OV; n=15) was included to remove the effect of season on treatments. Early weaning at day 7 after birth increased the number of ewes ovulating during the first 56 days postpartum, decreased the IPPO and weight lost of ewes (P<0.05), decreased lamb GDP and increased M relative to AC and AR (P<0.05). AR decreased the IPPO compared to AC, improved lamb GDP and decreased M compared to DP (P<0.05). Restricted suckling appears to be a better system for raising lambs and restore reproductive activity of ewes during the 3 month postpartum period.

Prevention of suckling improves postpartum reproductive responses to hormone treatments in Pelibuey ewes.

To determine the effects of suckling on postpartum (pp) reproductive efficiency in Pelibuey ewes, two experiments were performed. In Experiment 1, 112 ewes were randomly assigned to one of two groups at parturition: Without restriction of suckling (WRS) 24 h day(-1) for 60 days (n=56), and Weaned Ewes (WE), weaned at 40 days pp (n=56). On Day 30 pp, all ewes were given Prostaglandin (PGF2alpha) and one of four treatments (n=14): T1, intravaginal progestagen (FGA; 40 mg) for 12 days from day 30 pp+equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG; 300 UI) until 2 days before removing FGA; T2, FGA was applied for 12 days; T3, a second application of PGF2alpha was given on day 40 pp+eCG on the same day; T4, a second injection of PGF2alpha was applied on day 40 pp only. In all the analyzed characteristics, the best results were obtained in WE. Within the WE group, the best treatment (P<0.05) was T1 with 85.7% of the ewes in oestrus, 71.4% pregnant and a prolificacy of 1.9. Within the WRS group the best results were observed in T1. In both groups, the lowest results (P<0.05) were obtained in T4. In Experiment 2, 75 ewes were randomly assigned to one of three groups (n=25) immediately after parturition: Group 1, Without restriction of suckling (WRS, as in Experiment 1); Group 2, with restriction of suckling (RS; suckling for 30 min day(-1)); Group 3, Early Weaning (EW: at 7 days pp). All ewes were given PGF2alpha at 30 days pp and the same hormonal treatment, FGA for 12 days+PGF2alpha and eCG 2 days before removing FGA. No differences were observed (P>0.05) between RS and EW for the presentation of oestrus (96% vs. 92%), pregnancy (72% vs. 76%) or prolificacy (1.9 vs. 1.9), although group WRS did not perform (P<0.05) as well as groups RS and EW for any measure of performance. In conclusion, the combination of hormonal treatment (FGA plus eCG) with weaning at 7 or 40 days pp, or restricted suckling, improves postpartum reproductive efficiency in Pelibuey ewes, demonstrating the inhibitory role of suckling on postpartum reproduction in this breed.

Efecto del amamantamiento retrasado en la actividad posparto de las vacas y en los becerros del doble porpósito / Effect of delayed suckling on postpartum activity of cows and calves in a dual purpose system

Se estudió el efecto del amamantamiento retrasado sobre la ganancia de peso pre-destete (GDP) y consumo de leche (CL) de becerros, así como el efecto en la duración del periodo parto-primera ovulación (IPPO), número total de folículos (NTF), diámetro (DF), tamaño (TF) y tasa de crecimiento (TC) del folículo de mayor tamaño, producción de leche (PL) y cambios de peso corporal (CPC) de las vacas durante 100 días posparto. Treinta vacas con su becerro en un sistema de doble propósito fueron repartidas aleatoriamente en tres modalidades de amamantamiento: tradicional (AT), controlado (LC) y retrasado (AR). Las vacas en AT y AR fueron ordeñadas a fondo en los cuatro cuartos de la ubre y a las vacas en LC solo se ordeñaron tres. Terminado el ordeño, los becerros en AT permanecieron con su madre por 8h, mientras que en LC y AR lo hicieron por 30min u 8h postordeño, respectivamente, antes de separarlos. La GDP fue similar en AR y AT (p<0,05), ambos mayores que LC (p<0,05). El CL fue mayor en AR que LC (p<0,05). El porcentaje de ovulaciones dentro de los primeros 100 días fue similar entre LC y AR (p>0,05) pero menor que AT (p<0,05). Los tratamientos no afectaron el comportamiento de las madres (p>0,05) excepto para PL total. Las vacas AR produjeron 3,2kg/día de leche más que LC (p<0,01). Retrasar el amamantamiento por 8h postordeño y limitarlo a 30min/día no reduce el anestro posparto, pero mejora el crecimiento de los becerros e incrementa la producción total de leche de las vacas

Sistemas neurales de retroalimentación durante el ciclo reproductivo anual de la oveja: una revisión / Neural feedback systems during the annual reproducctive cycle of the ewe: a review

El ciclo reproductivo anual de la oveja es regulado por la amplitud del fotoperiodo. La señal luminosa se traduce en una señal hormonal a través de la síntesis de melatonina. La disminución en la duración del fotoperiodo induce la actividad reproductiva y el aumento en las horas luz, inhibe la actividad ovulatoria estral, la conducta de estro y la ovulación (anestro estacional). Durante la época reproductiva, la progesterona (P4) regula los ciclos estrales de la oveja inhibiendo la secreción pulsátil de la hormona liberadora de gonadotropinas (GnRH) a nivel del área preóptica (POA) del hipotálamo, donde ejerce su acción de manera indirecta, posiblemente a través del ácido gama amino butírico (GABA) y los péptidos opioides endógenos (POEs). En la fase folicular del ciclo estral, el estradiol (E2) ejerce un efecto de retroalimentación positiva a nivel del hipotálamo mediobasal (HMB), incrementa la secreción pulsátil de GnRH y de la hormona luteinizante (LH), e induce el pico preovulatorio de ambas hormonas, provocando la conducta de estro y la ovulación. Durante la época de anestro estacional, el patrón de secreción de melatonina favorece el aumento en la sensibilidad del hipotálamo a la concentración basal de E2; este esteroide inhibe la secreción pulsátil de GnRH, actuando específicamente en el núcleo A15 dopaminérgico del área retroquiasmática lateral (Arch) hipotalámica. En este mecanismo, el sistema dopaminérgico participa como intermediario entre el E2 y las neuronas GnRH

Respuesta reproductiva y tasa ovulatoria en cabras boer x nubia en diferentes épocas del año / Reproductive response and ovulatory rate in goats boer x nubian in different seasons

Se diseñó un experimento para conocer el efecto de la hiperalimentación de cabras (120 por ciento de los requerimientos nutricionales) durante 15d, después de 15d con o sin restricción nutrimental, en la respuesta reproductiva y tasa ovualtoria, en anestro y en época reproductiva. El análisis estadístico de las variables continuas se realizó con un modelo de mediciones repetidas (Mixed de SAS) y las categóricas con regresión logística (JMP de SAS). La presencia de estros fue menor (p<0,05) en anestro (68,75 por ciento) y mayor en reproductiva (93,75 por ciento). La hiperalimentación en cabras sin (T2) y después de restricción nutrimental (T4) resultó en menor presencia de estros (66 y 58 por ciento respectivamente). El porcentaje de ovulación fue mayor en la época reproductiva (p<0,05), sin efecto de la alimentación. La alimentación restringida disminuyó la tasa ovulatoria y dicho efecto fue contrarrestado por hiperalimentación. Se concluye que la respuesta reproductiva de la cabra es menor en el anestro y que la hiperalimentación después de un periodo de restricción nutrimental, mejora la tasa ovulatoria