Fuerza prensil y composición corporal en escolares colombianos. Estudio piloto

Introducción: Algunos estudios han encontrado relación entre exceso de peso y baja fuerza de prensión relativa. En países de ingresos socioeconómicos medianos y bajos hay pocas evidencias que evalúen la fuerza prensil y su relación con la composición corporal en población pediátrica. Objetivo: Evaluar la correlación entre la fuerza prensil y la composición corporal de escolares de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio piloto de corte transversal, analítico, correlacional. Participaron niños en edad escolar de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Las principales variables dependientes fueron masa muscular, agua corporal total, proteínas (kg) y el porcentaje de grasa corporal. La variable independiente correspondió a la fuerza prensil. Se usó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman para explorar la relación entre variables. Resultados: El promedio de la fuerza prensil en el total de la muestra fue de 13,8 ± 3,2 Newton. Se encontraron correlaciones positivas y estadísticamente significativas entre la fuerza prensil y la masa musculoesquelética (r = 0,73), agua corporal total (r = 0,73) y proteínas (r = 0,74). Discusión: Nuestros resultados son consistentes con evidencias previas que identifican a la fuerza prensil como un indicador de la composición corporal, específicamente en las variables de masa musculoesquelética y proteínas. Conclusión: Los niños en el tercil más alto de fuerza prensil presentan los terciles más altos de masa musculoesquelética, agua corporal total y proteínas.

Introduction: Some studies have found a relationship between excess weight and low relative grip strength. In countries with medium and low socioeconomic income, there is little evidence evaluating grip strength and its relationship with body composition in the pediatric population. Objective: To evaluate the correlation between grip strength and body composition of schoolchildren from Bucaramanga, Colombia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, analytical, correlational pilot study was conducted. Schoolchildren from Bucaramanga, Colombia participated. The main dependent variables were muscle mass, total body water, protein (kg), and percentage of body fat. The independent variable corresponded to the prehensile force. Spearman's Correlation Coefficient was used to explore the relationship between variables. Results: The average prehensile force in the total sample was 13.8±3.2 Newton. Positive and statistically significant correlations were found between grip strength and musculoskeletal mass (r=0.73), total body water (r=0.73), and protein (r=0.74). Discussion: Our results are consistent with previous evidence that identifies grip strength as an indicator of body composition, specifically in the variables of musculoskeletal mass and protein. Conclusion: Children in the highest tertile of prehensile strength present the highest tertiles of skeletal muscle mass, total body water, and protein.

Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in reducing body mass index and lipid profile in healthy young adults in Colombia: a pilot randomised controlled clinical trial.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of oral administration of vitamin D supplementation in reducing BMI and lipid profile in adolescents and young adults from a cohort in Bucaramanga, Colombia. One hundred and one young adults were randomly assigned to one of two doses of vitamin D [1000 international units (IU) or 200 IU] administered daily for 15 weeks. The primary outcomes were serum 25(OH)D levels, BMI and lipid profile. The secondary outcomes were waist-hip ratio, skinfolds and fasting blood glucose. We found a mean ± sd plasma concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was 25⋅0 ± 7⋅0 ng/ml at baseline, and after 15 weeks, it increased to 31⋅0 ± 10⋅0 ng/ml in the participants who received a daily dose of 1000 IU, (P < 0⋅0001). For the participants in the control group (200 IU), it went from 26⋅0 ± 8⋅0 ng/ml to 29⋅0 ± 8⋅0 ng/ml (P = 0⋅002). There were no differences between groups in body mass index. There was a statistically significant decrease in LDL-cholesterol between the intervention group v. the control group (mean difference -11⋅50 mg/dl (95 % CI -21⋅86 to -1⋅15; P = 0⋅030). The conclusions of the present study were two different doses of vitamin D supplementation (200 IU v. 1000 IU) produced changes in serum 25(OH)D levels over 15 weeks of administration in healthy young adults. No significant changes were found in the body mass index when the effect of the treatments was compared. A significant reduction in LDL-cholesterol was found when comparing the two intervention groups. Trial registration: NCT04377386.

Association of social determinants with the severity of congenital heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Congenital heart diseases are the most prevalent congenital malformations and cause greater morbi-mortality in newborns and infants. The aim of this study was to analyze the social determinants in families with children with the severity of congenital heart disease. METHODS: Analytical cross-sectional study in 140 families of children with congenital heart disease to whom a structured survey was applied addressing topics related to family structure, health, economic conditions, exposure factors, and other social conditions relevant to the study, during 1 year. RESULTS: In all, 53.7% of the studied population belonged to low socioeconomic levels. No association was found between the severity of the heart disease and the presence of pathological antecedents in the parents. The families resided in urban areas. Also, 28.3% of the mothers had four or fewer prenatal controls during pregnancy. Only 22% of heart diseases were diagnosed during pregnancy. It was found that exposure to cigarette and wood smoke during pregnancy, in addition to low socioeconomic status, was associated with greater severity of heart disease (RACHS-1 and STS-Score), when evaluated by pathophysiological groups (cyanotic/non-cyanotic/single ventricle). CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to cigarette smoke, wood smoke during pregnancy, and low socioeconomic status turned out to be social determinants associated with the severity of heart disease analyzed by pathophysiological groups. IMPACT: The social component has not been well characterized as a cause of congenital heart disease, especially in countries like ours, where the existence of gaps and social inequities have a high impact. The findings of this study could have an impact on public health to the extent that policies are implemented to reduce exposure to cigarettes, especially during pregnancy. Knowledge of these changes and their measurement in this type of pathology could open the door to the creation of policies aimed at their prevention, focusing on the local risk factors found, which can impact the disease.

Genetic Instability among Hitnü People Living in Colombian Crude-Oil Exploitation Areas.

Oil exploitation, drilling, transportation, and processing in refineries produces a complex mixture of chemical compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which may affect the health of populations living in the zone of influence of mining activities (PZOI). Thus, to better understand the effects of oil exploitation activities on cytogenetic endpoint frequency, we conducted a biomonitoring study in the Hitnü indigenous populations from eastern Colombia by using the cytokinesis micronucleus cytome assay (CBMN-cyt). PAH exposure was also measured by determine urine 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) using HPLC. We also evaluated the relationship between DNA damage and 1-OHP levels in the oil exploitation area, as well as the modulating effects of community health factors, such as Chagas infection; nutritional status; and consumption of traditional hallucinogens, tobacco, and wine from traditional palms. The frequencies of the CBMN-cyt assay parameters were comparable between PZOI and Hitnü populations outside the zone of influence of mining activities (POZOI); however, a non-significant incremental trend among individuals from the PZOI for most of the DNA damage parameters was also observed. In agreement with these observations, levels of 1-OHP were also identified as a risk factor for increased MN frequency (PR = 1.20) compared to POZOI (PR = 0.7). Proximity to oil exploitation areas also constituted a risk factor for elevated frequencies of nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) and APOP-type cell death. Our results suggest that genetic instability and its potential effects among Hitnü individuals from PZOI and POZOI could be modulated by the combination of multiple factors, including the levels of 1-OHP in urine, malnutrition, and some traditional consumption practices.

Loss of ancestral food practices and perception of its effect on children's health among Inga indigenous grandmothers, Nariño, Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: Novel foods and dietary practices, a lack of available land, and displacement by armed conflict have affected the ancestral food traditions practiced by the Inga community in Aponte, in Nariño, Colombia. These factors have led to problems with food security and malnutrition, which have impacted the growth and development of children. Therefore, this study is aimed at identifying the changes in ancestral food practices reported by Inga grandmothers, and the possibility of recuperating them in order to improve children's health. METHOD: A qualitative study was conducted that included 24 mothers with children under five years old and 25 grandmothers in nine Inga communities. Participants were recruited using snowball sampling. Free listing was used to identify changes in food patterns, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 grandmothers to delve deeper into the subject. A translator of the Inga language facilitated communication, and the Inga researcher validated the translation using audio recordings. Each interview was transcribed and categorized for the purpose of analysis, using the NVivo 12 software. RESULTS: Free lists showed changes from a corn-based to a rice-based diet and a wide variety of non-ancestral food products. According to the grandmothers, "tiendas" have replaced traditional foods with those that are easy to prepare, which are attractive to mothers as well as to the children because of their flavor. Ancestral practices such as grinding, peeling, and log cooking are being abandoned. Government programs and daycare have incorporated new food that compete with traditional ones, with no clear evidence of an intercultural approach. Added to this is the dismissal by young mothers of the knowledge held by their grandmothers, which hinders the continuation of traditions. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that it is necessary to prevent the loss of the Inga food culture, and policies need to be created that promote and protect ancestral knowledge and that help to regain the value of the "chagra" farming system, with the support of elders, authorities who are recognized by the community, and government technicians, as recommended by the grandmothers who participated in this study.

Consumo de suplementos dietarios en niños escolares de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Un estudio piloto / Dietary supplements consumption in school children from Bucaramanga, Colombia. A pilot study

Resumen Introducción: La obesidad infantil es un problema global de salud pública. Una de las causas subyacentes de este evento complejo y multicausal se relaciona con la alta ingesta de energía. El uso inadecuado de suplementos dietarios podría superar los requerimientos de energía y nutrientes y generar una ganancia excesiva de peso corporal en los niños. Objetivo: Describir el tipo, cantidad y frecuencia de consumo de suplementos dietarios ingeridos por niños y niñas durante la edad preescolar, y evaluar la correlación entre este consumo y la composición corporal de los mismos en la edad escolar. Metodología: Estudio de corte transversal analítico. Estudio piloto realizado en niños en edad escolar de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Variables dependientes: porcentaje de grasa corporal y masa músculo esquelética. Principal variable independiente: consumo de suplementos dietarios. La correlación entre variables fue evaluada usando el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman (rho). Resultados: La prevalencia del consumo de suplementos dietarios en algún momento, antes de los cinco años, fue de 51,11% (IC 95%, 0,35 a 0,66). Las formas de presentación usadas con mayor frecuencia fueron en polvo, granulado y líquido. Los tipos de suplementos utilizados correspondieron a fórmulas poliméricas (40,91%), seguidos por aceite de hígado de bacalao (36,36%). A mayor consumo de suplementos dietarios, se observó mayor porcentaje de grasa corporal (rho = 0,346) y menores valores de masa muscular esquelética (rho = -0,286). Sin embargo, estas correlaciones no fueron estadísticamente significativas (p = 0,114 y p = 0,286, respectivamente). Conclusión: Este estudio encontró una correlación débil y positiva entre el consumo de suplementos dietarios en la primera infancia y el porcentaje de grasa corporal y una correlación débil y negativa con la masa músculo esquelética; sin embargo, no hubo significancia estadística. Es necesario continuar investigando acerca de potenciales efectos no deseados del consumo inadecuado de suplementos durante la primera infancia.

Abstract Introduction: Childhood obesity is a global public health problem. One of the underlying causes of this complex and multicausal event is related to high energy intake. Inappropriate use of dietary supplements could exceed energy and nutrient requirements resulting in excessive body weight gain in children. Objective: To describe the type, quantity and frequency of consumption of dietary supplements ingested by boys and girls during preschool age and to evaluate the correlation between this consumption and their body composition at school age. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study. Pilot study, carried out in school children from Bucaramanga, Colombia. Dependent variables: body fat percentage and skeletal muscle mass. Main independent variable: consumption of dietary supplements. The correlation between variables was evaluated using Spearman's correlation coefficient (rho). Results: The prevalence of consumption of dietary supplements at some point before the age of five was 51.11% (95% CI, 0.35 to 0.66). The most frequently used forms of presentation were powder, granules and liquid. The types of supplements used corresponded to polymeric formulas (40.91%), followed by cod liver oil (36.36%). A higher consumption of dietary supplements showed a higher percentage of body fat (rho=0.346) and lower values of skeletal muscle mass (rho= -0.286). However, these correlations were not statistically significant (p=0.114 and p=0.286, respectively). Conclusion: This study found a weak positive correlation between dietary supplement use in early childhood and body fat percentage and a weak negative correlation with skeletal muscle mass; however, there was no statistical significance. Further research is needed on the potential undesirable effects of inappropriate supplement use in early childhood.

Energy and protein intake in the Colombian population: results of the 2015 ENSIN population survey.

The present study was aimed at (1) the differences between current weight v. ideal weight, (2) total energy intake and comparing it with required energy (Rkeer), (3) absolute protein intake in g/kg per d and g/1000 calories, (4) how energy and protein intake relate to the nutritional status of the subjects in terms of overall overweight (OEW) [overweight + obesity] and conservative overweight (CEW) [obesity] and (5) the contribution (%) of protein to total energy intake based on the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR). A dietary study was carried out in Colombia with 29 259 subjects between 1 and 64 years of age, based on cross-sectional data collected in 2015 by a 24-h dietary recall (24HR) administered as part of the National Nutrition Survey. Energy and protein intake did not differ by nutritional status. In the general population, energy intake was 2117 kcal/d (95 % CI 1969, 2264). The total protein intake was 64⋅3 g/d (95 % CI 61⋅4, 67⋅3). Adequate energy intake ranged from 90 to 100 %, except for the 1-4-year-old group, which ranged from 144 to 155 %. Protein intake was 1⋅64 g/kg per d (95 % CI 1⋅53, 1⋅75). The mean AMDR for protein to total energy intake was 13⋅3 % (95 % CI 12⋅9, 13⋅7). Excess weight began during the first 4 years of age. In conclusion, it is worth reviewing and updating energy and protein intake recommendations and dietary guidelines for the Colombian population and designing and modifying public policy.

Prevalence of vitamin D status and its association with overweight or obesity in a population of Colombian children and adolescents.

The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of 25-OH-D status (insufficiency and deficiency) in children and adolescents residing in Bucaramanga, Colombia and to determine its association with excess weight. A case-control study was nested in the SIMBA II cohort in children and adolescents between the ages of 11 and 20 years old. Cases were defined as those children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. The control group was composed of children and adolescents from the same population sample with similar sociodemographic and economic characteristics but without overweight or obesity diagnosis. 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) was quantified in serum using a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between vitamin D status and overweight or obesity adjusted for the main confounding variables. A total of 494 children and adolescents cases were 138 (52⋅17% boys and 47⋅83% girls; median age 16⋅0 [Q1 15; Q3 18]). The median BMI S-Score minors age in the cases was 1⋅36 [Q1 1⋅06; Q3 2⋅00] and BMI (kg/m2) 28⋅0 [Q1 26⋅2; Q3 30⋅8]. The prevalence of vitamin D in the cases was deficiency 16⋅67%, insufficiency 57⋅25%, sufficiency 26⋅09. 25-OH-D insufficiency was associated with overweight or obesity after adjusting for the main confounding variables (OR 1⋅73; 95% CI 1⋅05-2⋅84). Our study concludes that the 25-OH-D insufficiency is common in children and adolescents in Bucaramanga, Colombia, and it was associated with overweight or obesity.

Daily intake of macronutrients and energy in childhood and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors in Colombians.

OBJECTIVES: Determine the intake and percentage of adequacy of macronutrients and their association with cardiovascular risk factors in a sample of Colombian schoolchildren. METHODS: Cross-sectional study nested in a prospective population-based cohort in schoolchildren between 6 and 10 years of age; cardiovascular risk markers and anthropometric measures were measured. Macronutrient intake was established through a food consumption frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The percentage of adequacy was evaluated by comparison with the dietary reference intakes (DRI) and the recommendations for energy and nutrient intake (RIEN) for the Colombian population. Linear regression analysis was performed to assess the association between daily macronutrient/energy intake and cardiometabolic risk factors. RESULTS: A total of 1,282 school children (51.09% boys and 48.91% girls; mean age 8.4 ± 1.4 years). The percentage of energy adequacy was 107% (Q1=87.5; Q3=127.2). The macronutrients in overadequacy were proteins and carbohydrates. The total fiber had a low adequacy around 26.0% (Q1=15.8; Q3=38.6). Fat intake was positively associated with BMI, insulin, and HOMA-IR index, while carbohydrate consumption was related to these same factors, although negatively in tight models. CONCLUSIONS: Schoolchildren in this study had an inadequate protein, carbohydrate, and fiber intake. The results suggest a significant positive and negative relationship between the consumption of both fat and carbohydrates and cardiometabolic risk factors such as BMI, insulin levels, and HOMA-IR.

Trends of Adherence to Dietary Patterns in Colombian Population, 2010-2015.

Objectives: In this study we sought to determine: (1) adherence to each one of the dietary patterns (DPs) identified in Colombia by the National Nutrition Surveys (ENSIN) in 2010 and 2015; (2) trends in adherence to these patterns between 2010 and 2015; and (3) differences in adherence between the 2 surveys according to some of the biological and socioeconomic variables. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with secondary analysis of data from the ENSIN-2010 and ENSIN-2015 surveys that enrolled 37,667 persons. Diet was assessed by a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Based on a factor analysis, 3 dietary patterns were identified: traditional/starch pattern (TSP), fruit-vegetable/dairy pattern (FVDP), and snack pattern (SP). We used multiple linear regression to estimate adjusted differences in adherence to patterns between ENSIN-2010 and ENSIN-2015. Results: For both years, adults had the lowest adherence to the 3 DPs. Between 2010 and 2015, the TSP pattern decreased for children, the FVDP remained the same for all age groups, and SP decreased for all age groups. Conclusion: These findings can aid in designing, monitoring, and evaluating food education intervention strategies with a differential approach and an emphasis on the traditional Colombian dietary pattern, according to the life cycle stage.

Efficacy of oral Vitamin D supplementation in reducing body mass index and lipid profile in adolescents and young adults in Colombia: A pilot clinical trial protocol nested in the SIMBA cohort.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, the role of vitamin D (VD) as a protective factor in cardiovascular disease has been recognized. Thus, there is a need to study the effect of vitamin D supplementation in the control of different cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome, especially in young populations where few studies have been conducted. METHODS: Pilot study of a randomized, parallel two-arm, triple-blind clinical controlled trial in 150 adolescents and young adults in the city of Bucaramanga-Colombia. The intervention group will receive 1000 IU of VD and the control group 200 IU of VD daily for 15 weeks. The main outcomes are: serum calcifediol levels (25(OH) D), body mass index and lipid profile; secondary outcomes are complementary to the previous ones (skin folds, waist-hip ratio). Other variables will be analyzed such as assessment of dietary intake, physical activity, sun exposure, cigarette and tobacco consumption and compliance with VD supplementation. DISCUSSION: This study is innovative since there is little evidence from clinical trials in adolescents and young adults; similar studies are not known in our context. The results of this study may facilitate the recommendation of oral vitamin D supplementation in the population of interest. In addition, it is a low-cost and easy-to-apply intervention that could contribute to the formulation and implementation of health policies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04377386.

Estudio correlacional sobre la actividad física y conducta sedentaria en senderistas de Bucaramanga, Colombia / Correlational Study about Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour in Hikers from Bucaramanga, Colombia

Introducción: La inactividad física es un factor de riesgo comportamental que se define como la realización de menos de 150 minutos de actividad física a la semana de intensidad moderada, por otra parte, la conducta sedentaria hace referencia al tiempo que se permanece sentado o acostado en reposo. Objetivo: Determinar la correlación existente entre los niveles de actividad física, en cada uno de los dominios, y la conducta sedentaria de los senderistas de Bucaramanga, y área metropolitana. Métodos: Estudio correlacional realizado en 170 senderistas de Bucaramanga y área metropolitana. Las variables se analizaron en medidas de tendencia central o frecuencias según su naturaleza. Se utilizó la prueba U de Mann-Whitney para establecer diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las variables categorías y continúas de interés. Se calculó coeficiente de Pearson para establecer una posible correlación en las variables de interés. El nivel de significancia fue de p ≤ 0,05. Resultados: Se registró una prevalencia nula de inactividad física en la población de estudio. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas al analizar las medianas de actividad física en cada uno de los dominios según sexo. El dominio de mayor realización de actividad física fue el del tiempo libre. Se estableció una correlación negativa entre la conducta sedentaria y la cantidad de actividad física y el gasto energético semanal. Conclusiones: La totalidad de los senderistas encuestados son físicamente activos y cumplen ampliamente con las recomendaciones de actividad física para la salud de la OMS, además de registrar bajos niveles de conducta sedentaria. Se determinó una correlación negativa entre la conducta sedentaria y la cantidad de actividad física y el gasto energético semanal(AU)

Introduction: physical inactivity is a behavioral risk factor that is defined as the realization of less than 150 moderate intensity physical activity per week, oh the other hand, sedentary behavior has to do with the time a person spend sitting or lying down. The objective of this study was to determine if there is a correlation between physical activity levels, in each domain, and the sedentary behavior of hikers from Bucaramanga, and its metropolitan area. Methods: correlational study carried out in 170 hikers from Bucaramanga and its metropolitan area. Variables were analyzed using central tendencies measures or frequencies according to its nature. U - Mann-Whitney test was utilized to establish differences statistically significant between categorical and continuous variables of interest. Pearson coefficient was calculated to establish a possible correlation between variables of interest. Significant level was of p ≤ 0.05 Results: a non-existent prevalence of physical inactivity was registered in hikers. No differences statistically significant were found when analyzing physical activity medians in each domain according to sex. Free time was the domain in which participants reported more physical activity. A negative correlation was established between sedentary behavior and the quantity of physical activity and weekly energy expenditure. Conclusions: All hikers interviewed are physically active and widely fulfill WHO recommendations on physical activity for health, besides, participants reported low levels of sedentary behavior. A negative correlation was stablished between sedentary behavior and the quantity of physical activity and weekly energy expenditure(AU)

Percepción de satisfacción entre beneficiarios del programa de alimentación escolar en Bucaramanga-Colombia / Perception of satisfaction among beneficiaries of the school food program of Bucaramanga-Colombia

Resumen Introducción: El Programa de Alimentación Escolar PAE en Colombia es uno de los más antiguos orientado a la protección de la población infantil para potenciar su desarrollo y disminuir la deserción escolar; sin embargo, no hay investigación suficiente que permita evidenciar avances y logros del programa. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia en la percepción de satisfacción de los beneficiarios del Programa de Alimentación Escolar - PAE en Bucaramanga, Colombia y sus factores asociados. Metodología: Se realizó en 2017 un estudio cuantitativo de corte transversal analítico. La población correspondió al universo de escolares beneficiarios del PAE en la ciudad (N= 31.230) y la muestra a 401 escolares la cual se dividió en dos grupos según edad: grupo 1 (de 5 a 8 años) y grupo 2 (de 9 a 17 años). Las encuestas para evaluar los componentes sensorial, organizacional y social, fueron sometidas a prueba piloto para validación aparente o facial y ajustadas según resultados. Una vez recogidos los datos se hizo análisis descriptivo a características de interés; para corroborar diferencias estadísticamente significativas se usó la prueba de chi2 y T de Student y se realizaron análisis bivariados y multivariados entre las características de interés y la percepción de satisfacción usando regresión lineal simple y múltiple. Resultados: Los estudiantes mostraron un nivel alto de percepción de satisfacción frente a las raciones recibidas, siendo los más satisfechos los de nivel socioeconómico bajo y medio bajo (Coef B 2,43; IC 95%: 1,61-3,25) y los que recibieron ración preparada en sitio (niños de 5 a 8 años), (Coef B 8,36; IC 95%: 7,08-9,64). Se encontró que el 25% de los estudiantes de nivel socioeconómico medio-medio y medio-alto botaba los alimentos a la basura. Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos mostraron la necesidad prioritaria de ser más rigurosos en la focalización de los beneficiarios del programa, así como llevar a cabo otros ajustes planteados en el estudio, para incrementar la calidad del programa PAE de Bucaramanga.

Abstract Introduction: The PAE School Feeding Program in Colombia is one of the oldest oriented to the protection of the child population to enhance their development and decrease school dropouts; however, there is not enough research to show progress and achievements of the program. Objective: To determine the prevalence of perception of satisfaction of the beneficiaries of the School Feeding Program, in Bucaramanga, Colombia and its associated factors. Methodology: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out in 2017 with an empirical non-experimental analytical approach. The population corresponded to the universe of PAE schoolchildren in the city (N = 31,230) and the sample to 401 students which was divided into two groups according to age: group 1 (from 5 to 8 years) and group 2 (from 9 to 17 years). The surveys to evaluate the sensory, organizational and social components were submitted to a pilot test for apparent or facial validation and adjusted according to results. Once the data was collected, a descriptive analysis was made to the characteristics of interest; To corroborate statistically significant differences, the chi2 and Student's T test were used and bivariate and multivariate analyzes were performed between the characteristics of interest and the perception of satisfaction using simple and multiple linear regression. Results: The students showed a high level of satisfaction perception compared to the rations received, being the most satisfied those low and medium low socioeconomic status (Coef B 2.43; 95%CI: 1.61-3.25) and those who received ration prepared on site (children 5 to 8 years old), (Coef B 8.36; 95%CI: 7.08-9.64). Conclusions: These findings showed the priority need to be more rigorous in the targeting of the beneficiaries of the program, as well as carry out other adjustments proposed in the study, to increase the quality of the PAE program in Bucaramanga.

Consumo de alimentos y ataque cerebrovascular isquémico agudo. Estudio multicéntrico de casos y controles / Food intake and acute ischemic stroke. Multicenter case-control study

Resumen Introducción. La dieta es uno de los factores asociados al ataque cerebrovascular (ACV) con un impacto particular sobre las diferentes poblaciones. Objetivo. Evaluar la asociación entre el consumo de alimentos y el ACV isquémico en una muestra de pacientes adultos en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de casos (n=357) y controles (n=348) con casos incidentes de ACV isquémico agudo. El consumo de alimentos fue evaluado mediante un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo. Se calculó el odds ratio (OR) con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95% mediante modelos de regresión logística. Resultados. Se identificaron 10 alimentos asociados con el ACV isquémico agudo. Según la escala propuesta (número de modelos con asociación significativa), un solo alimento se ubicó en la categoría de evidencia fuerte de asociación (gallina), cuatro en categoría débil (chocolate, harina de trigo, manteca, aguacate) y cinco en la categoría sospechosa (pollo con piel, pollo sin piel, arroz, arracacha, yuca). Conclusiones. El consumo de chocolate de mesa (preparado en leche con una composición de 70% azúcar y 30% cacao), aguacate y pollo sin piel podría sugerir un efecto protector, mientras la alta ingesta de harina de trigo, gallina, manteca, atún en agua, arroz, pollo con piel, arracacha y yuca podría aumentar el riesgo de presentar ACV isquémico agudo.

Abstract Introduction: Diet is one of the factors associated to stroke, with a particular impact on different populations. Objective: To assess the association between food intake and ischemic strokes in a sample of adult patients in Colombia. Materials and methods: Case (n=357) and controls (n=348) study, with incident cases of acute ischemic stroke. Food intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) using logistic regression models. Results: Ten foods associated with acute ischemic stroke were identified. According to the proposed scale (number of models with significant association), only one food was placed in the strong association category (hen), four in the weak association category (chocolate, wheat flour, lard, avocado) and five in the suspected association category (chicken with skin, skinless chicken, rice, arracacha, cassava). Conclusions: Consumption of drinking chocolate (prepared with milk and composed of 70% sugar and 30% cocoa), avocado, and skinless chicken may suggest a protective effect, while high intake of wheat flour, chicken, lard, canned tuna in water, rice, chicken with skin, arracacha and cassava may increase the risk of acute ischemic stroke.

Ácido úrico y su asociación con los componentes del síndrome metabólico en adolescentes colombianos / Uric acid and its association with the components of the metabolic syndrome in Colombian adolescents

Introducción: la relación del ácido úrico y el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiometabólicas se ha estudiado en los últimos años. No obstante, continúa la controversia en considerar este hallazgo como un factor de riesgo independiente para enfermedad cardiovascular en edades tempranas. El objetivo fue establecer la prevalencia de niveles séricos de ácido úrico alterados y su asociación con los componentes del síndrome metabólico en adolescentes de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Metodología: estudio de corte transversal analítico, anidado en una cohorte poblacional, con una muestra de 494 adolescentes recontactados del estudio original. Las variables dependientes fueron: síndrome metabólico y criterios que lo componen. La variable independiente principal fueron los valores de ácido úrico, clasificados en dos categorías: ácido úrico a riesgo (valores mayores a 5,5 mg/dl) y ácido úrico elevado (mayores de 6,5 mg/dl). Se usaron modelos de regresión logística, ajustados por sexo, edad e índice de masa corporal para determinar la asociación entre las variables de interés. Resultados: la prevalencia de ácido úrico a riesgo fue del 37,25% (IC 95%, 32,9-41,5) y la proporción de ácido úrico elevado fue del 18,42% (IC 95%, 14,9-21,8), significativamente mayor en hombres que en mujeres (p < 0,0001). Los adolescentes con niveles elevados de ácido úrico mostraron mayor probabilidad de presentar obesidad abdominal (OR: 3,03; IC 95% 1,38-6,64), presión arterial alta (OR: 1,11; IC 95% 1,05-2,07), hipertrigliceridemia (OR: 4,94; IC 95%, 2,98-8,19) y glucemia en ayuno alterada (OR: 5,15; IC 95%, 3,42-11,05). Conclusiones: los resultados sugieren la existencia de una relación positiva entre la presencia de niveles de ácido úrico elevados y los factores de riesgo cardiometabólico

Background: the relationship of uric acid and the development of cardiometabolic diseases has been studied in recent years. However, the controversy continues to consider this finding as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease at early ages. The objective was to establish the prevalence of serum levels of altered uric acid and its association with the metabolic syndrome components in adolescents from Bucaramanga, Colombia. Methods: an analytical cross-sectional study, nested in a population cohort, with a sample of 494 re-contacted adolescents from the original study. The dependent variables were metabolic syndrome and its component criteria. The main independent variable was uric acid values, classified into two categories: uric acid at risk (values greater than 5.5 mg/dl) and high uric acid (greater than 6.5 mg/dl). Logistic regression models were used, adjusted for sex, age and body mass index to determine the association between the variables of interest. Results: the prevalence of uric acid at risk was 37.25% (CI 95%, 32.9-41.5) and the proportion of high uric acid was 18.42% (CI 95%, 14.9-21, 8), significantly higher in men than in women (p < 0.0001). Adolescents with high levels of uric acid were more likely to have abdominal obesity (OR: 3.03, CI 95% 1.38-6.64), high blood pressure (OR: 1.11, CI 95%, 1.05-2.07), hypertriglyceridemia (OR: 4.94, CI 95%, 2.98-8.19) and altered fasting glycemia (OR: 5.15, CI 95%, 3.42-11.05). Conclusions: the results suggest the existence of a positive relationship between the presence of high levels of uric acid and metabolic cardio-risk factors

[Uric acid and its association with the components of the metabolic syndrome in Colombian adolescents]. / Ácido úrico y su asociación con los componentes del síndrome metabólico en adolescentes colombianos.

INTRODUCTION: Background: the relationship of uric acid and the development of cardiometabolic diseases has been studied in recent years. However, the controversy continues to consider this finding as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease at early ages. The objective was to establish the prevalence of serum levels of altered uric acid and its association with the metabolic syndrome components in adolescents from Bucaramanga, Colombia. Methods: an analytical cross-sectional study, nested in a population cohort, with a sample of 494 re-contacted adolescents from the original study. The dependent variables were metabolic syndrome and its component criteria. The main independent variable was uric acid values, classified into two categories: uric acid at risk (values greater than 5.5 mg/dl) and high uric acid (greater than 6.5 mg/dl). Logistic regression models were used, adjusted for sex, age and body mass index to determine the association between the variables of interest. Results: the prevalence of uric acid at risk was 37.25% (CI 95%, 32.9-41.5) and the proportion of high uric acid was 18.42% (CI 95%, 14.9-21, 8), significantly higher in men than in women (p < 0.0001). Adolescents with high levels of uric acid were more likely to have abdominal obesity (OR: 3.03, CI 95% 1.38-6.64), high blood pressure (OR: 1.11, CI 95%, 1.05-2.07), hypertriglyceridemia (OR: 4.94, CI 95%, 2.98-8.19) and altered fasting glycemia (OR: 5.15, CI 95%, 3.42-11.05). Conclusions: the results suggest the existence of a positive relationship between the presence of high levels of uric acid and metabolic cardio-risk factors.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la relación del ácido úrico y el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiometabólicas se ha estudiado en los últimos años. No obstante, continúa la controversia en considerar este hallazgo como un factor de riesgo independiente para enfermedad cardiovascular en edades tempranas. El objetivo fue establecer la prevalencia de niveles séricos de ácido úrico alterados y su asociación con los componentes del síndrome metabólico en adolescentes de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Metodología: estudio de corte transversal analítico, anidado en una cohorte poblacional, con una muestra de 494 adolescentes recontactados del estudio original. Las variables dependientes fueron: síndrome metabólico y criterios que lo componen. La variable independiente principal fueron los valores de ácido úrico, clasificados en dos categorías: ácido úrico a riesgo (valores mayores a 5,5 mg/dl) y ácido úrico elevado (mayores de 6,5 mg/dl). Se usaron modelos de regresión logística, ajustados por sexo, edad e índice de masa corporal para determinar la asociación entre las variables de interés. Resultados: la prevalencia de ácido úrico a riesgo fue del 37,25% (IC 95%, 32,9-41,5) y la proporción de ácido úrico elevado fue del 18,42% (IC 95%, 14,9-21,8), significativamente mayor en hombres que en mujeres (p < 0,0001). Los adolescentes con niveles elevados de ácido úrico mostraron mayor probabilidad de presentar obesidad abdominal (OR: 3,03; IC 95% 1,38-6,64), presión arterial alta (OR: 1,11; IC 95% 1,05-2,07), hipertrigliceridemia (OR: 4,94; IC 95%, 2,98-8,19) y glucemia en ayuno alterada (OR: 5,15; IC 95%, 3,42-11,05). Conclusiones: los resultados sugieren la existencia de una relación positiva entre la presencia de niveles de ácido úrico elevados y los factores de riesgo cardiometabólico.

Relación entre el exceso de peso y la manipulación de alimentos en servicios de alimentación. Bucaramanga, Colombia / Correlation between excess weight and food handling in food service workers. Bucaramanga, Colombia

Resumen Introducción. La facilidad para consumo de alimentos de los trabajadores de servicios de alimentación puede alterar su estado nutricional. Objetivo. Evaluar la asociación entre ser manipulador de alimentos y presentar sobrepeso/obesidad en trabajadores de servicios de alimentación. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de corte transversal analítico con personal de servicios de alimentación de Bucaramanga, Colombia (n=109). Se seleccionó un grupo de trabajadores que manipulaban alimentos (grupo expuesto) y otro que no (grupo no expuesto). Se realizaron modelos de regresión binomial para estimar la asociación entre las variables de interés. Todos los participantes firmaron consentimiento informado. Resultados. La prevalencia de sobrepeso u obesidad fue de 69.44% (IC95%: 59.84-77.94). Hubo una mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en los manipuladores de alimentos que en los demás trabajadores (35% vs. 10% y 23% vs. 7%, respectivamente; p=0.030). Después del ajuste por sexo, edad y nivel de actividad física, las variables asociadas a sobrepeso u obesidad en los trabajadores fueron ser manipulador de alimentos y pertenecer al nivel socioeconómico bajo/medio. Conclusiones. Los manipuladores de alimentos tienen mayor probabilidad de presentar exceso de peso.

Abstract Introduction: Food service workers have greater availability of food for consumption, which may alter their nutritional status. Objective: To assess the association between being a food handler and the presence of excess weight or obesity in food service workers. Materials and methods: Analytical cross-sectional study with food service workers from Bucaramanga, Colombia (n=109). A group of food handlers (exposed group) and another group that did not handle food (unexposed group) were selected. Binomial regression models were used to estimate the association between variables of interest. All participants signed informed consent. Results: The prevalence of excess weight or obesity was 69.44% (CI95%: 59.84-77.94). Food handlers had a higher prevalence of excess weight and obesity than other workers surveyed (35% vs. 10% and 23% vs. 7%, respectively; p=0.030). After adjustment for sex, age and level of physical activity, the variables associated with overweight or obesity in workers were food handler and low/ medium socioeconomic status. Conclusions: Food handlers are more likely to be overweight.

Prácticas de estudiantes universitarios relacionados con la alimentación de sus hijos preescolares / Practices of college students related to the feeding of their preschool children

RESUMEN Introducción: Diferentes estilos de crianza pueden o no, favorecer en los niños conductas saludables sobre la alimentación. La restricción, presión para comer, y el uso de alimentos como control comportamental, generan respuestas negativas hacia los alimentos. El enrolamiento positivo, puede favorecer una alimentación saludable. La adopción de un estilo de crianza particular puede estar mediado por factores demográficos y socioeconómicos. Objetivo: Identificar las prácticas parentales de estudiantes universitarios relacionados con la alimentación de sus hijos, y evaluar si hubo diferencias según características socio-demográficas y económicas. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal analítico en 43 estudiantes de pregrado de una universidad pública colombiana, con hijos en edad preescolar y convivencia permanente. Se identificó el estilo parental mediante el cuestionario de prácticas parentales alimentarias -Parental Feeding Practices-. Se analizó la edad, nivel e ingreso socio económico, el peso y talla del estudiante universitario, entre otros. Resultados: Las prácticas de los estudiantes se orientaron al enrolamiento positivo. La edad y factores de tipo demográfico y socioeconómico determinaron la orientación respecto al tipo de práctica. Conclusión: Este estudio proporciona información sobre el estilo de educación en relación con algunos factores demográficos y socioeconómicos en una población poco explorada, que servirá de referencia para futuros estudios.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Different parenting styles may or may not favor healthy eating behaviors in children. Restriction, pressure to eat, and the use of food for behavioral control generate negative responses to food. Positive role modeling can promote a healthy diet. The adoption of a particular parenting style may be mediated by demographic and socioeconomic factors. Objective: We identified the parenting practices of college students related to the feeding of their children and evaluated if there were differences according to socio-demographic and economic characteristics. Methodology: We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study in 43 undergraduate students of a Colombian public university with children of preschool age and permanent cohabitation. Parenting style was identified using the Parental Feeding Practices questionnaire. Age, socioeconomic level and income, weight and height of the university student, among others, were analyzed. Results: The students' practices were oriented to positive role modeling. Age, demographic and socioeconomic factors related to type of parenting practice. Conclusion: This study provides information on the style of upbringing in relation to some demographic and socioeconomic factors in a population little explored, which will serve as a reference for future studies.

Association between body fat mass and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents in Bucaramanga, Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is common among children and teenagers and is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in the adult age. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the association between the percentage of body fat and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents in the city of Bucaramanga, Colombia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: About 494 children and adolescents aged 10-20 years were studied. Laboratory tests were made for analyzing cardiovascular risk factors and anthropometric measurements. Percentage body fat was determined with Slaughter equation. Lineal regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the association between cardiometabolic risk factors and the percentage body fat. RESULTS: Prevalence of percentage body fat (>26%) was 46.1%. Variables associated with percentage body fat were HOMA-IR - insulin resistance, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, and total cholesterol levels, and high blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Increase in percentage body fat is significantly associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents in Bucaramanga. Early identification and intervention of this population at risk is fundamental.

Early evaluation of the metabolic syndrome in Bucaramanga, Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is one of the conditions that increase the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type-2 diabetes in the early future if it appears during childhood or adolescence. The purpose of the study to compare the MS prevalence of MS estimated in a representative sample of school-age population in Bucaramanga, Colombia, and the MS prevalence estimated in a subsample from the same population in the adolescent stage. METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional survey (in the adolescent stage) (n=494) was carried out, nested in a population-based cohort assembled when children were of school age (n=1,282). Selection employed a bi-stage randomized sampling per neighborhoods and houses across the city. Sociodemographic and anthropometric variables, as well as cardiometabolic factors were analyzed in accordance with their distribution, and statistical significance tests were applied according to each case. MS was determined using the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. RESULTS: Estimated MS prevalence in school age according to the ATP III criteria was 9.5% (95% CI: 8.0-11.3%) and according to the IDF criteria it was 8.0% (95% CI: 6.6-9.7%). At the time of follow up the prevalence of MS was 13.2% and 14.8% according to the ATP III and IDF criteria, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: MS prevalence of MS increased in 4% from the school age (9.5%) to the adolescence (13.1%).