Recovering dense 3D point clouds from single endoscopic image.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Recovering high-quality 3D point clouds from monocular endoscopic images is a challenging task. This paper proposes a novel deep learning-based computational framework for 3D point cloud reconstruction from single monocular endoscopic images. METHODS: An unsupervised mono-depth learning network is used to generate depth information from monocular images. Given a single mono endoscopic image, the network is capable of depicting a depth map. The depth map is then used to recover a dense 3D point cloud. A generative Endo-AE network based on an auto-encoder is trained to repair defects of the dense point cloud by generating the best representation from the incomplete data. The performance of the proposed framework is evaluated against state-of-the-art learning-based methods. The results are also compared with non-learning based stereo 3D reconstruction algorithms. RESULTS: Our proposed methods outperform both the state-of-the-art learning-based and non-learning based methods for 3D point cloud reconstruction. The Endo-AE model for point cloud completion can generate high-quality, dense 3D endoscopic point clouds from incomplete point clouds with holes. Our framework is able to recover complete 3D point clouds with the missing rate of information up to 60%. Five large medical in-vivo databases of 3D point clouds of real endoscopic scenes have been generated and two synthetic 3D medical datasets are created. We have made these datasets publicly available for researchers free of charge. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed computational framework can produce high-quality and dense 3D point clouds from single mono-endoscopy images for augmented reality, virtual reality and other computer-mediated medical applications.

[Closed suction drainage to prevent postoperative complications after parotidectomy: a systematic review].

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of closed suction drainage for prevention of postoperative complications after parotidectomy. METHODS: Pubmed, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Embase, Open Sigle, CBM, VIP and Wanfang database were searched electronically from the date of their establishment to May 10,2013. Hand-searching covering 19 relevant Chinese journals were also performed, and the literature of randomized controlled trials comparing closed suction drainage and open drainage for prevention of postoperative complications after parotidectomy were included. Risk of bias assessment, which was suggested by Cochrane handbook for systematic reviewers of intervention review, and data extraction of included studies were delivered by two reviewers in duplicate; and meta analysis was performed with Revman 5.2 software. RESULTS: Ten randomized controlled trials were included. All studies had unclear risk of bias. When compared with open drainage, closed suction drainage showed a significant advantage on reducing postoperative complications (salivary fistula/effusion, edema) after parotidectomy; it also improved clinical comprehensive effect and patients' quality of life (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: To a certain extent, closed suction drainage has better efficacy and safety than controls in preventing postoperative complications after parotidectomy. However, as the quality of some included studies is limited, more randomized controlled trials are needed to reinforce the conclusion.

[Alcohol withdrawal syndrome associated with oral cancer operation: a case report].

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a rare complication associated with oral cancer operation. This article reported a case of AWS after resection of squamous cell cancer of the right floor of mouth combined with radical neck dissection and trapezius myocutaneous flap reconstruction. The discussion included diagnosis, treatment and prevention of AWS.

Derived vascular endothelial cells induced by mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells: 3-dimensional collagen matrix model.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma undergoes uniquely vigorous angiogenic and neovascularization processes, possibly due to proliferation of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) induced by mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells (MCCs) in their three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment. To date, no studies have dealt with tumor cells and vascular ECs from the same origin of mucoepidermoid carcinoma using the in vitro 3D microenvironment model. In this context, the current research aims to observe neovascularization with mucoepidermoid carcinoma microvascular ECs (MCMECs) conditioned by the microenvironment in the 3D collagen matrix model. We observed the growth of MCMECs purified by immunomagnetic beads and induced by MCCs, and characteristics of tubule-like structures (TLSs) formed by induced MCMECs or non-induced MCMECs. The assessment parameters involved the growth curve, the length, the outer and inner diameters, and the wall thickness of the TLSs, and the cell cycle. Results showed that MCCs induced formation of the TLSs in the 3D collagen matrix model. A statistically significant difference was noted regarding the count of TLSs between the control group and the induction group on the 4th day of culture (t=5.00, P=0.001). The outer and inner diameters (t(1)=5.549, P(1)=0.000; t(2)=10.663, P(2)=0.000) and lengths (t=18.035, P=0.000) of the TLSs in the induction group were statistically significant larger than those in the control group. The TLSs were formed at the earlier time in the induction group compared with the control group. It is concluded that MCCs promote growth and migration of MCMECs, and formation of the TLSs. The 3D collagen matrix model with MCMECs induced by MCCs in the current research may be a favorable choice for research on pro-angiogenic factors in progression of mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

[Expression and significance of basic fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta 1 in mucoepidermoid carcinoma with different malignant degree].

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression and significance of basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF)and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) in mucoepidermoid carcinomas with different malignant degree. METHODS: Using immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining technique, bFGF and TGF-beta1 proteins in the mucoepidermoid carcinoma tissues with different malignant degree, including well-differentiated, moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and normal salivary gland tissue were detected. RESULTS: The positive rate of bFGF and TGF-beta1 in normal salivary glands were apparently lower than those in malignant mucoepidermoid carcinomas (P<0.05). The positive rate of bFGF in moderately and poorly differentiated mucoepidermoid carcinoma was higher than that in the well-differentiated carcinoma (P <0.05). However, the positive expression of bFGF showed no relationship between the moderately and poorly differentiated mucoepidermoid carcinomas. The positive rate of TGF-beta1 in moderately and poorly differentiated mucoepidermoid carcinomas was lower than that in the well-differentiated carcinoma (P<0.05). The positive expression of TGF-beta1 showed no relationship between the moderately and poorly differentiated mucoepidermoid carcinomas. The expression of bFGF and TGF-beta1 showed negative correlation (r=- 0.471, P=0.0003). CONCLUSION: The expression of TGF-beta1 may inhibit the development of the mucoepidermoid carcinoma, contrariwise, the expression of bFGF may prompt the development of the mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The expression of bFGF and TGF-beta1 has a negative correlation.

[Facial multiple malignant proliferating tricholemmoma: a case report].

Malignant proliferating tricholemmoma is a very rare dermatic annexal tumor originated from outer root sheath cells. In this article, a case of facial multiple malignant proliferating tricholemmoma was reported, and its clinical pathologic features, differential diagnosis, treatment methods and histogenesis were discussed by reviewing relevant literatures.

[Intralesional Pingyangmycin therapy for 51 infantile patients with parotid gland hemangiomas].

PURPOSE: To investigate the indication and outcome of intralesional Pingyangmycin (PYM) therapy for parotid gland hemangiomas in early childhood. METHODS: 51 infantile patients with hemangiomas in the parotid gland were studied retrospectively, which had been treated in the clinic of West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University during the 15-year period from May 1990 to May 2005. In this study, 21 were male, 30 were female, and the ratio of male to female was 1:1.43. The age of the children ranged from 6 months to 4 years, with an average age of 10 months. 38 were deep-seated hemangiomas, and 13 were mixed hemangiomas. 27 were in the right parotid gland and 24 in the left, no bilateral case. All the patients underwent intralesional injection of a solution of 8 mg PYM in 8 mL normal saline mixed with 5 mg dexamethasone. The total dose of PYM ranged from 20mg to 35 mg, which was administered 0.5 or 1 mg per injection. SPSS10.0 software package was used to compare the treatment efficacy between the patients with hemangioma <4 cm in diameter and >or=4 cm in diameter. RESULTS: Hemangiomas of 42 cases (82.35%) showed complete resolution with good appearance, 8 cases (15.69%) were partly regressed, and 1 case (1.96%) had no obvious size change. No serious side effects were seen, such as pulmonary fibrosis and growth inhibition. No significant correlation was found between treatment efficacy and tumor size. CONCLUSION: Intralesional PYM therapy maybe is a selective primary therapy option for parotid gland hemangioma, and ultrasonography should be useful for diagnosis and treatment of this lesion.

[Embolization and degradation of arteries in vivo by pingyangmycin albumin microspheres].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the embolization effect of Pingyangmycin-albumin microspheres (PYM-AMS) on small arteries and its process of degradation in vivo. METHODS: Twenty four Japanese white rabbits were randomly divided into four groups, 6 in each group. PYM hydrochloride + 0.9% NaCl, PYM + soybean oil, and PYM-AMS + soybean oil were injected into the central auricular arteries of the rabbits in the three experimental groups, respectively, for about 30 seconds (0.26 mL/per ear, which contained PYM 5 mg/mL). The vessel samples were taken and examined at 2, 7, 14, and 21 days. RESULTS: The PYM + 0.9% NaCl group had no significant vessel changes. In the PYM+ soybean oil group, some endothelial cells dropped off at the 7th day after injection. At the 21st day, mild proliferation of endothelial cells and walls of central auricular arteries were observed, especially on the intima. But the lumen was still obvious and the blood flow was not blocked. In the PYM-AMS group, the central auricular arteries were narrowed at the 7th day after injection. At the 21st day, the vessels had sclerostenosis, and the blood flow was blocked. At the 14th day, significant proliferation of endothelial cells and walls of central auricular arteries were observed. The surface of PYM-AMS was absorbed. At the 21st day, the walls of central auricular arteries and some small veins proliferated obviously, and the arteries were sclerostenosed. Many smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts in the original blood vessel lumen appeared. There were thrombi besides the PYM-AMS. CONCLUSION: PYM-AMS may become an option for the treatment of large venous or arteriovenous malformations and for the local chemotherapy of malignant tumors.

Correlation between the expression of thrombospondin-1 and neovascularization in mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Researchers have recently demonstrated that thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) has an important function in regulating neovascularization. Whether it inhibits or accelerates neovascularization, however, is still controversial. We found few reports about the correlation between TSP-1 and vascularization in mucoepidermoid carcinoma. In this research, the distribution and expression of TSP-1 in mucoepidermoid carcinoma were investigated. We also analyzed (1) the correlation between the expression of TSP-1 and microvessel density (MVD), as an indicator of neovascularization activity, and (2) the effect of TSP-1 on neovascularization and tumor growth in the subcutaneous xenotransplanted model of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. METHOD: (1) The sites and intensity of expression of TSP-1 and the MVD were analyzed in 45 cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma after surgery by the method of streptavidin-peroxidase (SP) immunohistochemistry; and (2) recombinant human thrombospondin-1 (rhTSP-1) was injected twice a week for five consecutive weeks around the tumor in the subcutaneous xenotransplanted tumor model of mucoepidermoid carcinoma in nude mice. Each week, the tumor size was measured, in order to draw the growth curve of the xenotransplanted tumor model of mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and MVD was measured. RESULTS: (1) The positive expression of TSP-1 protein was 57.78% (26/45). Most positive staining for TSP-1 was found in the cytoplasm of the cancer cells, while some staining occurred in the extracellular matrix. The mean MVD in 45 cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma was 58.17 +/- 19.77 per 100 visual fields. Tumors with a high expression of TSP-1 showed a low MVD value, and the TSP-1 immunocompetence and microvessel density showed a significant negative correlation (r(s) = -0.947, P < 0.001). (2) The xenotransplanted tumors with the injection doses of 1.25, 0.75 and 0.25 microg/ml respectively were 36.97%, 53.36% and 73.61% of the size of the control group ((451 +/- 92), (651 +/- 113), (898 +/- 86) and (1220 +/- 157) mm(3) respectively, F = 53.167, P < 0.001), and their weights were respectively 35.14%, 51.35% and 70.27% of the control group ((1.3 +/- 0.5), (1.9 +/- 0.5), (2.6 +/- 0.3), and (3.7 +/- 0.7) g respectively, F = 62.669, P < 0.001). Their MVDs were 25.00%, 45.93%, and 72.20% respectively of the control group and concentration dependent (15.43 +/- 3.45, 28.35 +/- 4.24, 44.57 +/- 3.35 and 61.73 +/- 5.43 per 100 visual fields respectively, F = 54.582, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The TSP-1 has a higher expression in mucoepidermoid carcinoma and the expression has a significant negative correlation with neovascularization. The TSP-1 inhibits neovascularization and tumor growth, and it might be a new biological therapy for treatment of patients with mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

[Correlation between the expression of thrombospondin-1 and the angiogenesis in mucoepidermoid carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between the expression of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and the angiogenesis in mucoepidermoid carcinoma. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry were applied to detect the expression of TSP-1 and the value of microvessel density (MVD) in 45 mucoepidermoid carcinoma patients. RESULTS: Positive expressions of TSP-1 protein were detected in 26 of the 45 (57. 78%) cases. Most positive staining for TSP-1 was observed in the cytoplasm of the cancer cells, some of those were in the extracellular matrix. The mean MVD in 45 cases with mucoepidermoid carcinoma was 60. 68 +/- 19.84 vessels per 100 field of vision. Tumors with a high expression of TSP-1 showed a low value of MVD and the correlation between TSP-1 immunocompetence and microvessel density was highly significant (r(s) = -0.942, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The TSP-1 is expressed in most mucoepidermoid carcinoma and were associated with neovascularization. TSP-1 is likely to inhibit the extensive neovascularization and increased TSP-1 expression might inhibit angiogenic phenotype in mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

[The expression of inhibitor-1 of DNA binding/differentiation-1 and thrombospondin-1 in mucoepidermoid carcinoma of different malignant degree].

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of inhibitor-1 of DNA binding/differentiation-1 (Id-1) and thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) genes in mucoepidermoid carcinoma of different malignant degree and analyze the relationship between them. METHODS: Using immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining technique, TSP-1 and Id-1 proteins in the mucoepidermoid carcinoma of different malignant degree, including well-differentiated, moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and normal salivary gland tissues were detected. RESULTS: The positive rate of Id-1 and TSP-1 in normal salivary glands were apparently lower than that in malignant mucoepidermoid carcinoma(P = 0.000, P = 0.013). The positive rate of Id-1 in moderately and poorly differentiated mucoepidermoid carcinoma was higher than that of the well-differentiated (P = 0.001, P = 0.002). However, the positive expression of Id-1 showed no relationship between the moderately and poorly differentiated mucoepidermoid carcinoma(P > 0.05). The positive rate of TSP-1 in poorly differentiated mucoepidermoid carcinoma was less than that of the well-differentiated(P = 0.014). The positive expression of TSP-1 showed no relationship between the moderately and poorly differentiated mucoepidermoid carcinoma(P > 0.05), and the positive expression of it also showed no relationship between the moderately and well differentiated mucoepidermoid carcinoma (P > 0.05). The expression of Id-1 and TSP-1 showed negative correlation(r = -0.394, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: The expression of TSP-1 may inhibit the development of the mucoepidermoid carcinoma, contrarily, the expression of Id-1 may prompt the development of the mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The expression of Id-1 and TSP-1 has negative correlation.

Malignant sublingual gland tumors: a retrospective clinicopathologic study of 28 cases.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinicopathologic features and therapeutic efficacy of malignant sublingual gland tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 1955 to 2005, the clinicopathologic data of 28 patients treated in our hospital were obtained from their medical records and histopathologic slides. RESULTS: There were 16 males and 12 females, with a mean age of 50.3 years. Eighteen cases (64.3%) were adenoid cystic carcinoma; 16 (57.1%) cases were clinically staged as III-IV. Adenoid cystic carcinoma was mainly of the histologic type, and the other histologic classifications included mucoepidermoid carcinoma, myoepithelial carcinoma, polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma, adenocarcinoma and malignant pleomorphic adenoma. Pulmonary metastasis and tumor recurrence were the main death reasons. Eleven patients remain alive and well 34-312 months (median 108) after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Malignant sublingual gland tumors are extremely rare and most are adenoid cystic carcinoma. Surgery is the main treatment option. For adenoid cystic carcinoma, hematogenous spread is common, and pulmonary metastasis is a common pathway of the distant metastasis. For some patients having lung metastasis, regional control is also important as there are some examples of patients surviving many years with asymptomatic pulmonary metastases. Postoperative radiation therapy may be adjuvant for selected patients with high-stage and high-grade tumors, or when there is concern about the inadequacy of the resection. The effect of chemotherapy remains elusive.

[Cancer stem cells: its existence, proliferation and differentiation in an adenoid cystic carcinoma cell line].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the evidences of the presence of tumor stem cells and its impact on the tumorigenesis of adenoid cystic carcinoma cell (ACC)-2 cell line by analyzing the biologic characteristics of different sub-clones of adenoid cystic carcinoma cell line. METHODS: In vitro individual cell culture was employed to observe the proliferating character of ACC-2 cells. The expression of CD44(+) and CD24(-) of ACC-2 cells were investigated by immunohistochemical. Immunomagnetic isolation of different phenotype of ACC-2 cells, followed by cell culture, was used to study the proliferating abilities of different clusters of the cell line. The hetero-transplanted tumor mold was established using BALB/C nude mice by subcutaneous injection of tumor cells. The tumorigenic and differentiating properties of the different cluster were investigated. RESULTS: Only 4.41% of cultured ACC-2 cell had ability of division, proliferation and establishment of cell clone. CD44(+)-CD24(-) cluster accounted for about 8.1% of total ACC-2 cells, among which, 25.71% cells could divide and proliferate. All of CD44 and CD44(+)-CD24(+) cells were failure to be eternal alive in the condition of in vitro individual cell culture. According to the results of in vivo tumorigenic study, the minimal cell quantity to develop a subcutaneous transplanted tumor by CD44(+)-CD24(-) cells was 1 x 10(3), where as the needed cell amount were 1 x 10(5) and 1 x 10(4) as to non-isolated ACC-2 cells and CD44(+) cells, respectively. The CD44(-) and CD44(+)-CD24(+) did not develop transplanted tumors. CD44(+)-CD24(-) ACC-2 cell could differentiate into cells of other phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS: CD44(+)-CD24(-) ACC-2 cells consist of a very small portion of all ACC-2 cells (about 4%). They have remarkable proliferating ability and can bear special phenotypes, The tumorogenic ability of CD44(+)-CD24(-) cells are stronger than that of CD44(+) and non-isolated ACC-2 cells. Eliminating of this cluster from ACC-2 would actually deprive the tumorogenic ability of the cell line.

[A retrospective clinicopathologic study of 30 cases of sublingual gland malignant tumors].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical and histological features and therapeutic efficacy of 30 cases of malignant sublingual salivary gland tumors. METHODS: The clinicopathologic data of 30 patients with malignant sublingual salivary gland tumor were obtained from West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University from 1955 to 2005. RESULTS: There were 18 male and 12 female, and the average age of patients was 50.6 years old. Seventeen cases were adenoid cystic carcinoma, accounting for 56.7%. There were 17 cases clinically staged as III, accounting for 56.7%. Distant metastasis and tumor recurrence were the main death reasons. The overall local recurrence rate was 30.0%, and distant metastasis rate was 26.7%. CONCLUSION: Sublingual gland malignant tumors are rare and most of them are adenoid cystic carcinoma. Surgery is the main treatment option. The resection of the tumor accompanying with the neck dissection is the key method to achieve good therapeutic effect. The postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy should be adjuvant.

[Analysis of gene expression of fatty acid synthase in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity by the method of real-time quantitative PCR].

OBJECTIVE: To relatively quantify the gene expression of fatty acid synthase in squamous cell carcinoma, adjacent tissue, and some normal oral tissues by real-time quantitative PCR. METHODS: The tissues were collected fresh from surgical specimens. The collected tissues were minced. Then the total RNA was extracted. The RNA was reversely transcripted into cDNA with random prime. And then the cDNA was amplified by real-time quantitative PCR to quantify the gene expression of FAS according to an internal control GAPDH. The difference of FAS gene expression was compared between squamous cell carcinoma, adjacent tissue, and some normal oral tissues. RESULTS: The expression of FAS of squamous cell carcinoma was notably higher than the other two (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Real-time quantitative PCR provides a method for monitoring the expression of fatty acid synthetic activity in squamous cell carcinoma, adjacent and normal tissues.

[The changes of bacteria group on oral mucosa after radiotherapy of postoperative patients of oral carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the microbial contents presented on the surface of mucosa in the oral cavity of patients who accepted radiotherapy, and to provide the evidences of controlling post-radiotherapeutic infections. METHODS: 32 patients (19 males and 13 females) aged from 37 - 72 received radiotherapy after oral squamous cell carcinomas operation were selected. Samples of saliva were obtained from the radiated center and opposite mucosa before and after radiotherapy. The detective amount, detective ratio and constituent ratio were analysed by cultivation and identification. RESULTS: Streptococci, Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa significantly increased on both sides of the oral mucosa while Neisseria and Actinobacillus decreased on radiated region after the radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: Radiotherapy has great effects on oral bacteria and pathogenic organism may play a role in post-radiotherapy infections. It is necessary to do bacteria culture and choose sensitive antibiotics regularly for post-radiotherapeutic patients.

[An experirmental study on the preparation and drug sustained release characteristics of Pingyangmycin Albumin Microspheres].

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to prepare Pingyangmycin Albumin Microspheres (PYM-AMS) for arteriovenous malformations treatment. METHODS: PYM-AMS was prepared at 140 degrees C by the method of emulsification-heat solidification and its characteristics were evaluated, such as morphosis, particle size, drug loading (DL%), encapsulation efficiency (EE%), stability and drug sustained-releasing in vitro. After being packaged, PYM-AMS were sterilized with 13.7 kGy of 60Co. Small samples of PYM-AMS were packaged in small bottles and stored at 3 - 5 degrees C, 15 - 25 degrees C, 37 degrees C for 3 months, then checked the change of morphology, DL, EE and the release rate. RESULTS: The surface of particles was smooth and integrated. The average diameter of PYM-AMS particles was 139.422 microm and 80% was in the range of 56 - 251 microm. The mean DL% and EE% were 26.47% and 84.3%, respectively. PYM released fast in 5 h, but then released slowly. 88.65% drugs were released in 24 h, and t50 was 1.5 h. There was no obvious change of the morphology, DL,EE and the release rate of PYM-AMS stored at 3 - 5 degrees C 15 - 25 degrees C, 37 degrees C for 3 months. CONCLUSION: PYM-AMS prepared in this study had sustained-release effect, high drug loading and high stability. Albumin is a good carrier of PYM embolization agent.

[Effects of Pingyangmycin albumin microspheres on sclerostenosis of the rabbit central auricular arteries].

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of Pingyangmycin-albumin microspheres (PYM-AMS) acted on the rabbit central auricular arteries. METHODS: In the study of randomized block design, 24 Japanese white rabbits were divided into 4 groups, 6 rabbits in each group. The animals were put on the operation table after being anaesthetized by intramuscular injection of Xumianxin (0.2 ml/Kg) and the interior division was blocked to stop drug liquid get into the interior ear. After being sterilized with 75% alcohol, No.1(PYM hydrochloride injection+0.9% NaCl), No.2(PYM+soybean oil), No.3(PYM-AMS+soybean oil) liquids which contained PYM 5mg/ml were injected into the central auricular arteries of the animals about 30 seconds (0.26 ml/per ear), respectively. Then these vessels were examined histologically after 2,7, 14, 21 days respectively. RESULTS: After injection, in PYM+0.9% NS control group (No.1 liquid), the ears and vessels had no significant changes. In PYM+soybean oil control group (No.2 liquid), at the 2nd day, the endothelial cells were mild swollen. At the 7th day, some endothelial cells were dropped off. At the 14th day, the central auricular arteries had mild change, but the blood flow was not blocked. At the 21st day, the wall of the central auricular artery had more layers, especially on the intima, but the lumen was still obvious. A few of endothelial cells were proliferative. In PYM-AMS group(No.3 liquid), the blood was not resumed at once, and there was some oil in the vessels. At the 1st day, the injection site was mild swollen, and small thrombosis was observed in small vessels. At the 7th-14th day, the central auricular arteries were narrowed, but the blood could be observed. At the 21st day, the vessels had sclerostenosis, and the blood flow was blocked, but no scar and necrosis were observed. Under light microscopy, at the 2nd day, the endothelial cells were mild swollen and small vessels were embolized by PYM-AMS. At the 7th day, the endothelial cells were mild swollen. At the 14th day, the endothelial cells were proliferative and the wall of the central auricular artery had more layers. The lumen of the central artery changed mildly, while the surface of PYM-AMS was absorbed. At the 21st day, the wall of the central auricular artery was proliferative obviously and the artery became sclerostenosed, while cell division was observed. The PYM-AMS was obviously absorbed and some artery was sclerostenosed, while the wall of small vein was proliferative, too. The proliferative intima was proved to be muscle cells with Masson stain and van Gieson's stain. There were many smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts in the original blood vascular lumen on the 21st day under electron microscopy. CONCLUSION: Pingyangmycin nonspecifically made the endothelia and vessels injured, and induced proliferation of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, and gradually the vessels became sclerostenosed. PYM-AMS had both sustained-releasing effect and embolization effect. PYM-AMS may be a better drug for treatment of large venous malformations and arteriovenous malformations.

[Human oral carcinoma-associated fibroblasts: its cultivation, purification and identification].

OBJECTIVE: To separate, cultivate, purify and identify oral carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) preliminarily. METHODS: The primary oral CAFs and normal fibrolasts (NFs) of oral mucosa were obtained by tissue culture. Then cells were dissociated by 0.25% trypsin and purified by curettage method and trypsinization. Morphological characteristics were observed under light microscope and electron microscope. The certain proteins were examined by immunohistochemistry (SP method). RESULTS: The third passage purified oral CAFs were maintained. The characteristics of shape and growth of the oral CAFs changed significantly comparing to the NFs. Myofilament and electron dense patch were showed in the oral CAFs by electron microscope. The oral CAFs showed negative staining for cytokeratin, and positive staining for vimentin, alpha-smooth muscle actin and matrix metalloproteinases-2. CONCLUSIONS: There are obvious differences of the morphological characteristics and expression of certain proteins between the CAFs and NFs. The microecology of the oral tumor-host interface might be one of the most important factors affecting the CAFs.