[Quantification of parasites in aquatic environments in the Province of Salta, Argentina]. / Cuantificación y evaluación de la estacionalidad de elementos parasitarios en ambientes acuáticos recreativos de la provincia de Salta, Argentina.

Microbiological pollution of recreational waters is a major problem for public health as it may transmit waterborne diseases. To assess water quality, current legislation only requires limits for bacterial indicators; however, these organisms do not accurately predict the presence of parasites. Small number of parasites is usually present in water and although they are capable of causing disease, they may not be high enough to be detected. Detection therefore requires water samples to be concentrated. In this work three recreational aquatic environments located in the province of Salta were monitored over one year. For parasite quantification, water samples were collected every three months and concentrated by ultrafiltration. Detection was performed by microscopy. In addition, monthly monitoring was carried out in each aquatic environment: physicochemical variables were measured in situ and bacteriological counts were determined by traditional microbiological techniques. Of 14 parasites identified, at least nine were detected in each aquatic environment sampled. While bacteriological contamination decreased in most cases during winter (76-99%), parasites were present year-round, becoming a continual threat to public health. Thus, we here propose that it is necessary to use specific parasitological indicators to prevent waterborne disease transmission. Our results suggest that Entamoeba would be a suitable indicator as it was found in all environments and showed minimal seasonal variation. The results obtained in this study have epidemiological relevance and will allow decision-makers to propose solutions for water protection in order to care for population health.

Cuantificación y evaluación de la estacionalidad de elementos parasitarios en ambientes acuáticos recreativos de la provincia de Salta, Argentina / Quantification of parasites in aquatic environments in the Province of Salta, Argentina

La contaminación microbiológica de aguas recreativas es un problema preocupante, ya que las personas que las utilizan pueden contraer enfermedades que podrían afectar su bienestar general. Para evaluar la calidad del agua, las legislaciones existentes solo establecen límites de indicadores bacterianos, los cuales no predicen con exactitud la presencia de parásitos. Además, la cantidad de parásitos presentes en el agua, aunque suficiente para producir enfermedad, suele ser pequeña, por lo que, se necesita una etapa previa de concentración para poder detectarlos. En este trabajo se monitorearon trimestralmente durante un año tres ambientes acuáticos de usos recreativos de la provincia de Salta, realizando la concentración de las muestras y la posterior preparación para la búsqueda de elementos parasitarios por microscopía. Adicionalmente, en cada ambiente se midieron mensualmente variables fisicoquímicas in situ y variables bacteriológicas por técnicas microbiológicas tradicionales. En cada ambiente se encontraron como mínimo 9 de los 14 parásitos detectados en conjunto. La presencia de los elementos parasitarios no presentó correlación con indicadores bacterianos en ningún ambiente ni en ninguna de las estaciones (p > 0,05). Mientras que en invierno la contaminación bacteriológica disminuyó entre un 76 % y un 99 %, los elementos parasitarios no presentaron disminución estacional. Los resultados permiten sugerir al género Entamoeba como indicador anual de contaminación parasitaria, ya que este fue encontrado en todos los ambientes con mínimas variaciones estacionales. Estos resultados poseen relevancia epidemiológica, dado que permitirán a los tomadores de decisiones proponer medidas para mejorar el bienestar de la población.

Microbiological pollution of recreational waters is a major problem for public health as it may transmit waterborne diseases. To assess water quality, current legislation only requires limits for bacterial indicators; however, these organisms do not accurately predict the presence of parasites. Small number of parasites is usually present in water and although they are capable of causing disease, they may not be high enough to be detected. Detection therefore requires water samples to be concentrated. In this work three recreational aquatic environments located in the province of Salta were monitored over one year. For parasite quantification, water samples were collected every three months and concentrated by ultrafiltration. Detection was performed by microscopy. In addition, monthly monitoring was carried out in each aquatic environment: physicochemical variables were measured in situ and bacteriological counts were determined by traditional microbiological techniques. Of 14 parasites identified, at least nine were detected in each aquatic environment sampled. While bacteriological contamination decreased in most cases during winter (76-99%), parasites were present year-round, becoming a continual threat to public health. Thus, we here propose that it is necessary to use specific parasitological indicators to prevent waterborne disease transmission. Our results suggest that Entamoeba would be a suitable indicator as it was found in all environments and showed minimal seasonal variation. The results obtained in this study have epidemiological relevance and will allow decision-makers to propose solutions for water protection in order to care for population health.

Cuantificación y evaluación de la estacionalidad de elementos parasitarios en ambientes acuáticos recreativos de la provincia de Salta, Argentina / Quantification of parasites in aquatic environments in the Province of Salta, Argentina

La contaminación microbiológica de aguas recreativas es un problema preocupante, ya que las personas que las utilizan pueden contraer enfermedades que podrían afectar su bienestar general. Para evaluar la calidad del agua, las legislaciones existentes solo establecen límites de indicadores bacterianos, los cuales no predicen con exactitud la presencia de parásitos. Además, la cantidad de parásitos presentes en el agua, aunque suficiente para producir enfermedad, suele ser pequeña, por lo que, se necesita una etapa previa de concentración para poder detectarlos. En este trabajo se monitorearon trimestralmente durante un año tres ambientes acuáticos de usos recreativos de la provincia de Salta, realizando la concentración de las muestras y la posterior preparación para la búsqueda de elementos parasitarios por microscopía. Adicionalmente, en cada ambiente se midieron mensualmente variables fisicoquímicas in situ y variables bacteriológicas por técnicas microbiológicas tradicionales. En cada ambiente se encontraron como mínimo 9 de los 14 parásitos detectados en conjunto. La presencia de los elementos parasitarios no presentó correlación con indicadores bacterianos en ningún ambiente ni en ninguna de las estaciones (p > 0,05). Mientras que en invierno la contaminación bacteriológica disminuyó entre un 76 % y un 99 %, los elementos parasitarios no presentaron disminución estacional. Los resultados permiten sugerir al género Entamoeba como indicador anual de contaminación parasitaria, ya que este fue encontrado en todos los ambientes con mínimas variaciones estacionales. Estos resultados poseen relevancia epidemiológica, dado que permitirán a los tomadores de decisiones proponer medidas para mejorar el bienestar de la población.(AU)

Microbiological pollution of recreational waters is a major problem for public health as it may transmit waterborne diseases. To assess water quality, current legislation only requires limits for bacterial indicators; however, these organisms do not accurately predict the presence of parasites. Small number of parasites is usually present in water and although they are capable of causing disease, they may not be high enough to be detected. Detection therefore requires water samples to be concentrated. In this work three recreational aquatic environments located in the province of Salta were monitored over one year. For parasite quantification, water samples were collected every three months and concentrated by ultrafiltration. Detection was performed by microscopy. In addition, monthly monitoring was carried out in each aquatic environment: physicochemical variables were measured in situ and bacteriological counts were determined by traditional microbiological techniques. Of 14 parasites identified, at least nine were detected in each aquatic environment sampled. While bacteriological contamination decreased in most cases during winter (76-99%), parasites were present year-round, becoming a continual threat to public health. Thus, we here propose that it is necessary to use specific parasitological indicators to prevent waterborne disease transmission. Our results suggest that Entamoeba would be a suitable indicator as it was found in all environments and showed minimal seasonal variation. The results obtained in this study have epidemiological relevance and will allow decision-makers to propose solutions for water protection in order to care for population health.(AU)

Cuantificación y evaluación de la estacionalidad de elementos parasitarios en ambientes acuáticos recreativos de la provincia de Salta, Argentina. / [Quantification of parasites in aquatic environments in the Province of Salta, Argentina].

Microbiological pollution of recreational waters is a major problem for public health as it may transmit waterborne diseases. To assess water quality, current legislation only requires limits for bacterial indicators; however, these organisms do not accurately predict the presence of parasites. Small number of parasites is usually present in water and although they are capable of causing disease, they may not be high enough to be detected. Detection therefore requires water samples to be concentrated. In this work three recreational aquatic environments located in the province of Salta were monitored over one year. For parasite quantification, water samples were collected every three months and concentrated by ultrafiltration. Detection was performed by microscopy. In addition, monthly monitoring was carried out in each aquatic environment: physicochemical variables were measured in situ and bacteriological counts were determined by traditional microbiological techniques. Of 14 parasites identified, at least nine were detected in each aquatic environment sampled. While bacteriological contamination decreased in most cases during winter (76-99

), parasites were present year-round, becoming a continual threat to public health. Thus, we here propose that it is necessary to use specific parasitological indicators to prevent waterborne disease transmission. Our results suggest that Entamoeba would be a suitable indicator as it was found in all environments and showed minimal seasonal variation. The results obtained in this study have epidemiological relevance and will allow decision-makers to propose solutions for water protection in order to care for population health.

Towards a rational strategy for monitoring of microbiological quality of ambient waters.

Water is one of the main sources of human exposure to microbiological hazards. Although legislation establishes regulatory standards in terms of fecal indicator bacteria to assess the microbiological quality of water, these do not necessarily predict the presence of pathogens such as parasites and viruses. Better surveillance and management strategies are needed to assess the risk of pathogens' waterborne transmission. We established a baseline dataset to characterize river water quality, identify changes over time, and design a rational monitoring strategy. Data from a year-long monthly monitoring campaign of the polluted Arenales River (Argentina), were analyzed to statistically correlate physicochemical and microbiological variables, the seasonal and longitudinal variations of the water quality and determine the similarity between study sites. The measured variables (sixteen) reflected the deterioration in the river quality through the city. Different viruses and parasites found did not correlate with the concentration of total and thermotolerant coliforms. There was significant seasonal variation for temperature, turbidity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, enterococci, and norovirus. Strong correlations between some variables were found; we selected eight variables (dissolved oxygen, conductivity, turbidity, total and thermotolerant coliforms, Enterococcus, and adenovirus and Microsporidium as viral and parasitological indicators, respectively) for future monitoring. There was similarity between the monitoring locations, which were grouped into four clusters validated by cophenetic correlation and supported by discriminant analysis. This allowed us to reduce the number of sites, from eleven down to five. Sixty seven percent of the total variance and the correlation structure between variables were explained using five principal components. All these analyses led to a new long-term systematic monitoring scheme. A rational monitoring strategy based on the selection of the most suitable monitoring points and of the most significant variables to measure, will result in optimal use of the limited resources available to adequately protect the public and environmental health.