Impact of the New Definition of Pulmonary Hypertension on the Prevalence of Primary Graft Dysfunction in Lung Transplant Recipients.

BACKGROUND & AIM: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) secondary to lung disease (Group-3 PH) is the second leading cause of PH. The role of PH as a risk factor for primary graft dysfunction (PGD) following lung transplant (LT) is controversial. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact that the new definition of PH had on the prevalence of PH in patients with advanced lung disease-candidate for LT, and its association with the occurrence of PGD. METHOD: A retrospective study was performed in all patients undergoing cardiac catheterisation referred for consideration as candidates to LT in a centre between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2022. The baseline and haemodynamic characteristics of patients were analysed, along with the occurrence of PGD and post-transplant course in those who ultimately underwent transplantation. RESULTS: A total of 396 patients were included. Based on the new 2022 European Society of Cardiology/European Respiratory Society definitions, as many as 70.7% of patients met PH criteria. Since the introduction of the 2022 definition, a significant reduction was observed in the frequency of severe Group-3 PH (41.1% vs 10.3%; p<0.001), with respect to the 2015 definition. As many as 236 patients underwent transplantation. None of the variables associated with PH was identified as a risk factor for PGD. CONCLUSION: The new classification did not have any impact on the prevalence of PGD after transplantation. These results exclude that any significant differences exist in the baseline characteristics or post-transplant course of patients with Group-3 PH vs unclassified PH.

Marcadores genéticos y séricos relacionados con una rápida progresión clínica de la arteriosclerosis coronaria / Serum and genetic markers related to rapid clinical progression of coronary artery disease

Introducción y objetivos: La progresión de la enfermedad coronaria una vez se hace evidente a la clínica tiene una gran variabilidad interindividual. El objetivo es determinar marcadores séricos y genéticos en pacientes con rápida progresión clínica (RPC) de la enfermedad coronaria frente a pacientes con estabilidad clínica mantenida (ECM). Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de casos (RPC) y controles (ECM) (1:2). Se consideró RPC a los pacientes que precisaron al menos 2 revascularizaciones por progresión de la ateroesclerosis en los 10 años posteriores a una primera angioplastia y ECM a aquellos sin eventos durante el mismo periodo tras la primera angioplastia. Una vez seleccionados, se determinaron los valores séricos, la expresión de ácido ribonucleico mensajero (ARNm) y polimorfismos genéticos de interleucina 6, proteína C reactiva y factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNFα) como marcadores de inflamación y proproteína convertasa subtilisina/kexina tipo 9 (PCSK9), receptor de lipoproteínas de baja densidad, proteína 2 de unión a elementos reguladores de esteroles y apolipoproteína B como marcadores aterogénicos. Resultados: Se incluyó a 180 pacientes (58 en RPC y 122 en ECM). Las características basales demográficas, del perfil de riesgo clásico y de la extensión de la enfermedad coronaria fueron comparables. El grupo de RPC presentó valores séricos más altos de interleucina 6 y PCSK9 y mayor expresión de ARNm de TNF. Los alelos de Interleucina-6 rs180075C, de TNF rs3093664 non-G y de PCSK9 rs2483205 T confieren riesgo de RPC (p<0,05 en todos los casos). Un 51,7% de los pacientes del grupo RPC presentaron los tres alelos de riesgo frente al 18% de los pacientes del grupo en ECM (p<0,001). Conclusiones: Se propone la existencia de marcadores genotípicos y fenotípicos asociados con la RPC de enfermedad coronaria y que podrían servir para individualizar la intensidad y el tipo de tratamiento.(AU)

Introduction and objectives: Patients with clinically evident coronary artery disease differ in their rate of progression, which impacts prognosis. We aimed to characterize serum and genetic markers in patients with rapid clinical progression (RCP) of coronary artery disease vs those with long standing stable (LSS) disease. Methods: Retrospective study of cases (RCP) and controls (LSS) (1:2). Patients requiring ≥ 2 revascularizations due to atherosclerotic progression in the 10 years after a first angioplasty were considered to be RCP and those without events during the same period after the first angioplasty were considered to have LSS disease. After patient selection, we analyzed serum values, mRNA expression and genetic polymorphisms of inflammatory markers, including interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, and atherogenic markers consisted of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), low-density lipoprotein receptor, sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2, and apolipoprotein-B. Results: The study included 180 patients (58 RCP and 122 LSS). Demographic characteristics, classic risk factors and the extent of coronary disease were similar in the 2 groups. Patients with RCP showed higher serum levels of interleukin-6 and PCSK9 and higher TNF mRNA expression. Interleukin-6 rs180075C, TNF rs3093664 non-G and PCSK9 rs2483205 T alleles conferred a risk of RCP (P<.05 in all cases). Among patients with RCP, 51.7% had all 3 risk alleles vs 18% of those with LSS (P<.001). Conclusions: We suggest the existence of specific phenotypic and genotypic markers associated with RCP of coronary artery disease that could help to individualize the type and intensity of treatment.(AU)

First description and validation of a new method for estimating aortic stenosis burden and predicting the functional response to TAVI.

Background: Up to one-fifth of patients continue to have poor quality of life after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), with an additional similar proportion not surviving 1 year after the procedure. We aimed to assess the value of a new method based on an integrated analysis of left ventricular outflow tract flow velocity and aortic pressure to predict objective functional improvement and prognosis after TAVI. Methods: In a cohort of consecutive patients undergoing TAVI, flow velocity-pressure integrated analysis was obtained from simultaneous pressure recordings in the ascending aorta and flow velocity recordings in the left ventricular outflow tract by echocardiography. Objective functional improvement 6 months after TAVI was assessed through changes in a 6-min walk test and NT-proBNP levels. A clinical follow-up was conducted at 2 years. Results: Of the 102 patients studied, 82 (80.4%) showed objective functional improvement. The 2-year mortality of these patients was significantly lower (9% vs. 44%, p = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, parameter "(Pressure at Vmax - Pressure at Vo)/Vmax" was found to be an independent predictor for objective improvement. The C-statistic was 0.70 in the overall population and 0.78 in the low-gradient subgroup. All echocardiographic parameters and the valvuloarterial impedance showed a C-statistic of <0.6 for the overall and low-gradient patients. In a validation cohort of 119 patients, the C-statistic was 0.67 for the total cohort and 0.76 for the low-gradient subgroup. Conclusion: This new method allows predicting objective functional improvement after TAVI more precisely than the conventional parameters used to assess the severity of aortic stenosis, particularly in low-gradient patients.

Myocardial revascularization failure among patients requiring cardiac catheterization and secondary revascularization in contemporary clinical practice: Results of the REVASEC multicenter registry.

BACKGROUND: Myocardial revascularization failure (MRF) and Secondary revascularization (SR) are contemporary interventional cardiology challenges. AIM: To investigate the characteristics, management, and prognosis of patients with myocardial revascularization failure (MRF) and need for secondary revascularization (SR) in contemporary practice. METHODS: The REVASEC study is a prospective registry (NCT03349385), which recruited patients with prior revascularization referred for coronary angiography at 19 centers. The primary endpoint is a patient-oriented composite (POCE) at 1 year, including death, myocardial infarction, or repeat revascularization. RESULTS: A total of 869 patients previously revascularized by percutaneous intervention (83%) or surgery (17%) were recruited. MRF was found in 83.7% (41.1% stent/graft failure, 32.1% progression of coronary disease, and 10.5% residual disease). SR was performed in 70.1%, preferably by percutaneous intervention (95%). The POCE rate at 1 year was 14% in the overall cohort, with 6.4% all-cause death. In the multivariate analysis, lower POCE rates were found in the groups without MRF (9.4%) and with disease progression (11%) compared with graft/stent failure (17%) and residual disease (18%), hazard ratio 0.67 (95% confidence interval: 0.45-0.99), p = 0.043. At 1 year, the SR group had less chronic persistent angina (19% vs. 34%, p < 0.001), but a higher rate of repeat revascularization (9% vs. 2.9%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: MRF was found in 84% of patients with prior revascularization referred for coronary angiography. Stent/graft failure and residual coronary disease were associated with a worse prognosis. SR provided better symptom control at the expense of a higher rate of new revascularization.

Serum and genetic markers related to rapid clinical progression of coronary artery disease.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Patients with clinically evident coronary artery disease differ in their rate of progression, which impacts prognosis. We aimed to characterize serum and genetic markers in patients with rapid clinical progression (RCP) of coronary artery disease vs those with long standing stable (LSS) disease. METHODS: Retrospective study of cases (RCP) and controls (LSS) (1:2). Patients requiring ≥ 2 revascularizations due to atherosclerotic progression in the 10 years after a first angioplasty were considered to be RCP and those without events during the same period after the first angioplasty were considered to have LSS disease. After patient selection, we analyzed serum values, mRNA expression and genetic polymorphisms of inflammatory markers, including interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, and atherogenic markers consisted of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), low-density lipoprotein receptor, sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2, and apolipoprotein-B. RESULTS: The study included 180 patients (58 RCP and 122 LSS). Demographic characteristics, classic risk factors and the extent of coronary disease were similar in the 2 groups. Patients with RCP showed higher serum levels of interleukin-6 and PCSK9 and higher TNF mRNA expression. Interleukin-6 rs180075C, TNF rs3093664 non-G and PCSK9 rs2483205 T alleles conferred a risk of RCP (P<.05 in all cases). Among patients with RCP, 51.7% had all 3 risk alleles vs 18% of those with LSS (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: We suggest the existence of specific phenotypic and genotypic markers associated with RCP of coronary artery disease that could help to individualize the type and intensity of treatment.

Intraprocedural delayed reassessment of paravalvular regurgitation in TAVR significantly reduces the use of postdilatation.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to investigate the effect of a 15-min delayed intraprocedural reassessment of paravalvular aortic regurgitation (PVR) after an immediate evaluation of posttranscatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) on the regurgitation grading and usage of postdilatation. BACKGROUND: PVR after TAVR is associated with poor prognosis, but postdilatation may increase the risk of other complications. METHODS: In a prospective cohort of consecutive patients treated with balloon-expandable valve ES-3 ultra, the degree of PVR was assessed immediately and 15 min after that first evaluation (excluded severe cases), with the indication of postdilatation based on the delayed assessment. As a control group, the previous consecutive series of patients also treated with the same model of valve prosthesis was used. RESULTS: A total of 180 patients were included in the prospective study cohort and 152 in the retrospective control group. In the study group, the immediate PVR assessment showed none-trace 27.5%, mild 52%, moderate 19%, and severe 1.5%, and the delayed re-evaluation graded PVR as none-trace 83%, mild 15.6%, and moderate 1.2% (p < 0.001 as compared to immediate). In the control group, the immediate PVR assessment showed none-trace 33.5%, mild 52%, moderate 13%, and severe 1.5%. The rate of postdilatation was 2.8% in the study group versus 10.5% in the control group (p = 0.006). At discharge, no differences were observed between groups in PVR echocardiographic grading. CONCLUSIONS: A post-TAVR delayed intraprocedural reassessment of the PVR shows a clearly lower degree of regurgitation as compared to immediate evaluation, which significantly decreased the indication of postdilatation.

A new integrative approach to assess aortic stenosis burden and predict objective functional improvement after TAVR.

Background: A non-negligible rate of patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) do not report symptomatic improvement or even die in the short-midterm. We sought to assess the degree of objective functional recovery after TAVR and its prognostic implications and to develop a predictive model. Methods: In a cohort of patients undergoing TAVR, a prospective evaluation of clinical, anatomical, and physiological parameters was conducted before and after the procedure. These parameters were derived from echocardiography, non-invasive analysis of arterial pulse waves, and cardiac tomography. Objective functional improvement 6 months after TAVR was assessed using a 6-min walk test and nitro-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels. The derived predictive model was prospectively validated in a different cohort. A clinical follow-up was conducted at 2 years. Results: Among the 212 patients included, objective functional improvement was observed in 169 patients (80%) and subjective improvement in 187 (88%). Patients with objective functional improvement showed a much lower death rate at 2 years (9% vs. 31% p = 0.0002). Independent predictors of improvement were as follows: mean aortic gradient of ≥40 mmHg, augmentation index75 of ≥45%, the posterior wall thickness of ≤12 mm, and absence of atrial fibrillation. A simple integer-based point score was developed (GAPA score), which showed an area under the curve of 0.81 for the overall cohort and 0.78 for the low-gradient subgroup. In a validation cohort of 216 patients, these values were 0.75 and 0.76, respectively. Conclusion: A total of 80% of patients experienced objective functional improvement after TAVR, showing a significantly lower 2-year mortality rate. A predictive score was built that showed a good discriminative performance in overall and low-gradient populations.

Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio for the Assessment of Intermediate Left Main Coronary Artery Stenosis: Correlations With Fractional Flow Reserve/Intravascular Ultrasound and Prognostic Implications: The iLITRO-EPIC07 Study.

BACKGROUND: There is little information available on agreement between fractional flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) in left main coronary artery (LMCA) intermediate stenosis. Besides, several meta-analyses support the use of FFR to guide LMCA revascularization, but limited information is available on iFR in this setting. Our aims were to establish the concordance between FFR and iFR in intermediate LMCA lesions, to evaluate with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) in cases of FFR/iFR discordance, and to prospectively validate the safety of deferring revascularization based on a hybrid decision-making strategy combining iFR and IVUS. METHODS: Prospective, observational, multicenter registry with 300 consecutive patients with intermediate LMCA stenosis who underwent FFR and iFR and, in case of discordance, IVUS and minimal lumen area measurements. Primary clinical end point was a composite of cardiovascular death, LMCA lesion-related nonfatal myocardial infarction, or unplanned LMCA revascularization. RESULTS: FFR and iFR had an agreement of 80% (both positive in 67 and both negative in 167 patients); in case of disagreement (31 FFR+/iFR- and 29 FFR-/iFR+) minimal lumen area was ≥6 mm2 in 8.7% of patients with FFR+ and 14.6% with iFR+. Among the 300 patients, 105 (35%) underwent revascularization and 181 (60%) were deferred according to iFR and IVUS. At a median follow-up of 20 months, major adverse cardiac events incidence was 8.3% in the defer group and 13.3% in the revascularization group (hazard ratio, 0.71 [95% CI 0.30-1.72]; P=0.45). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with intermediate LMCA stenosis, a physiology-guided treatment decision is feasible either with FFR or iFR with moderate concordance between both indices. In case of disagreement, the use of IVUS may be useful to indicate revascularization. Deferral of revascularization based on iFR appears to be safe in terms of major adverse cardiac events. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov; Unique identifier: NCT03767621.

Interregional variability in the use of cardiovascular technologies (2011-2019). Correlation with economic indicators, admissions, and in-hospital mortality.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Equal opportunities to access technical advances with recognized clinical value should be a priority of the publicly-funded health system. We analyzed variability among all the Spanish autonomous communities in the use of cardiovascular techniques with an established indication and its relationship with economic indicators, burden of disease, and hospital mortality. METHODS: The activity registries of various Associations of the Spanish Society of Cardiology from 2011 to 2019 were analyzed for coronary angiography, overall percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), primary PCI, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD), cardiac resynchronization therapy, and transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Economic indices (gross domestic product and per capita health care expenditure) were obtained from public sources and data on attendance rates and mortality from the Resources and Quality in Cardiology (RECALCAR) reports of the Spanish Society of Cardiology. We analyzed the coefficient of variation for activity and the correlation of activity with regional economic indices, attendance rates, and risk-adjusted rates of in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: We identified wide variability in the use of technologies, especially for primary PCI (18%), ICD (22%), cardiac resynchronization therapy (36%), and TAVR (42%). A certain correlation with attendance rates was seen only for overall PCI and ICD. In general, no significant correlation was found between the use of the techniques and the economic indices of wealth and expenditure. The correlation with in-hospital mortality showed no significant results, although this was the analysis with the greatest limitations because the impact of these techniques on survival is exerted more in the mid- and long-term. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study, despite its inherent limitations, show marked variability between autonomous communities in the use of cardiovascular technologies, which is not explained by economic differences or by hospital attendance rates due to the corresponding diseases.

Design and Rationale for a Real-World Prospective, Multicenter Registry of Myocardial Revascularization Failure and Secondary Revascularization: The REVASEC Study.

AIM: To investigate key aspects of the problem of myocardial revascularization failure (MRF) and repeat or secondary myocardial revascularization (SR) in contemporary practice. METHODS: The registry of secondary revascularization (REVASEC) is an investigator-initiated, multicenter, prospective registry enhanced with data monitoring and independent event adjudication (ClinicalTrials.govNCT03349385). It includes patients with prior revascularization referred to coronary angiography for suspected MRF with broad inclusion criteria. The main objectives are to describe the characteristics of patients with prior revascularization referred for repeat angiography, to describe and the rate and mechanisms of MRF (stent or graft failure, coronary artery disease progression or residual coronary artery disease); to evaluate the management including medical treatment and SR of these patients; and to assess the prognosis according to the outlined causative mechanisms. The registry has one year follow up for the primary endpoint (Patient-oriented composite endpoint including all-cause death, any myocardial infarction or any new unplanned revascularization according to subsets of MRF), but extended follow-up will be carried out up to 5 years. CONCLUSION: The REVASEC Registry will provide updated data on the characteristics, patterns of treatment, and 1-year outcomes of patients with MRF and SR in contemporary clinical practice.

Validation study to determine the accuracy of central blood pressure measurement using the SphygmoCor XCEL cuff device in patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

Central aortic blood pressure could be helpful in the evaluation of patients with aortic stenosis (AS). The SphygmoCor XCEL device estimates central blood pressure (BP) measurement with its easy-to-use, operator-independent procedure. However, this device has not been properly validated against invasive measurement in patients with severe AS. We evaluated the relationship between cuff-brachial BP, transfer function-estimated and invasively measured central aortic pressure in patients with severe AS before and after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Agreement between techniques was analyzed and, according to the ARTERY Society recommendations, the minimum acceptable error was a mean difference ± SD ≤5 ± ≤8 mm Hg. A total of 94 patients with AS undergoing TAVR had simultaneous non-invasive and invasive measurements of central BP before and after the procedure. Before TAVR central systolic BP was in average slightly underestimated, though with wide variability, when using the default calibration of brachial-cuff SBP (mean difference ± SD, -3 ± 15 mm Hg), and after TAVR the degree of underestimation increased (mean difference ± SD, -9 ± 13 mm Hg). The agreement tended to improve for those patients with low aortic gradient stenosis compared to those with high gradient at baseline (mean difference ± SD, -2 ± 11 mm Hg vs. -4 ± 17, respectively, p = .3). The cuff-brachial systolic BP yielded numerically lower degree of agreement and weaker correlation with invasive measurements than SphygmoCor XCEL. In patients with severe AS the SphygmoCor XCEL cuff device, despite showing strong correlation, does not meet the ARTERY Society accuracy criteria for non-invasive measurement of central SBP.

Mixed Valvular Disease Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Quantification and Systematic Differentiation Using Clinical Measurements and Image-Based Patient-Specific In Silico Modeling.

Background Mixed valvular disease (MVD), mitral regurgitation (MR) from pre-existing disease in conjunction with paravalvular leak (PVL) following transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), is one of the most important stimuli for left ventricle (LV) dysfunction, associated with cardiac mortality. Despite the prevalence of MVD, the quantitative understanding of the interplay between pre-existing MVD, PVL, LV, and post-TAVR recovery is meager. Methods and Results We quantified the effects of MVD on valvular-ventricular hemodynamics using an image-based patient-specific computational framework in 72 MVD patients. Doppler pressure was reduced by TAVR (mean, 77%; N=72; P<0.05), but it was not always accompanied by improvements in LV workload. TAVR had no effect on LV workload in 22 patients, and LV workload post-TAVR significantly rose in 32 other patients. TAVR reduced LV workload in only 18 patients (25%). PVL significantly alters LV flow and increases shear stress on transcatheter aortic valve leaflets. It interacts with mitral inflow and elevates shear stresses on mitral valve and is one of the main contributors in worsening of MR post-TAVR. MR worsened in 32 patients post-TAVR and did not improve in 18 other patients. Conclusions PVL limits the benefit of TAVR by increasing LV load and worsening of MR and heart failure. Post-TAVR, most MVD patients (75% of N=72; P<0.05) showed no improvements or even worsening of LV workload, whereas the majority of patients with PVL, but without that pre-existing MR condition (60% of N=48; P<0.05), showed improvements in LV workload. MR and its exacerbation by PVL may hinder the success of TAVR.

Outcomes of predefined optimisation criteria for intravascular ultrasound guidance of left main stenting.

AIMS: This study sought to investigate the prognostic effect of a protocol with optimisation targets for intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-guided left main (LM) revascularisation. METHODS AND RESULTS: A protocol was prospectively applied for IVUS-guided LM revascularisation (IVUS-PRO group) including predefined optimisation targets. Using propensity score matching, we selected as control groups patients with angiography-guided PCI (ANGIO group) and IVUS-guided PCI (IVUS group) from a large multicentre registry. The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiac death, LM-related infarction and LM revascularisation at 12 months. In each group, 124 patients with comparable characteristics were included. The incidence of the primary outcome was significantly higher in the ANGIO group compared to the IVUS-PRO group (12.9% vs 4.8%, HR 0.35, 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.82, p=0.02), but not with respect to the IVUS group (12.9% vs 8%, HR 0.51, 95% CI: 0.20 to 1.22, p=0.1), driven by a lower rate of LM revascularisation (8% in the ANGIO group, 6.4% in the IVUS group and 3.2% in the IVUS-PRO group). IVUS-PRO resulted in being an independent risk predictor (HR 0.45, 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.98; p=0.041). CONCLUSIONS: IVUS guidance of LM stenting provides prognostic benefit with respect to the use of angiography alone, particularly when following a protocol with these predefined optimisation criteria.

Angiography and Optical Coherence Tomography Assessment of the Drug-Coated Balloon ESSENTIAL for the Treatment of In-Stent Restenosis.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to assess the efficacy of the drug-coated balloon (DCB) ESSENTIAL for the treatment of in-stent restenosis (ISR). BACKGROUND: DCBs have proven a valid therapeutic option for the management of ISR in several clinical trials, yet no class effect can be claimed. Accordingly, every new DCB model has to be individually evaluated through clinical studies. METHODS: This is a prospective, multicenter study including consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for ISR with the ESSENTIAL DCB. A 6-month quantitative coronary angiography (QCA)/optical coherence tomography (OCT) follow-up was scheduled. The primary endpoint was OCT-derived in-segment maximal area stenosis. Secondary endpoints included QCA-derived in-segment late lumen loss (LLL) and target lesion failure (TLF) rates at 6, 12, and 24 months. TLF was defined as the composite of cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction, and target lesion revascularization. RESULTS: A total of 31 patients were successfully treated with DCB, with 67% of ISR corresponding to drug-eluting stents (DES). At 6 months, 26 patients underwent the scheduled angiographic follow-up. The mean value for in-segment maximal area stenosis was 51.4 ±â€¯13% and the median value was 53% (IQR 46.4-59.5). In the DES-ISR subgroup, these parameters were 52.6 ±â€¯10% and 55.2% (IQR 49.3-58.5), respectively. In-segment LLL was 0.25 ±â€¯0.43 mm with only 2 (7.7%) patients showing binary restenosis (>50%). The incidence of TLF was 10% at 6 months, 13.3% at 12 months, and 13.3% at 24 months. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the ESSENTIAL DCB showed sustained efficacy in the prevention of recurrent restenosis after treatment of ISR. SUMMARY: We sought to assess the efficacy of the drug-coated balloon ESSENTIAL for the treatment of in-stent restenosis through a prospective, multicenter study including QCA and OCT assessment at 6-month follow-up. The primary endpoint was in-segment maximal area stenosis. Among the 31 patients successfully treated with the ESSENTIAL DCB, an angiographic follow-up was conducted in 26. Mean in-segment maximal area stenosis was 51.4 ±â€¯13% and the median value was 53% (IQR 46.4-59.5). In the DES-ISR subgroup, corresponding values were 52.6 ±â€¯10% and 55.2% (IQR 49.3-58.5), respectively. The observed in-segment LLL was 0.25 ±â€¯0.43 mm and binary restenosis rate was 7.7%. TLF was 10% at 6 months and 13.3% at 12 and 24 months.

Estratificación basal de riesgo en pacientes mayores de 75 años con infarto y shock cardiogénico referidos para angioplastia primaria / Baseline risk stratification of patients older than 75 years with infarction and cardiogenic shock undergoing primary angioplasty

Introducción y objetivos: Los pacientes mayores de 75 años con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST sometidos a angioplastia primaria en situación de shock cardiogénico sufren una gran mortalidad. La identificación previa al procedimento de variables predictoras de la posterior mortalidad sería muy útil para guiar la toma de decisiones. Métodos: Análisis del registro multicéntrico de angioplastia primaria en pacientes mayores de 75 años (ESTROFA MI+75), que incluye a 3.576 pacientes. Se analizaron las características y la evolución clínica del subgrupo con shock cardiogénico para identificar predictores de supervivencia a 1 año tras la angioplastia y elaborar un índice pronóstico. Se validó el índice en una cohorte independiente. Resultados: Se incluyó a 332 pacientes. Los predictores basales independientes fueron: la localización anterior (HR=2,8; IC95%, 1,4-6,0; p=0,005), una fracción de eyección<40% (HR=2,3; IC95%, 1,14-4,50; p=0,018) y un tiempo entre el inicio de los síntomas y la angioplastia >6 h (HR=3,2; IC95%, 1,6-7,5; p=0,001). Se diseñó un índice basado en estas variables (índice «6-ANT-40»). La supervivencia a 1 año fue del 54,5% de aquellos con índice 0, el 32,3% con índice 1, el 27,4% con índice 2 y el 17% con índice 3 (p=0,004, estadístico C=0,70). En una cohorte independiente de 124 pacientes, las supervivencias a 1 año fueron del 64,5, el 40,0, el 28,9 y el 22,2% respectivamente (p=0,008; estadístico C=0,68). Conclusiones: Un índice basado en simples variables clínicas previas al procedimiento (localización anterior, fracción de eyección<40%, demora >6 h) permite estimar la supervivencia tras una angioplastia primaria de los pacientes mayores con shock cardiogénico, y así ayudar en la toma de decisiones

Background and objectives: Patients older than 75 years with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty in cardiogenic shock have high mortality. Identification of preprocedural predictors of short- and long-term mortality could be useful to guide decision-making and further interventions. Methods: We analyzed a nationwide registry of primary angioplasty in the elderly (ESTROFA MI+75) comprising 3576 patients. The characteristics and outcomes of the subgroup of patients in cardiogenic shock were analyzed to identify associated factors and prognostic predictors in order to derive a baseline risk prediction score for 1-year mortality. The score was validated in an independent cohort. Results: A total of 332 patients were included. Baseline independent predictors of mortality were anterior myocardial infarction (HR 2.8, 95%CI, 1.4-6.0; P=.005), ejection fraction<40% (HR 2.3, 95%CI, 1.14-4.50; P=.018), and time from symptom onset to angioplasty >6hours (HR 3.2, 95%CI, 1.6-7.5; P=.001). A score was designed that included these predictive factors (score "6-ANT-40"). Survival at 1 year was 54.5% for patients with score 0, 32.3% for score 1, 27.4% for score 2 and 17% for score 3 (P=.004, c-statistic 0.70). The score was validated in an independent cohort of 124 patients, showing 1-year survival rates of 64.5%, 40.0%, 28.9%, and 22.2%, respectively (P=.008, c-statistic 0.68). Conclusions: A preprocedural score based on 3 simple clinical variables (anterior location, ejection fraction<40%, and delay time >6 hours) may be used to estimate survival after primary angioplasty in elderly patients with cardiogenic shock and to guide preinterventional decision-making

Use and Outcomes of Triple Antithrombotic Therapy with Non-Vitamin K Antagonists in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

BACKGROUND: Triple antithrombotic therapy (TT) is recommended for patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, there is a lack of comparative data in a real-world clinical setting between non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOAC) and vitamin K antagonists (VKA). The aim of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of TT with NOAC or VKA after PCI in patients with AF at 1-year of follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an observational retrospective study in 2 tertiary care hospitals during 2013-2016. Patients with indication for anticoagulation due to AF from an initial registry of 5,269 patients undergoing PCI were identified. Safety primary endpoint was the occurrence of major bleeding events as defined by Bleeding Academic Consortium (BARC ≥ 3). The primary efficacy endpoint was defined as major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). RESULTS: A total of 187 consecutive patients on TT were identified: 45.4% of were discharged on NOAC and 54.6% on VKA. Patients who received VKA presented more comorbidities and had a higher bleeding risk than those who received NOACs. Major bleeding events occurred in 17 patients (9%), with a higher rate in the VKA group (3.5% vs. 13% confidence interval, 0.19-0.86, P = 0.02). There were no differences in the rates of major adverse cardiovascular events, stroke or net clinical benefit. CONCLUSIONS: In this real-world study, patients with AF undergoing PCI treated on NOAC-based TT showed lower bleeding rates than those on VKA, with a lower rate of major bleeding events, while efficacy was similar between groups.

Baseline Risk Stratification of Patients Older Than 75 Years With Infarction and Cardiogenic Shock Undergoing Primary Angioplasty.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Patients older than 75 years with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty in cardiogenic shock have high mortality. Identification of preprocedural predictors of short- and long-term mortality could be useful to guide decision-making and further interventions. METHODS: We analyzed a nationwide registry of primary angioplasty in the elderly (ESTROFA MI+75) comprising 3576 patients. The characteristics and outcomes of the subgroup of patients in cardiogenic shock were analyzed to identify associated factors and prognostic predictors in order to derive a baseline risk prediction score for 1-year mortality. The score was validated in an independent cohort. RESULTS: A total of 332 patients were included. Baseline independent predictors of mortality were anterior myocardial infarction (HR 2.8, 95%CI, 1.4-6.0 P=.005), ejection fraction<40% (HR 2.3, 95%CI, 1.14-4.50 P=.018), and time from symptom onset to angioplasty >6hours (HR 3.2, 95%CI, 1.6-7.5; P=.001). A score was designed that included these predictive factors (score "6-ANT-40"). Survival at 1 year was 54.5% for patients with score 0, 32.3% for score 1, 27.4% for score 2 and 17% for score 3 (P=.004, c-statistic 0.70). The score was validated in an independent cohort of 124 patients, showing 1-year survival rates of 64.5%, 40.0%, 28.9%, and 22.2%, respectively (P=.008, c-statistic 0.68). CONCLUSIONS: A preprocedural score based on 3 simple clinical variables (anterior location, ejection fraction<40%, and delay time >6 hours) may be used to estimate survival after primary angioplasty in elderly patients with cardiogenic shock and to guide preinterventional decision-making.