Subdiaphragmatic phrenic nerve supply: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review is to study the subdiaphragmatic anatomy of the phrenic nerve. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A computerised systematic search of the Web of Science database was conducted. The key terms used were phrenic nerve, subdiaphragmat*, esophag*, liver, stomach, pancre*, duoden*, intestin*, bowel, gangli*, biliar*, Oddi, gallbladder, peritone*, spleen, splenic, hepat*, Glisson, falciform, coronary ligament, kidney, suprarenal, and adrenal. The 'cited-by' articles were also reviewed to ensure that all appropriate studies were included. RESULTS: A total of one thousand three hundred and thirty articles were found, of which eighteen met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Quality Appraisal for Cadaveric Studies scale revealed substantial to excellent methodological quality of human studies, while a modified version of the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation Risk of Bias Tool denoted poor methodological quality of animal studies. According to human studies, phrenic supply has been demonstrated for the gastro-esophageal junction, stomach, celiac ganglia, liver and its coronary ligament, inferior vena cava, gallbladder and adrenal glands, with half of the human samples studied presenting phrenic nerve connections with any subdiaphragmatic structure. CONCLUSIONS: This review provides the first systematic evidence of subdiaphragmatic phrenic nerve supply and connections. This is of interest to professionals who care for people suffering from neck and shoulder pain, as well as patients with peridiaphragmatic disorders or hiccups. However, there are controversies about the autonomic or sensory nature of this supply.

Hemobilia due to a cystic artery pseudoaneurysm on ultrasound.

The present paper describes a case of hemobilia in a woman with a cystic artery pseudoaneurysm. The pseudoaneurysm could be seen with ultrasound, Doppler sonography and CT angiography. In our case, Doppler sonography was the most useful technique for diagnosis, revealing the turbulent forward and backwards flow within the gallbladder, representing the focally dilated artery. This was later confirmed by CT angiography. A recent bleeding site was found on the cholecystectomy specimen.

Hemobilia por pseudoaneurisma de la arteria cística en ecografía / Hemobilia due to a cystic artery pseudoaneurysm on ultrasound

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