Clostridioides difficile infection in a long-term convalescence hospital: A real tale of pitfalls and outdated therapy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to know the characteristics and risk factors of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in a long-term hospital is key to improve its management. METHODS: Retrospective study with 37 patients, along 43 months. We describe demographic variables, clinical data, time to diagnosis, treatment, and evolution. RESULTS: Analysis of 46 episodes (37 patients, mean age=82.2 years). 77.8% were absolutely dependent, 41.7% had chronic kidney disease, 64.9% had received antibiotics in the previous three months, 40.5% received antibiotics at diagnosis. It was the first episode in 78.4%, and first recurrence in 21.6%. Therapy was started in the first 24 hours after diagnosis in 89.2%, mostly metronidazole. 83.3% recovered, 3 patients died from CDI, diagnosis was registered in the discharge report in 91.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Previous antibiotic therapy, high grade of dependency and renal failure were the main risk factors. There is room for improvement in CDI management at our hospital.

Valor de la circometría en el diagnóstico de la trombosis venosa profunda en pacientes con lesión medular / Utility of circometry in the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis in patients with a spinal cord injury

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[Involvement of the spinal cord in rheumatoid arthritis]. / Afectacion medular en la artritis reumatoide.

TITLE: Afectacion medular en la artritis reumatoide.

Use of antibiotics and the prevalence of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in patients with spinal cord injuries: an international, multi-centre study.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the use of antibiotics and the extent of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) in patients with spinal cord injuries (SCIs). AIMS: To record the use of antibiotics, establish the prevalence of AAD and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), and assess if there was any seasonal variation in antibiotic use and incidence of AAD in patients with SCIs. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in six European SCI centres between October 2014 and June 2015. AAD was defined as two or more watery stools (Bristol Stool Scale type 5, 6 or 7) over 24 h. FINDINGS: In total, 1267 adults (median age 54 years, 30.7% female) with SCIs (52.7% tetraplegia, 59% complete SCI) were included in this study. Among the 215 (17%) patients on antibiotics, the top three indications for antibiotics were urinary tract infections (UTIs), infected pressure ulcers and other skin infections. Thirty-two of these 215 (14.9%) patients developed AAD and two patients out of the total study population (2/1267; 0.16%) developed CDI. AAD was more common in summer than in spring, autumn or winter (30.3% vs 3.8%, 7.4% and 16.9%, respectively; P<0.01). AAD was associated with age ≥65 years, tetraplegia, higher body mass index, hypoalbuminaemia, polypharmacy, multiple antibiotic use and high-risk antibiotic use. Summer and winter seasons and male sex were identified as independent predictors for the development of AAD. CONCLUSION: This survey found that AAD is common in patients with SCIs, and UTI is the most common cause of infection. Summer and winter seasons and male sex are unique predictors for AAD. Both AAD and UTIs are potentially preventable; therefore, further work should focus on preventing the over-use of antibiotics, and developing strategies to improve hospital infection control measures.

An intermediate respiratory care unit for spinal cord-injured patients. A retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: Patients with cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) may need prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV) and a long stay in the Intensive Care Unit. An intermediate respiratory care unit (IRCU) can shorten that stay, optimizing hospital resources. The aim of our work has been to evaluate the activity of such a unit in our hospital. METHODS: This is a descriptive retrospective study based on the data of patients with SCI and respiratory failure discharged from our IRCU between 1 July 2010 and 28 February 2013. RESULTS: We have analysed data from 146 patients with SCI, adding up to 228 admissions (68 first admissions and 160 readmissions due to complications or scheduled review visits). Sixty-three out of the 68 newly admitted patients survived their first admission (92.6%). Length of hospitalization was 195.6±110.4 days, 22 were admitted to monitor their respiratory status and 46 were on MV on admission. Of these, 26 (38.2%) were admitted to attempt weaning from the respirator and 20 (29.4%) to enter a programme of permanent respiratory support. Weaning was successful in 23 out of 26 patients (88.4%), the process taking 47.2±49.3 days. Forty of them (58.8%) were discharged to their home. CONCLUSIONS: An IRCU can manage a substantial number of severe SCI patients who need MV, and an important number of them can be weaned from the respirator. It may also achieve a good success rate in the integration of MV-dependent patients within family and society.

Long-term evaluation of phrenic nerve pacing for respiratory failure due to high cervical spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVES: Phrenic nerve pacing is a method of respiratory support that can replace mechanical ventilation in high-level cervical spinal cord injury patients with diaphragmatic paralysis. Our objective was to evaluate survival and long-term quality of life in patients with external respiratory support by PNP vs volumetric respirator in patients with severe respiratory insufficiency due to a high-level spinal cord injury. DESIGN: This is a retrospective review study of a prospectively collected database for evaluate the survival and a questionnaire for quality of life has been collected face-to-face or by telephone at present. PATIENTS: Cervical SCI patients with permanent respiratory support (PNP or MV). METHODS: Long-term evaluation of a cohort of PNP-supported patients. We performed a comparison between these patients and volumetric respirator-supported patients. For survival analysis, we used the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model. The health-related quality of life was assessed with SF-36 questionnaire, a general HRQL evaluation. RESULTS: One hundred twenty six patients on permanent respiratory support were evaluated during the study period. Of these, 38 were on PNP and 88 were mechanically ventilated. Paced patients were younger and had a longer survival, but in a multivariate analysis adjusted for age using a multiple logistic correlation we found that length of survival was greater for PNP patients. In terms of HRQL, the PNP-supported patients showed better results in terms of social functioning. CONCLUSIONS: PNP is a stable and effective method of long-term respiratory support in this type of patients (SCI patients dependent on external respiratory support). In these patients it improves the length of survival and some social issues by quality of life when compared with patients under MV.

Síndrome general solitario: ¿estamos de acuerdo en el nombre? / General lonely syndrome, are we in agrement with the denomination?

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[Amebic liver abscess: review of 13 cases]. / Absceso hepático amebiano: revisión de 13 casos.

Amebian hepatic abscess (AHA) is the most frequent extraintestinal localization of infection by Entamoeba histolytica. Despite being a disease mainly of tropical zones, it is currently also observed with higher frequency in Spain. Thirteen cases of AHA diagnosed in the authors' hospital over the last 11 years were retrospectively analyzed comparing the data in this series with that of other published series and undertaking a review of this subject. The diagnosis of AHA was established on the basis of the clinical picture together with specific positive serology and compatible echographic imaging. The series was composed of 9 males and 4 females with a mean age of 38.7 years (range 25-55). Five were Spanish, and 8 were immigrants from tropical countries. In 61.5% of the cases echographically guided aspiration puncture was performed with placement of percutaneous drainage being carried out in 38%. Eighty-five percent of patients were treated with more than one amebicide drug (metronidazole or tinidazole together with chloroquine and dehydroemetine). Luminal amebicides were administered lastly. Laparotomy was required in 3 cases due to the presence of complications. No deaths were observed.