Mutations, Genes, and Phenotypes Related to Movement Disorders and Ataxias.

Our clinical series comprises 124 patients with movement disorders (MDs) and/or ataxia with cerebellar atrophy (CA), many of them showing signs of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA). Ten NBIA genes are accepted, although isolated cases compatible with abnormal brain iron deposits are known. The patients were evaluated using standardised clinical assessments of ataxia and MDs. First, NBIA genes were analysed by Sanger sequencing and 59 patients achieved a diagnosis, including the detection of the founder mutation PANK2 p.T528M in Romani people. Then, we used a custom panel MovDisord and/or exome sequencing; 29 cases were solved with a great genetic heterogeneity (34 different mutations in 23 genes). Three patients presented brain iron deposits with Fe-sensitive MRI sequences and mutations in FBXO7, GLB1, and KIF1A, suggesting an NBIA-like phenotype. Eleven patients showed very early-onset ataxia and CA with cortical hyperintensities caused by mutations in ITPR1, KIF1A, SPTBN2, PLA2G6, PMPCA, and PRDX3. The novel variants were investigated by structural modelling, luciferase analysis, transcript/minigenes studies, or immunofluorescence assays. Our findings expand the phenotypes and the genetics of MDs and ataxias with early-onset CA and cortical hyperintensities and highlight that the abnormal brain iron accumulation or early cerebellar gliosis may resembling an NBIA phenotype.

Mitos y evidencias en el empleo de la toxina botulínica: espasticidad del adulto y del niño con parálisis cerebral / Myths and evidence on the use of botulinum toxin: spasticity in adults and in children with cerebral palsy

Introducción. La espasticidad es un problema médico frecuente que impacta de forma significativa en la calidad de vida de los pacientes y sus familias. Objetivo. Analizar y dar respuesta a diferentes cuestiones en el uso de la toxina botulínica tipo A (TBA) en nuestra práctica clínica habitual. Desarrollo. Un grupo de expertos en neurología elaboró una lista de temas relacionados con el uso de la TBA. Se consideraron dos grandes bloques: espasticidad del adulto y del niño con parálisis cerebral. Se realizó una revisión de la bibliografía que incluyó los diferentes artículos publicados en español, inglés y francés hasta junio de 2016. El documento se estructuró como un cuestionario que incluyó las preguntas que, según el criterio del panel, podrían generar mayor controversia o duda. El borrador inicial del documento fue revisado por los miembros del panel y se realizaron las modificaciones necesarias hasta alcanzar el mayor grado de consenso. A continuación, el texto final fue validado. Se incluyeron diferentes preguntas sobre diferentes aspectos de la espasticidad en adultos: evaluación de la espasticidad, técnicas de infiltración, dosis, número de puntos, etc. En cuanto a la espasticidad en los niños con parálisis cerebral, se analizaron preguntas como: edad mínima de infiltración, métodos de sedoanalgesia, etc. Conclusiones. Esta revisión constituye una herramienta para neurólogos, médicos rehabilitadores y residentes de ambas especialidades, dentro de diferentes ámbitos específicos del manejo de la TBA (AU)

Introduction. Spasticity is a medical problem with a high incidence that significantly impact on the quality of life of patients and their families. Aim. To analyze and to answer different questions about the use of botulinum toxin type A (BTA) in our clinical practice. Development: A group of experts in neurology develop a list of topics related with the use of BTA. Two big groups were considered: spasticity in adults and in children with cerebral palsy. A literature search at PubMed for English, French, and Spanish language articles published up to June 2016 was performed. The manuscript was structured as a questionnaire that includes those questions that, according to the panel opinion, could generate more controversy or doubt. The initial draft was reviewed by the expert panel members to allow for modifications, and after subsequent revisions for achieving the highest degree of consensus, the final text was then validated. Different questions about diverse aspects of spasticity in adults, such as methods for evaluating spasticity, infiltration techniques, doses, number of infiltration points, etc. Regarding spasticity in children with cerebral palsy, the document included questions about minimum age of infiltration, methods of analgesia, etc. Conclusions: This review is a tool for continuous training for neurologist and rehabilitation specialist and residents of both specialties, about different specific areas of the management of BTA (AU)

MECP2 gene study in a large cohort: testing of 240 female patients and 861 healthy controls (519 females and 342 males).

The MECP2 gene located on Xq28 is one of the most important genes contributing to the spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders. Therefore, we present our experience in the molecular study of this gene. MECP2 was thoroughly tested for the presence of mutations (sequencing of four exons and rearrangements) in 120 female patients: 28 with classic Rett syndrome, five with atypical Rett syndrome, and 87 with heterogeneous phenotypes with some Rett-like features. Another 120 female patients with intellectual disability of unknown origin were also studied, but in these cases we only tested exons 3 and 4. Finally, 861 healthy controls (519 females and 342 males) were also studied for exon 3 and 4. Eighteen different pathological mutations were found, five of them previously undescribed, and four large deletions detected by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. All were de novo mutations not present in the parents. In conclusion, i) MECP2 is one of the most important genes in the diagnosis of genetic intellectual disability in females; ii) MECP2 must be studied not only in patients with classical/atypical Rett syndrome but also in patients with other phenotypes related to Rett syndrome; and iii) for the new variants, it is important to perform complementary studies, including the analysis of large populations of healthy individuals and the use of in silico programs.

CDKL5 gene status in female patients with epilepsy and Rett-like features: two new mutations in the catalytic domain.

BACKGROUND: Mutations in the cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 gene (CDKL5) located in the Xp22 region have been shown to cause a subset of atypical Rett syndrome with infantile spasms or early seizures starting in the first postnatal months. METHODS: We performed mutation screening of CDKL5 in 60 female patients who had been identified as negative for the methyl CpG-binding protein 2 gene (MECP2) mutations, but who had current or past epilepsy, regardless of the age of onset, type, and severity. All the exons in the CDKL5 gene and their neighbouring sequences were examined, and CDKL5 rearrangements were studied by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). RESULTS: Six previously unidentified DNA changes were detected, two of which were disease-causing mutations in the catalytic domain: a frameshift mutation (c.509_510insGT; p.Glu170GlyfsX36) and a complete deletion of exon 10. Both were found in patients with seizures that started in the first month of life. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the importance of CDKL5 mutations as etiological factors in neurodevelopmental disorders, and indicated that a thorough analysis of the CDKL5 gene sequence and its rearrangements should be considered in females with Rett syndrome-like phenotypes, severe encephalopathy and epilepsy with onset before 5 months of age. This study also confirmed the usefulness of MLPA as a diagnostic screening method for use in clinical practice.

A child with mild X-linked intellectual disability and a microduplication at Xp22.12 including RPS6KA3.

Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and array- comparative genomic hybridization analysis have been proven to be useful in the identification of submicroscopic copy-number imbalances in families with nonsyndromic X-linked intellectual disability (NS-XLID). Here we report the first description of a child with mild intellectual disability and a submicroscopic duplication at Xp22.12 identified by MLPA with a P106 MRX kit (MRC-Holland, Amsterdam, Netherlands) and further confirmed and characterized with a custom 244-k oligo-array, fluorescence in situ hybridization, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and immunoblotting. This 1.05-megabase duplication encompasses 7 genes, RPS6KA3 being the only of these genes known to be related to ID. The proband was an 8-year-old boy referred to the genetics unit for psychomotor retardation and learning disabilities. Both maternal brothers also showed learning difficulties and delayed language during childhood in a similar way to the proband. These boys also carried the duplication, as did the healthy mother and grandmother of the proband. The same duplication was also observed in the 5-year-old younger brother who presented with features of developmental delay and learning disabilities during the previous year. Increased RPS6KA3/RSK2 levels were demonstrated in the proband by qPCR and immunoblotting. To our knowledge, this is the first family identified with a submicroscopic duplication including the entire RPS6KA3/RSK2 gene, and our findings suggest that an increased dose of this gene is responsible for a mild form of NS-XLID.

Suspected herpes encephalitis and opercular syndrome in childhood.

Herpes simplex encephalitis is the most common form of sporadic viral encephalitis. It may occur at any age, giving rise to a syndrome with a high morbidity and mortality. Its presentation may be atypical, and the initial complementary investigations nonspecific, making early diagnosis difficult and thus worsening its prognosis. This report describes four infants with herpes encephalitis presenting with an opercular syndrome that left significant sequelae after the acute episode. The opercular syndrome is characterized clinically by a disturbance of voluntary control of the facio-linguo-glosso-pharyngeal muscles, affecting speech and swallowing. Recognition of the opercular syndrome as a form of presentation of herpes encephalitis enables early diagnosis to be made in these patients, with the rapid initiation of treatment with acyclovir, improving the clinical course.

Callosal agenesis, chorioretinal lacunae, absence of infantile spasms, and normal development: Aicardi syndrome without epilepsy?

Aicardi syndrome is defined by the clinical triad of infantile spasms, agenesis of the corpus callosum, and pathognomonic chorioretinal lacunae. Almost all patients are females with severe cognitive and physical disabilities. All of the cases reported in the literature have had early-onset seizures. Most cases of Aicardi syndrome exhibit very slow development, even when seizures are eventually controlled, and the cases with a relatively favourable outcome are associated with low intelligence quotient levels. A relationship between chorioretinal changes or severity of the agenesis of the corpus callosum and prognosis of Aicardi syndrome has been claimed, but few data are available about the clinical features that can predict clinical outcome. We describe a case of Aicardi syndrome in a female aged 24 months. Magnetic resonance imaging showed complete agenesis of the corpus callosum and ophthalmoscopy revealed chorioretinal lacunae in the left eye. She had never had seizures and her psychomotor and language development were normal for age.