The coexistence of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy is associated with worse kidney outcomes.

Background: Up to 50-60% of patients with diabetes have non-diabetic kidney disease (NDKD) on kidney biopsy. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes frequently associated with diabetic nephropathy (DN). The objective of the current study was to investigate the kidney outcomes and survival in patients with biopsy diagnoses of DN and NDKD according to the presence of DR. Methods: We conducted an observational, multicentre and retrospective study of the pathological findings of renal biopsies from 832 consecutive patients with diabetes from 2002 to 2014 from 18 nephrology departments. The association of DR with kidney replacement therapy (KRT) or survival was assessed by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. Results: Of 832 patients with diabetes and renal biopsy, 768 had a retinal examination and 221/768 (22.6%) had DR. During a follow-up of 10 years, 288/760 (37.9%) patients with follow-up data needed KRT and 157/760 (20.7%) died. The incidence of KRT was higher among patients with DN (alone or with NDKD) and DR [103/175 (58.9%)] than among patients without DR [88/216 (40.7%), P < .0001]. The incidence of KRT was also higher among patients with only NDKD and DR than among those without DR [18/46 (39.1%) versus 79/331 (23.9%), P < .0001]. In multivariate analysis, DR or DN were independent risk factors for KRT {hazard ratio [HR] 2.48 [confidence interval (CI) 1.85-3.31], P < .001}. DN (with or without DR) was also identified as an independent risk factor for mortality [HR 1.81 (CI 1.26-2.62), P = .001]. Conclusions: DR is associated with a higher risk of progression to kidney failure in patients with histological DN and in patients with NDKD.

Risk factors for non-diabetic renal disease in diabetic patients.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic patients with kidney disease have a high prevalence of non-diabetic renal disease (NDRD). Renal and patient survival regarding the diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) or NDRD have not been widely studied. The aim of our study is to evaluate the prevalence of NDRD in patients with diabetes and to determine the capacity of clinical and analytical data in the prediction of NDRD. In addition, we will study renal and patient prognosis according to the renal biopsy findings in patients with diabetes. METHODS: Retrospective multicentre observational study of renal biopsies performed in patients with diabetes from 2002 to 2014. RESULTS: In total, 832 patients were included: 621 men (74.6%), mean age of 61.7 ± 12.8 years, creatinine was 2.8 ± 2.2 mg/dL and proteinuria 2.7 (interquartile range: 1.2-5.4) g/24 h. About 39.5% (n = 329) of patients had DN, 49.6% (n = 413) NDRD and 10.8% (n = 90) mixed forms. The most frequent NDRD was nephroangiosclerosis (NAS) (n = 87, 9.3%). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, older age [odds ratio (OR) = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.02-1.05, P < 0.001], microhaematuria (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.03-2.21, P = 0.033) and absence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) (OR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.19-0.42, P < 0.001) were independently associated with NDRD. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with DN or mixed forms presented worse renal prognosis than NDRD (P < 0.001) and higher mortality (P = 0.029). In multivariate Cox analyses, older age (P < 0.001), higher serum creatinine (P < 0.001), higher proteinuria (P < 0.001), DR (P = 0.007) and DN (P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for renal replacement therapy. In addition, older age (P < 0.001), peripheral vascular disease (P = 0.002), higher creatinine (P = 0.01) and DN (P = 0.015) were independent risk factors for mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The most frequent cause of NDRD is NAS. Elderly patients with microhaematuria and the absence of DR are the ones at risk for NDRD. Patients with DN presented worse renal prognosis and higher mortality than those with NDRD. These results suggest that in some patients with diabetes, kidney biopsy may be useful for an accurate renal diagnosis and subsequently treatment and prognosis.

IgA Nephropathy in Elderly Patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Some studies suggest that the incidence of IgA nephropathy is increasing in older adults, but there is a lack of information about the epidemiology and behavior of the disease in that age group. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: In this retrospective multicentric study, we analyzed the incidence, forms of presentation, clinical and histologic characteristics, treatments received, and outcomes in a cohort of 151 patients ≥65 years old with biopsy-proven IgA nephropathy diagnosed between 1990 and 2015. The main outcome was a composite end point of kidney replacement therapy or death before kidney replacement therapy. RESULTS: We found a significant increase in the diagnosis of IgA nephropathy over time from six patients in 1990-1995 to 62 in 2011-2015 (P value for trend =0.03). After asymptomatic urinary abnormalities (84 patients; 55%), AKI was the most common form of presentation (61 patients; 40%). Within the latter, 53 (86%) patients presented with hematuria-related AKI (gross hematuria and tubular necrosis associated with erythrocyte casts as the most important lesions in kidney biopsy), and eight patients presented with crescentic IgA nephropathy. Six (4%) patients presented with nephrotic syndrome. Among hematuria-related AKI, 18 (34%) patients were receiving oral anticoagulants, and this proportion rose to 42% among the 34 patients older than 72 years old who presented with hematuria-related AKI. For the whole cohort, survival rates without the composite end point were 74%, 48%, and 26% at 1, 2, and 5 years, respectively. Age, serum creatinine at presentation, and the degree of interstitial fibrosis in kidney biopsy were risk factors significantly associated with the outcome, whereas treatment with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone blockers was associated with a lower risk. Immunosuppressive treatments were not significantly associated with the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of IgA nephropathy among older adults in Spain has progressively increased in recent years, and anticoagulant therapy may be partially responsible for this trend. Prognosis was poor. PODCAST: This article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/CJASN/2019_07_16_CJASNPodcast_19_08_.mp3.

Fracaso renal agudo secundario a combinación de inhibidores del sistema renina-angiotensina, diuréticos y AINES. 'La Triple Whammy' / Acute kidney failure secondary to a combination of renin-angiotens in system inhibitors, diuretics and NSAIDS. The 'Triple Whammy'

Introducción: Inhibidores del sistema renina-angiotensina (IECAS/ARA II), diuréticos y AINES, combinación conocida como 'Triple Whammy', pueden producir descenso de filtradoglomerular y fracaso renal agudo (FRA). Objetivos: Describir la incidencia de FRA para cada tipo de fármaco y sus combinaciones. Caracterizar el perfil de paciente que ingresa por FRA extrahospitalario secundario a fármacos de la Triple Whammy (FRAETW), evaluando costes y mortalidad. Métodos: estudio observacional retrospectivo realizado durante 15 meses y desarrollado en tres etapas:- 1º Etapa transversal de identificación y descripción de los ingresos hospitalarios por FRAETW.- 2º Etapa de seguimiento de una cohorte ambulatoria consumidora de estos fármacos (15.307 consumidores)- 3º Etapa de cohortes para evaluar costes y mortalidad, contrastando 62 pacientes ingresados con FRAETW, con 62 pacientes sin FRA, apareados por especialidad médica, sexo, edad y comorbilidad según Clinical Risk Groups. Resultados: 85 ingresos por FRAETW, 78% mayores de 70 años. Incidencia poblacional de FRAETW: 3,40 casos/1.000 consumidores/año (IC95% 2,59-4,45). Por categorías: AINES + diuréticos 8,99 (IC95% 3,16-25,3), la 'Triple Whammy' 8,82 (IC 95% 4,4-17,3), IECA/ARA II+ diuréticos 6,87 (IC95% 4,81-9,82) y la monoterapia con diuréticos 3,31(IC95% 1,39-7,85). Estancia media 7,6 días (DE 6,4), estimándose coste medio evitable de 214.604 Euros/100.000habitantes/año. Mortalidad del 11,3% durante el ingreso y del 38,7% a los 12 meses, sin diferencias significativas con los controles. Conclusiones: El tratamiento con IECA, ARA II, diuréticos y/o AINES presenta elevada incidencia de ingreso por FRA, siendo los diuréticos en monoterapia, doble y triple terapia combinada los que ocasionan la mayor incidencia. El FRAETW supone elevados costes sanitarios y muertes evitables (AU)

Introduction: Renin-angiotens in system inhibitors (ACEIs/ARBs), diuretics and non-steroidalanti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) - a combination also known as the Triple Whammy(TW) - can reduce the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and lead to acute kidney injury (AKI). Objective: To study the incidence of AKI due to any type or combination of drugs. To describe patient profiles admitted for outpatient AKI due to TW drugs (AKI-TW), hospital costs and mortality. Methods: This was a 15-month retrospective observational study, developed in 3 stages:- First stage: Cross-sectional description of outpatient AKI-TW hospitalisation episodes.- Second stage: Outpatient drug consumer cohort follow-up (15,307 individuals).- Third stage: Mortality and costs evaluation. It included 62 patients with AKI-TW and62 without, paired by medical specialty, gender, age and comorbidity according to the Clinical Risk Groups (CRG) system. Results: There were 85 hospitalisation episodes attributed to AKI-TW; 78% of cases were older than 70 years. Incidence of AKI-TW was 3.40 cases/1000 users/year (95% CI: 2.59-4.45). Double therapy with NSAIDs + diuretics was 8.99 (95%CI 3.16-25.3); Triple Whammy was 8.82 (95% CI 4.4-17.3); double therapy with ACEIs/ARBs + diuretics 6.87 (95% CI 4.81-9.82); and diuretics in monotherapy 3.31(95% CI 1.39-7.85). Mean stay for cases was 7.6 days (SD6.4) and total avoidable costs were Euros 214,604/100,000 inhabitants/year. Mortality during hospital stay and at 12 months was 11.3% and 40.3% respectively, without significant differences between groups. Conclusions: Triple Whammy therapy is associated with a high incidence of hospital admission for AKI. Diuretics in monotherapy, double and combined triple therapy are associated with a high incidence of AKI. AKI-TW involves high hospital costs andavoidable mortality (AU)