Optimizing the fermentation parameters in the Lactic Acid Fermentation of Legume-based Beverages- a statistically based fermentation.

BACKGROUND: The market for beverages is highly changing within the last years. Increasing consumer awareness towards healthier drinks led to the revival of traditional and the creation of innovative beverages. Various protein-rich legumes were used for milk analogues, which might be also valuable raw materials for refreshing, protein-rich beverages. However, no such applications have been marketed so far, which might be due to unpleasant organoleptic impressions like the legume-typical "beany" aroma. Lactic acid fermentation has already been proven to be a remedy to overcome this hindrance in consumer acceptance. RESULTS: In this study, a statistically based approach was used to elucidate the impact of the fermentation parameters temperature, inoculum cell concentration, and methionine addition on the fermentation of lupine- and faba bean-based substrates. A total of 39 models were found and verified. The majority of these models indicate a strong impact of the temperature on the reduction of aldehydes connected to the "beany" impression (e.g., hexanal) and on the production of pleasantly perceived aroma compounds (e.g., ß-damascenone). Positively, the addition of methionine had only minor impacts on the negatively associated sulfuric compounds methional, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide. Moreover, in further fermentations, the time was added as an additional parameter. It was shown that the strains grew well, strongly acidified the both substrates (pH ≤ 4.0) within 6.5 h, and reached cell counts of > 9 log10 CFU/mL after 24 h. Notably, most of the aldehydes (like hexanal) were reduced within the first 6-7 h, whereas pleasant compounds like ß-damascenone reached high concentrations especially in the later fermentation (approx. 24-48 h). CONCLUSIONS: Out of the fermentation parameters temperature, inoculum cell concentration, and methionine addition, the temperature had the highest influence on the observed aroma and taste active compounds. As the addition of methionine to compensate for the legume-typical deficit did not lead to an adverse effect, fortifying legume-based substrates with methionine should be considered to improve the bioavailability of the legume protein. Aldehydes, which are associated with the "beany" aroma impression, can be removed efficiently in fermentation. However, terminating the process prematurely would lead to an incomplete production of pleasant aroma compounds.

Husk Separation (Kubessa Method) Impacts the Aging Chemistry of Beer.

The removal of husks before the mashing process, also known as the Kubessa method, is an established brewing practice often positively associated with smoothness and better flavor-stability of beer. Empirical evidence on the effect of the Kubessa method on beer, however, has been lacking. Similarly, our study's comprehensive analysis of established brewing attributes revealed that traditional methods do not fully capture the impact of husk separation in beer brewing. Conclusive evidence of the Kubessa method's impact on beer aging chemistry was obtained through ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS), revealing intricate molecular details inaccessible to conventional analytical techniques. The compositional information on thousands of molecules in Kubessa beer was resolved and compared to whole malt mashing. Machine learning algorithms applied to aging experiments identified over 500 aging-related compounds inhibited by husk separation. Complementary Time of flight mass spectrometry (ToF-MS) coupled with chromatography further confirmed that the mashing of husks introduces sulfur-containing lipid compounds. These significant differences in the beer composition provide valuable insights for further investigation into the staling protective effect of husk-separation (Kubessa process) during beer production, as empirically demonstrated in this work.

Quantitative Antioxidant Profiling Throughout Beer Brewing Followed by Discovery and Isolation of Precursors from Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).

The application of high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) revealed the origin and evolution of antioxidants during the brewing process of hopped and unhopped reference beer. As tachioside (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl-ß-d-glucopyranoside), arbutin (4-hydroxyphenyl-ß-d-glucopyranoside), and hordatines clearly increased during the fermentation step, the raw material barley was investigated as a source of the corresponding precursors. Therefore, 4-hydroxyphenyl-ß-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-ß-d-glucopyranoside, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl-ß-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-ß-d-glucopyranoside, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl-ß-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-ß-d-glucopyranoside, and 4-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl-ß-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-ß-d-glucopyranoside were isolated from barley for the first time, and identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and one-dimensional/two-dimensional-nuclear magnetic resonance (1D/2D-NMR) experiments. Moreover, hordatine glucosides A, B, and C were isolated and identified from barley, and hordatine C glucoside was characterized for the first time. A fermentation model followed by HPLC-MS/MS analysis substantiated the release of tachioside from 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl-ß-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-ß-d-glucopyranoside by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Quantitation experiments monitoring the content in wheat, barley, and different barley malt types demonstrated a wide range of concentrations, providing a basis for further comprehensive investigations to optimize the antioxidant yield in beer to contribute to improved flavor stability.

Characterization of molar mass and conformation of relevant (non-)starch polysaccharides in cereal-based beverages.

Arabinoxylans, ß-glucans, and dextrins influence the brewing industry's filtration process and product quality. Despite their relevance, only a maximum concentration of ß-glucans is recommended. Nevertheless, filtration problems are still present, indicating that although the chemical concentration is essential, other parameters should be investigated. Molar mass and conformation are important polymer physical characteristics often neglected in this industry. Therefore, this research proposes an approach to physically characterize enzymatically isolated beer polysaccharides by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation coupled to multi-angle light scattering and differential refractive index detector. Based on the obtained molar masses, root-mean-square radius (rrms from MALS), and hydrodynamic radius (rhyd), conformational properties such as apparent density (ρapp) and rrms/rhyd can be calculated based on their molar mass and size. Consequently, the ρapp and rrms/rhyd behavior hints at the different structures within each polysaccharide. The rrms/rhyd 1.2 and high ρapp values on low molar mass dextrins (1-2·105 g/mol) indicate branches, while aggregated structures at high molar masses on arabinoxylans and ß-glucans (2·105 -6·106 g/mol) are due to an increase of ρapp and a rrms/rhyd (0.6-1). This methodology provides a new perspective to analyze starch and non-starch polysaccharides in cereal-based beverages since different physical characteristics could influence beer's filtration and sensory characteristics.

FT-ICR-MS reveals the molecular imprints of the brewing process.

The study of fermentation and brewing has a long history of pioneering discoveries that continue to influence modern industrial food production. Since then, numerous research endeavors have yielded conventional criteria that guide contemporary brewing practices. However, the intricate open challenges faced today necessitate a more exhaustive understanding of the process at the molecular scale. We have developed an ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometric analysis (FT-ICR-MS) of the brewing process that can rapidly and comprehensively resolve thousands of molecules. This approach allows us to track molecular fluctuation during brewing at the level of chemical compositions. Employing biological triplicates, our investigation of two brewing lines that are otherwise identical except for the malt used revealed over 8,000 molecular descriptors of the brewing process. Metabolite imprints of both the similarities and differences arising from deviating malting temperatures were visualized. Additionally, we translated traditional brewing attributes such as the EBC-value, free amino nitrogen, pH-value, and concentration curves of specific molecules, into highly correlative molecular patterns consisting of hundreds of metabolites. These in-depth molecular imprints provide a better understanding of the molecular circumstances leading to various changes throughout the brewing process. Such chemical maps go beyond the observation of traditional brewing attributes and are of great significance in the investigation strategies of current open challenges in brewing research. The molecular base of knowledge, along with advancements in technological and data integration schemes, can facilitate the efficient monitoring of brewing and other productions processes.

Daily assessment of malting-induced changes in the volatile composition of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.).

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is the traditional malting cereal and is primarily used for beverages, whereas rye (Secale cereale L.) is mainly used in baked goods. Conversely, quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a gluten-free pseudocereal, rich in starch and high-quality proteins, and can be used in a similar manner to cereals. The sharp bitterness of unprocessed rye and the earthy aroma of native quinoa interfere with the acceptance and development of food products. Malting of barley is known to improve its processing properties and enhance its sensory quality. Therefore, the effect of germination and kilning on malt quality (e.g., viscosity) as well as the volatile composition of barley, rye, and quinoa were monitored. Moreover, temporal changes on the volatile patterns of rye and quinoa at the different stages of malting were compared to barley. In total, 34 volatile compounds were quantified in the three (pseudo)cereals; the alcohol group dominated in all unprocessed samples, in particular, compounds contributing grassy notes (e.g., hexan-1-ol). These grassy compounds remained abundant during germination, whereas kilning promoted the formation of Maillard reaction volatiles associated with malty and roasted notes. The volatile profiles of kilned barley and quinoa were characterized by high concentrations of the malty Strecker aldehyde, 3-methylbutanal. In contrast, green, floral notes imparted by phenylacetaldehyde remained dominant in rye malt. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the volatile data discriminated the samples into the different stages of malting, confirmed the similarities in the volatile patterns of barley and rye, and indicated clear differences to the quinoa samples. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In this study, the effect of germination and kilning on the chemical and volatile composition of barley, rye, and quinoa was examined. Temporal changes on the volatile patterns of rye and quinoa at different stages of malting were compared to barley. Understanding the differences among the (pseudo)cereals as well as the influence of processing on malt quality and aroma development can help find new food applications.

Comparative study of the impact of malting on the aroma profiles of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.).

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) remains the traditional malted cereal used for beverages, whereas rye (Secale cereale L.) is mainly used in baked goods. To evaluate the potential of rye malt for beverage production, malt quality indicators and the volatile composition of different rye malts were compared to barley malt. Sensory assessment revealed that pleasant malty and caramel aromas were formed by malting. Subsequently, three complementary isolation techniques and gas chromatography-olfactometry/mass spectrometry (GC-O/MS) were used for volatile analysis. Instrumental analysis detected 50 and 56 odor active volatiles in barley and rye, respectively. In part two, storage and the impact of three malting parameters on volatile formation were examined. Similarities in the malt volatile patterns were detected but the perceived intensity and composition varied. In barley, characteristic malty volatiles were lost during storage and staling compounds were formed. Conversely, nutty pyrazines and caramel furanones remained dominant in rye malts even after storage.

Effect of molar mass and size of non-alcoholic beer fractions and their relevance toward palate fullness intensity.

Palate fullness intensity and mouthfeel descriptors are essential sensory characteristics of non-alcoholic beers (NABs). The descriptor's perception might be influenced by the molar distribution of the non-volatile matrix in cereal-based beverages like NABs. However, only limited information is available on the molar mass of different substances in NABs. This study investigated the role of weight average molar mass (Mw) and size of NABs fractions and their relation to sensory perception. Industrialized bottom-fermented NABs (n = 28) from the German market and NABs produced by different methods were used in this study. A trained sensory panel evaluated palate fullness intensity, mouthfeel, and basic taste descriptors (as additional quality parameters). Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation was used to fractionate NABs, while Mw was determined by multi-angle light scattering and differential refractive index detectors. The NABs were fractionated into three groups containing different substances: proteins, proteins-polyphenol complexes (P-PC) and low molar mass (non-)starch polysaccharides (LN-SP), and high molar mass (non-)starch polysaccharides (HN-SP). The Mw range of proteins was 18.3-41 kDa, P-PC and LN-SP 43-122.6 kDa, and HN-SP 0.40-2.18·103 kDa. Harmony, defined as the sweet and sour ratio, influenced the palate fullness intensity perception. In the harmonic samples (sour/sweet sensory balanced), the size of HN-SP (> 25 nm) showed a positive correlation to palate fullness intensity. The results suggest the importance of dextrins, arabinoxylan, and ß-glucan in modulating the sensory characteristics of harmonic bottom-fermented NABs.

Incipient Biofouling Detection via Fiber Optical Sensing and Image Analysis in Reverse Osmosis Processes.

Reverse osmosis (RO) is a widely used membrane technology for producing process water or tap water that is receiving increased attention due to water scarcity caused by climate change. A significant challenge in any membrane filtration is the presence of deposits on the membrane surfaces, which negatively affect filtration performance. Biofouling, the formation of biological deposits, poses a significant challenge in RO processes. Early detection and removal of biofouling are essential for effective sanitation and prevention of biological growth in RO-spiral wound modules. This study introduces two methods for the early detection of biofouling, capable of identifying initial stages of biological growth and biofouling in the spacer-filled feed channel. One method utilizes polymer optical fibre sensors that can be easily integrated into standard spiral wound modules. Additionally, image analysis was used to monitor and analyze biofouling in laboratory experiments, providing a complementary approach. To validate the effectiveness of the developed sensing approaches, accelerated biofouling experiments were conducted using a membrane flat module, and the results were compared with common online and offline detection methods. The reported approaches enable the detection of biofouling before known online parameters become indicative, effectively providing an online detection with sensitivities otherwise only achieved through offline characterization methods.

Impact of Germination on the Protein Solubility and Antinutritive Compounds of Lupinus angustifolius and Vicia faba in the Production of Protein-Rich Legume-Based Beverages.

Lupines and faba beans are protein-rich legumes, which can be utilized as a plant-based substitute for animal proteins in human nutrition in general and in the beverage industry in particular. However, their application is hampered by low protein solubility in the acidic pH range and by antinutrients such as flatulence-causing "raffinose family oligosaccharides" (RFOs). Germination is known in the brewing industry for increasing enzymatic activities and mobilizing storage compounds. Therefore, germinations of lupines and faba beans were performed at different temperatures, and their impact on protein solubility, the concentration of free amino acids, and degradation of RFOs, alkaloids, and phytic acid was evaluated. In general, changes were comparable for both legumes but less pronounced in faba beans. Germination depleted the RFOs entirely in both legumes. The protein size distribution was found to be shifted toward smaller fractions, the concentrations of free amino acids multiplied, and protein solubility increased. No substantial reductions in the binding capacity of phytic acid toward iron ions were observed, but a release of free phosphate in lupines was detected. The results prove that germination is an applicable process for refining lupines and faba beans for use not only in refreshing beverages or milk alternatives but also in other food applications.

Formation response of kilned specialty malt odorant markers to controlled malting process parameters.

Kilned specialty malts provide relevant colour and flavour characteristics to beer and other beverages. Alongside the thermal load, the availability of Maillard precursors directly affect the malt aroma formation. To investigate the influence of process parameters on the flavour characteristics of kilned specialty malts, a full factorial design of experiments was applied varying malt modification degree, curing temperature and time in three levels (33). Analysis of response surfaces revealed a predominant influence of the modification degree and curing temperature on the formation of Strecker aldehydes and pyrazines. Odorants such as 2-methylpropanal and 2-ethyl3,6-dimethylpyrazine presented higher concentrations varying between 429.45 and 478.22 µg∙Kgmalt-1 and 12.49 to 16.75 µg∙Kgmalt-1 respectively, at samples produced under 100 °C and high modification degree. Sensory analysis revealed strong correlations between the odorant markers and typical malt flavour attributes, endorsing the applicability of such methodology on the development and optimisation of kilned malt specialities.

Characterization of the aroma profile of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and assessment of the impact of malting on the odor-active volatile composition.

BACKGROUND: Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a gluten-free pseudocereal, rich in starch and high-quality proteins. It can be used as a cereal. Recently, a variety of nontraditional food products were developed; however, the sharp bitterness and the earthy aroma of unprocessed quinoa interfered with the acceptance of these products. Malting of cereals is known to improve their processing properties and enhance their sensory quality. To evaluate the acceptance and potential of quinoa malt as a raw material for beverage production, malt quality indicators (e.g., soluble protein) and the aroma profiles of different quinoa malts were compared. RESULTS: Initial sensory assessment of quinoa in its native and malted state identified differences in their aroma profiles and revealed that pleasant nutty and caramel aromas were formed by malting. Subsequently, three complementary isolation techniques and gas chromatography-olfactometry/mass spectrometry (GC-O/MS) were used for volatile analysis. Instrumental analysis detected 34 and 62 odor-active regions in native quinoa and quinoa malt, respectively. In the second part, storage and the impact of three malting parameters on volatile formation were examined. By varying the malting parameters, seven additional odor-active malting byproducts were revealed. CONCLUSION: Three naturally occurring methoxypyrazines were identified as important contributors to the characteristic quinoa aroma. In all fresh quinoa malts a similar number of volatile compounds was perceived but their intensity and composition varied. Higher germination temperature promoted the formation of lipid oxidation products. Fatty smelling compounds and carboxylic acids, formed during storage, were classified as aging indicators of quinoa malt. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

A short history of beer brewing: Alcoholic fermentation and yeast technology over time: Alcoholic fermentation and yeast technology over time.

The history of beer: from a staple food to a consumer product with an enormous variety of styles and tastes.

Multi-Response Optimization of the Malting Process of an Italian Landrace of Rye (Secale cereale L.) Using Response Surface Methodology and Desirability Function Coupled with Genetic Algorithm.

Rye is used in some applications in the food and beverage industry and for the preparation of functional foods. It is an interesting raw material in malting and brewing due to its characteristic contribution to the beer's color, turbidity, foam and aroma. The aim of this work was to optimize the micro-malting process of a rye landrace. The response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to study the influence of three malting parameters (germination time, germination temperature and degree of steeping) on the quality traits of malted rye. Long germination times at high temperatures resulted in an increase in the extract and Kolbach index. The model for the apparent attenuation limit showed a particular pattern, whereby time and temperature inversely influenced the response. The lowest viscosities were determined in the worts produced from highly modified malts. Optimization of the variables under study was achieved by means of a desirability function and a genetic algorithm. The two methodologies provided similar results. The best combination of parameters to optimize the malting process on the rye landrace under study was achieved at 6 days, 12 °C and 44 g/100 g.

The modification of volatile and nonvolatile compounds in lupines and faba beans by substrate modulation and lactic acid fermentation to facilitate their use for legume-based beverages-A review.

Lupines and faba beans are promising ingredients for the beverage industry. They contain high amounts of protein and can be grown in different climate zones and agricultural areas. Therefore, these legumes appear as ideal raw material for vegan, functional, and sustainable beverages. Nevertheless, the sensory characteristic of legumes is generally not accepted in beverages. Therefore, the market contribution of legume-based beverages is currently only marginal. This review highlights known major flavor aspects of lupines and faba beans and the possibilities to improve these by germination, heat treatment, enzymatic treatment, and subsequent lactic acid fermentation. First, the main aroma and taste compounds are described. Thereby, the "beany" aroma is identified as the most relevant off-flavor. Second, the nutrients and antinutrients of these legumes regarding to their use as food and as substrate for lactic acid fermentation are reviewed, and possibilities to modulate the substrate are summarized. Finally, the modification of the sensory profile by lactic acid fermentation is outlined. To conclude, it seems likely that the nutritional and flavor attributes in legume-based beverages can be improved by a combined process of substrate modulation and fermentation. In a first step, antinutrients should be decomposed and proteins solubilized while transforming the solid grains into a liquid substrate. Due to such substrate modulation, a broader variety of strains could be employed and the fermentation could be based exclusively on their impact on the flavor. By applying the concept of combining a substrate modulation with a subsequent fermentation, the use of legumes in beverages could be facilitated and new products like vegan, protein-rich, refreshing beverages could be marketed.

Identification of potential odorant markers to monitor the aroma formation in kilned specialty malts.

Specialty malts are strategic ingredients regarding their contribution to colour and flavour of beer. Malts with the same colour may present distinct flavour characteristics and intensities. Contradictorily, colour is the benchmark in practical quality control. To investigate the correlation between colour and flavour of kilned barley specialty malts, odorants of commercial products of pale ale (5-9 EBC), Vienna (6-10 EBC), Munich (11-35 EBC) and melanoidin malts (80-90 EBC) were screened via solvent-assisted flavour evaporation (SAFE) and compared via comparative aroma extract dilution analysis (cAEDA). Subsequently, selected odorants were quantified using solid-phase microextraction (SPME). A total of 34 odorants were detected, of which 12 exhibited a concentration increase as the coloration increased, whereas 4 suggested the influence of temperature and modification degree on aroma formation. Such odorants are thus elected as potential markers for monitoring the influence of process variations on the formation of aroma in commercial kilned specialty malts.

Screening of Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Barley and Barley Malt (Hordeum vulgare L.) Using Real-Time PCR-A Comparison between Molecular Diagnostic and Culture Technique.

Filamentous fungi have a crucial impact on the food safety and technological quality of malting barley. Commonly used techniques for the detection of seed-borne fungi are based on cultivation and identification by morphological criteria. In contrast, this study established a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay based on SYBR green technology for the detection and quantification of black fungal species (Alternaria spp., Epicoccum nigrum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium verrucosum and Aspergillus niger) on brewing barley and compares it with the traditional cultivation technique and visual assessment. To screen the fungal spectrum over different barley varieties and harvest years, naturally infected samples of malting barley and corresponding malts (Hordeum vulgare L.) were analyzed over four consecutive years (2018-2021), grown under different climatic conditions in Germany. Alternaria and Cladosporium spp. DNA were present in all examined barley samples, even without visible contamination. In contrast, detection via culture-based methods does not reliably cover all species. Molecular analysis showed that there was less fungal biomass after malting, by 58.57% in the case of A. alternata, by 28.27% for Cladosporium spp. and by 12.79% for Epicoccum nigrum. Correlation analysis showed no causal relationship between fungal DNA and the number of black kernels. The qPCR provides a highly sensitive and time-saving screening method for detecting latent fungal infections in brewing grains to identify batches that are potentially highly contaminated with toxigenic fungi.

Development of analytical methods to study the effect of malting on levels of free and modified forms of Alternaria mycotoxins in barley.

A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) multi-mycotoxin method was developed for the analysis of the Alternaria toxins alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TEN), altertoxin I (ATX I), altertoxin II (ATX II), alterperylenol (ALTP), and altenuene (ALT), as well as the modified toxins AOH-3-glucoside (AOH-3-G), AOH-9-glucoside (AOH-9-G), AME-3-glucoside (AME-3-G), AOH-3-sulfate (AOH-3-S), and AME-3-sulfate (AME-3-S) in barley and malt. The toxin tenuazonic acid (TeA) was analyzed separately as it could not be included into the multi-mycotoxin method. Quantitation was conducted by using a combination of stable isotope dilution analysis (SIDA) for AOH, AME, and TeA, and matrix-matched calibration for all other toxins. Limits of detection were between 0.05 µg/kg (AME) and 2.45 µg/kg (ALT), whereas limits of quantitation ranged from 0.16 µg/kg (AME) to 8.75 µg/kg (ALT). Recoveries between 96 and 107% were obtained for the analytes when SIDA was applied, while recoveries between 84 and 112% were found for analytes quantified by matrix-matched calibration. The method was applied for the analysis of 50 barley samples and their respective malts from the harvest years 2016-2020 for their mycotoxin content, showing the overall potential of toxin formation during the malting process. The toxins ALTP and ATX I were mainly found in the malt samples, but not in barley.

A Comprehensive Evaluation of Flavor Instability of Beer (Part 2): The Influence of De Novo Formation of Aging Aldehydes.

Flavor instability of beer is affected by the rise of aroma-active aldehydes during aging. Aldehydes can be either released from bound-state forms or formed de novo. This second part of our study focused on the de novo formation of aldehydes during the Maillard reaction, Strecker degradation, and oxidation reactions. Key precursor compounds for de novo pathways are free amino acids. This study varied the potential for reactions by varying free amino acid content in fresh beer using different proteolytic malt modification levels (569-731 mg/100 g d. m. of soluble nitrogen) of the used malt in brewing trials. Overall, six pale lager beers were produced from three malts (different malt modification levels), each was made from two different barley varieties and was naturally and forcibly aged. It was found that higher malt modification levels in fresh beer and during beer aging increased amino acid and dicarbonyl concentrations as aging precursors and Strecker aldehyde contents as aging indicators. Dicarbonyls were degraded during aging. Advanced glycation end products as possible degradation products showed no consistent formation during aging. Therefore, Strecker reactions were favored during beer aging. No alternative oxidative formation of Strecker aldehydes from their corresponding alcohols could be confirmed. Along with the preceding part one of our investigation, the results of this study showed that de novo formation and release occur simultaneously. After 4 months of natural aging, aldehyde rise is mainly accounted for by de novo formation.

The Influence of Proteolytic Malt Modification on the Aging Potential of Final Wort.

The dynamic changes in beer flavor are determined by its aging potential, which comprises of present free and bound-state aldehydes and their precursors. Rising flavor-active aging compounds cause sensory deterioration (flavor instability). These compounds are mainly formed upstream in the brewing process through the Maillard reaction, the Strecker degradation, or lipid oxidation. Wort boiling is an especially critical production step for important reactions due to its high temperature and favorable pH value. Amino acid concentration, as an important aging-relevant precursor, is variable at the beginning of wort boiling, mainly caused by the malt modification level, and can further influence the aging potential aging formation during wort boiling. This study investigated the effect of the proteolytic malt modification level on the formation of precursors (amino acids and dicarbonyls) and free and bound-state aldehydes during wort boiling. Six worts (malt of two malting barley varieties at three proteolytic malt modification levels) were produced. Regarding precursors, especially Strecker, relevant amino acids and dicarbonyls increased significantly with an enhanced malt modification level. Concentrations of free and bound aldehydes were highest at the beginning of boiling and decreased toward the end. A dependency of malt modification level and the degree of free and bound aldehydes was observed for 2-methylpropanal, 2-methylbutanal, and 3-methylbutanal. Generally, a higher proteolytic malt modification level tended to increase free and bound aldehyde content at the end of wort boiling. Conclusively, the aging potential formation during boiling was increased by an intensified malt modification level.