RESUMEN
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with the FLT3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD AML) accounts for 20-30% of AML cases. This subtype usually responds poorly to conventional therapies, and might become resistant to FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) due to molecular bypass mechanisms. New therapeutic strategies focusing on resistance mechanisms are therefore urgently needed. Pim kinases are FLT3-ITD oncogenic targets that have been implicated in FLT3 TKI resistance. However, their precise biological function downstream of FLT3-ITD requires further investigation. We performed high-throughput transcriptomic and proteomic analyses in Pim2-depleted FLT3-ITD AML cells and found that Pim2 predominantly controlled apoptosis through Bax expression and mitochondria disruption. We identified ribosomal protein S6 kinase A3 (RSK2), a 90 kDa serine/threonine kinase involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade encoded by the RPS6KA3 gene, as a novel Pim2 target. Ectopic expression of an RPS6KA3 allele rescued the viability of Pim2-depleted cells, supporting the involvement of RSK2 in AML cell survival downstream of Pim2. Finally, we showed that RPS6KA3 knockdown reduced the propagation of human AML cells in vivo in mice. Our results point to RSK2 as a novel Pim2 target with translational therapeutic potential in FLT3-ITD AML.
Asunto(s)
Duplicación de Gen , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/genética , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas S6 Ribosómicas 90-kDa/metabolismo , Secuencias Repetidas en Tándem , Tirosina Quinasa 3 Similar a fms/genética , Animales , Apoptosis , Caspasas/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular/genética , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Técnicas de Silenciamiento del Gen , Humanos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/patología , Ratones , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/genética , Transcriptoma , Proteína X Asociada a bcl-2/metabolismoRESUMEN
Apart from microRNAs, little is known about the regulation of expression of non-coding RNAs in cancer. We investigated whether small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) accumulation displayed specific signatures in acute myeloblastic and acute lymphoblastic leukemias. Using microarrays and high-throughput quantitative PCR (qPCR), we demonstrate here that snoRNA expression patterns are negatively altered in leukemic cells compared with controls. Interestingly, a specific signature was found in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with ectopic expression of SNORD112-114 snoRNAs located at the DLK1-DIO3 locus. In vitro experiments carried out on APL blasts demonstrate that transcription of these snoRNAs was lost under all-trans retinoic acid-mediated differentiation and induced by enforced expression of the PML-RARalpha fusion protein in negative leukemic cell lines. Further experiments revealed that the SNORD114-1 (14q(II-1)) variant promoted cell growth through cell cycle modulation; its expression was implicated in the G0/G1 to S phase transition mediated by the Rb/p16 pathways. This study thus reports three important observations: (1) snoRNA regulation is different in normal cells compared with cancer cells; (2) a relationship exists between a chromosomal translocation and expression of snoRNA loci; and (3) snoRNA expression can affect Rb/p16 cell cycle regulation. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that snoRNAs have a role in cancer development.
Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/genética , Leucemia Promielocítica Aguda/genética , ARN Nucleolar Pequeño/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Crisis Blástica , Western Blotting , Proteínas de Unión al Calcio , Ciclo Celular , Diferenciación Celular , Proliferación Celular , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular/genética , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular/metabolismo , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/metabolismo , Leucemia Promielocítica Aguda/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Análisis de Secuencia por Matrices de Oligonucleótidos , Proteínas de Fusión Oncogénica/genética , Proteínas de Fusión Oncogénica/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Nucleolar Pequeño/metabolismo , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Células Tumorales CultivadasRESUMEN
Myeloproliferative neoplasms are frequently associated with aberrant constitutive tyrosine kinase (TK) activity resulting from chimaeric fusion genes or point mutations such as BCR-ABL1 or JAK2 V617F. We report here the cloning and functional characterization of two novel fusion genes BCR-RET and FGFR1OP-RET in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) cases generated by two balanced translocations t(10;22)(q11;q11) and t(6;10)(q27;q11), respectively. The two RET fusion genes leading to the aberrant activation of RET, are able to transform hematopoietic cells and skew the hematopoietic differentiation program towards the monocytic/macrophage lineage. The RET fusion genes seem to constitutively mimic the same signaling pathway as RAS mutations frequently involved in CMML. One patient was treated with Sorafenib, a specific inhibitor of the RET TK function, and demonstrated cytological and clinical remissions.
Asunto(s)
Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Leucemia Mielomonocítica Crónica/patología , Monocitos/citología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-ret/genética , Secuencia de Bases , Cartilla de ADN , Humanos , Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ , Leucemia Mielomonocítica Crónica/genética , Mutación Puntual , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Translocación GenéticaRESUMEN
Telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT) exerts important cellular functions including telomere homeostasis, genetic stability, cell survival and perhaps differentiation. However, the nature of external or internal signals, which regulate hTERT expression in tissues, remains poorly understood. Thus, whereas it has been described that hTERT gene is regulated along the differentiation of primitive myeloid progenitors, the effect of specific cytokines on telomerase expression in each myeloid lineage is currently unknown. Based on these considerations, we have investigated hTERT expression in erythroid cells treated with erythropoietin (EPO) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta), as putative positive and negative regulators, respectively. We describe here that EPO activates hTERT gene transcription in in vitro-expanded primary erythroid precursors as well as in UT7 erythroleukemia cells. In UT7 cells, this study shows also that EPO acts through a JAK2/STAT5/c-myc axis. In contrast, TGFbeta blocks EPO signaling downstream of c-myc induction through a Smad3-dependent mechanism. Finally, hTERT appears to be efficiently regulated by EPO and TGFbeta in an opposite way in erythropoietic cells, arguing for a role of telomerase in red blood cell production.
