RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and periodontitis have a bidirectional relationship that is well documented in many reviews and epidemiological studies. Periodontitis has been referred to as the sixth complication of diabetes mellitus. Various studies showed improvement in Interleukin-6 levels as well as metabolic parameters after non-surgical periodontal therapy in chronic periodontitis patients with type 2 DM. Objective: To evaluate the effect of scaling and root planing (SRP) on salivary levels of IL-6 and assessment of clinical parameters in CP patients with and without T2DM. METHODS: We included 50 CP patients with well-controlled T2DM (Group I), and 50 CP patients without T2DM as controls (Group II) with evident clinical inflammation, ≥ 5mm probing depth (PD) and a relative attachment level (RAL) of ≥ 5mm. Following a brief medical and dental history plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), gingival bleeding index (BI), PD, and RAL were recorded, and an unstimulated saliva was collected. Following SRP therapy, the clinical parameters and IL-6 levels were measured after seven days, 14 days, and 30 days. Intragroup and intergroup comparisons were carried out using a paired t-test and an independent t-test. The statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Data were analyzed using computer software, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) v. 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). RESULTS: Intergroup comparisons of IL-6 levels at different intervals showed a significantly higher reduction in Group II than in Group I (p=0.000). While the mean difference in the GI scores from baseline to 30 days was significantly higher in Group I patients (p=0.000), the difference in the mean PI (p=0.004), mean BI (p=0.000), mean PD (p=0.000) and mean RAL scores (p=0.000) were significantly higher in Group II patients. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that scaling and root planing is effective in glycemic control and also has a role to play in the level of salivary IL-6 in periodontal health and T2DM with chronic periodontitis. Elevated salivary IL-6 levels indicate periodontal inflammation which is further increased in T2DM patients. Hence, elevated IL-6 can be considered a marker of periodontal destruction.
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SARS coronavirus2 is the primary cause of new Coronavirus illness (COVID-19) (SARS- COV-2). Today, COVID-19 is a global epidemic. Coronavirus illness may be diagnosed using a variety of approaches. The gold standard is RT-PCR, which is used in all of these assays. Swabs from the nose, pharynx, or mouth are the most often used sampling methods for coronavirus detection. For COVID-19 testing, saliva may be utilized as an alternate sample. When compared to a nasopharyngeal swab, saliva samples have a number of advantages and disadvantages. Saliva has also been reviewed as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for the detection of COVID-19. The affordability of the salivary diagnostic process makes it an effective process for detecting the COVID-19 viruses. The researchers have found that salivary diagnostic processes have greater chances of success than other processes of Coronavirus detection. However, healthcare professionals need to make positive changes to their working processes to ensure the sustainability of the salivary diagnosis processes.
RESUMEN
In the past one and half year elapsed since the identification of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its genome, an extraordinary effort by the scientific community has led to the development of many vaccine projects. More than ten vaccine candidates throughout the world have been granted approval for emergency use. Existing data suggest that these vaccines have the potential to protect individuals and curb the spread of COVID-19 pandemic. However, long term side-effects and certain unresolved issues associated with vaccine use need to be assessed as the time passes. This study reviews the most recent data of 12 vaccines which have been approved for use and presents information on their doses, composition, mechanism of action, side effects, etc.