CD163 protein inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage transformation from M2 to M1 involved in disruption of the TWEAK-Fn14 interaction.

Macrophages play a crucial role in regulating inflammation and innate immune responses, and their polarization into distinct phenotypes, such as M1 and M2, is involved in various diseases. However, the specific role of CD163, a scavenger receptor expressed by macrophages, in the transformation of M2 to M1 macrophages remains unclear. Here, dexamethasone-induced M2 macrophages were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce the transformation of M2 to M1 macrophages. We found that treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced the transformation of M2-like macrophages to an M1-like phenotype, as evidenced by increased mRNA levels of Il1b and Tnf, decreased mRNA levels of Cd206 and Il10, and increased TNF-α secretion. Knockdown of CD163 enhanced the phenotypic features of M1 macrophages, while treatment with recombinant CD163 protein (rmCD163) inhibited the LPS-induced M2-to-M1 transformation. Furthermore, LPS stimulation resulted in the activation of P38, ERK, JNK, and NF-κB P65 signaling pathways, and this activation was increased after CD163 knockdown and suppressed after rmCD163 treatment during macrophage transformation. Additionally, we observed that LPS treatment reduced the expression of CD163 in dexamethasone-induced M2 macrophages, leading to a decrease in the CD163-TWEAK complex and an increase in the interaction between TWEAK and Fn14. Overall, our findings suggest that rmCD163 can inhibit the LPS-induced transformation of M2 macrophages to M1 by disrupting the TWEAK-Fn14 interaction and modulating the MAPK-NF-κB pathway.

Lycopene abolishes typical polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs)-induced hepatic injury in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco): Involvement of ROS/PI3K-AKT/NF-κB signaling.

Aquatic ecosystems are being more contaminated with polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs), which raising concerns about their impact on aquatic organisms. Lycopene (LYC) exhibits several beneficial properties for fish via enhance antioxidant defenses and improve immunity. In this study, we attempted to investigate the hepatotoxic effects of typical PHCZs 3, 6-dichlorocarbazole (3,6-DCCZ) and the protective mechanisms of LYC. In this study, we found that yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) exposure to 3,6-DCCZ (1.2 mg/L) resulted in hepatic inflammatory infiltration and disordered hepatocyte arrangement. Besides, we observed that 3,6-DCCZ exposure resulted in hepatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and excessive autophagosome accumulation, accompanied with inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway. Subsequently, we confirmed that 3,6-DCCZ exposure triggered hepatic uncontrolled inflammatory response via activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway, along with decreased plasma complement C3 (C3) and complement C4 (C4) levels. Meanwhile, yellow catfish exposed to 3,6-DCCZ exhibit an increased hepatic apoptosis phenomenon, as evidenced by the elevated number of positive TUNEL cells and upregulated expression of caspase3 and cytochrome C (CytC). In contrast, LYC treatment could alleviate the 3,6-DCCZ-induced pathological changes, hepatic ROS accumulation, autophagy, inflammatory response and apoptosis. To sum up, this study provided the demonstration that LYC exerts hepatoprotective effects to alleviate 3,6-DCCZ-induced liver damage by inihibiting ROS/PI3K-AKT/NF-κB signaling in yellow catfish.

Conditional survival nomogram for monitoring real-time survival of young non-metastatic nasopharyngeal cancer survivors.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to clarify the improvement of the overall survival (OS) over time in young non-metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) survivors by conditional survival (CS) analysis and to construct a CS-nomogram for updating individualized real-time prognosis. METHODS: The study included 3409 young non-metastatic NPC patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (2004-2019). OS was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. CS was calculated based on CS(y|x) = OS(y + x)/OS(x), defined as the probability that a patient would survive for another y years after surviving for x years since diagnosis. We identified predictors using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and developed the CS-nomogram using multivariate Cox regression and the CS formula. RESULTS: CS analysis showed a continuous increase in 10-year OS for young non-metastatic NPC from the initial 60.4% to 65.0%, 70.2%, 74.2%, 78.2%, 82.6%, 86.9%, 91.1%, 96.2% and 97.0% (surviving 1-9 years after diagnosis, respectively). After screening by LASSO regression, age, race, marital status, histological type, T- and N-status were used as predictors to construct the CS-nomogram. The model accurately estimated the real-time prognosis of survivors during follow-up with a stable time-dependent area under the curve (AUC). CONCLUSIONS: CS analysis based on SEER database calibrated the real-time prognosis of young non-metastatic NPC survivors, revealing a dynamic improvement during follow-up time. We developed a novel CS-nomogram to update survival data for real-time optimization of monitoring strategies, medical resource allocation, and patient counseling. However, it was important to note that the model still needed external data validation and continuous improvement.

The proGnostic role of caRdiac rehAbilitation in patients with left ventriCular anEurysm formation after anterior myocardial infarction (the GRACE study): Study rationale and design of a prospective randomized controlled trial.

Background: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is an essential intervention after acute myocardial infarction (MI). However, it is still unclear whether patients with left ventricular aneurysm (LVA) formation after anterior MI would benefit from CR programs. This clinical trial is designed to assess the role of CR in patients with LVA formation after anterior MI. Trial design: The GRACE study is a single-center, single-blind, prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial in China. 100 subjects aged 18-75 years with LVA formation after anterior MI will be recruited and randomized 1:1 to the CR or control group. Both groups will receive standard drug treatment and routine health education according to the guidelines. Participants in the CR group will additionally receive tailored CR programs delivered over a period of 36 sessions. These participants will then be followed up for 1-year. The primary outcome is peak oxygen uptake measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing after CR programs. The secondary outcomes are cardiac function and EuroQol 5-Dimension-3 Level index scores after CR program and 1-year and major adverse cardiac cerebrovascular events, a composite of cardiovascular mortality, non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, malignant arrhythmia or hospitalization for heart failure during the follow-up period. Conclusions: This single-center, single-blind, prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial will determine whether CR improves physical capacity and clinical outcomes in patients with LVA formation after anterior MI. Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2200058852. Registered on 18 April 2022.

Up-regulation of VANGL1 by IGF2BPs and miR-29b-3p attenuates the detrimental effect of irradiation on lung adenocarcinoma.

Accumulating evidence suggests that radiation treatment causes an adaptive response of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), which in turn attenuates the lethal effect of the irradiation. Previous microarray assays manifested the change of gene expression profile after irradiation. Bioinformatics analysis of the significantly changed genes revealed that VANGL1 may notably influence the effect of radiation on LUAD. To determine the role of VANGL1, this study knocked down or overexpressed VANGL1 in LUAD. M6A level of VANGL1 mRNA was determined by M6A-IP-qPCR assay. Irradiation caused the up-regulation of VANGL1 with the increase of VANGL1 m6A level. Depletion of m6A readers, IGF2BP2/3, undermined VANGL1 mRNA stability and expression upon irradiation. miR-29b-3p expression was decreased by irradiation, however VANGL1 is a target of miR-29b-3p which was identified by Luciferase report assay. The reduction of miR-29b-3p inhibited the degradation of VANGL1 mRNA. Knockdown of VANGL1 enhanced the detrimental effect of irradiation on LUAD, as indicated by more severe DNA damage and increased percentage of apoptotic cells. Immunocoprecipitation revealed the interaction between VANGL1 with BRAF. VANGL1 increased BRAF probably through suppressing the protein degradation, which led to the increase of BRAF downstream effectors, TP53BP1 and RAD51. These effectors are involved in DNA repair after the damage. In summary, irradiation caused the up-regulation of VANGL1, which, in turn, mitigated the detrimental effect of irradiation on LUAD by protecting DNA from damage probably through activating BRAF/TP53BP1/RAD51 cascades. Increased m6A level of VANGL1 and reduced miR-29b-3p took the responsibility of VANGL1 overexpression upon irradiation.

TRIAP1 knockdown sensitizes non-small cell lung cancer to ionizing radiation by disrupting redox homeostasis.

BACKGROUND: Radioresistance of some non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) types increases the risk of recurrence or metastasis in afflicted patients, following radiotherapy. As such, further improvements to NSCLC radiotherapy are needed. The expression of oncogene TP53-regulated inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (TRIAP1) in NSCLC is increased following irradiation. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) has suggested that TRIAP1 might be involved in maintaining redox homeostasis. This in turn might enhance cell radioresistance. METHODS: In this study we irradiated human NSCLC cell lines (A549 and H460), while knocking down TRIAP1, to determine whether a disrupted redox homeostasis could attenuate radioresistance. RESULTS: Irradiation notably increased both mRNA and protein levels of TRIAP1. In addition, TRIAP1 knockdown decreased the expression of several antioxidant proteins, including thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein (TMX) 1, TMX2, thioredoxin (TXN), glutaredoxin (GLRX) 2, GLRX3, peroxiredoxin (PRDX) 3, PRDX4, and PRDX6 in A549 and H460 cells. In addition, silencing TRIAP1 impaired the radiation-induced increase of the aforementioned proteins. Continuing along this line, we observed a radiation-induced reduction of cell viability and invasion, as well as increased apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species following TRIAP1 knockdown. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, we identified TRIAP1 as a key contributor to the radioresistance of NSCLC by maintaining redox homeostasis.

Effects of HER2 genetic polymorphisms on its protein expression in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSES: HER2 protein expression has been considered to be an important prognostic factor in breast cancer patients. Although the molecular mechanism of HER2 protein expression is currently unknown, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the HER2 gene may have some effects on its own expression. Here, we performed a trial to study the association between HER2 genetic polymorphisms and its protein expression in breast cancer. METHODS: Three SNPs in the HER2 gene were genotyped in 303 breast cancer patients using the Sequenom Mass ARRAY system. HER2 protein expression, ER, PR, P53, and Ki67 status was detected by immunohistochemistry. A Pearson's chi-square test was used to analyze the associations of the polymorphisms with its protein expression, corresponding with clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer. RESULTS: Under the codominant model, rs1058808 and rs2517956 polymorphisms were associated with HER2 protein expression in breast cancer (p=0.007; p=0.008, respectively). For SNP rs1058808, patients with genotypes CG and GG were more likely to have high HER2 protein expression than patients with genotype CC (p=0.007). No significant associations could be found between the three SNPs and breast cancer patients' clinical stage, tumor size, histological grade, lymph node metastasis, ER, PR, Ki67 and P53 status (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HER2 rs1058808 and rs2517956 polymorphisms are associated with its protein expression in breast cancer. Our study might provide new insights into the mechanisms of HER2 protein expression.

Ulinastatin inhibits unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced renal interstitial fibrosis in rats via transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß)/Smad signalling pathways.

This study aims to explore the protective effects and mechanisms of ulinastatin (UTI), which is a urinary trypsin inhibitor, of the renal interstitial fibrosis of rats subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). A total of 36 male Wistar rats were divided in random into three groups, namely, the sham operation (SOR) group (n=12), the UUO group (n=12), and the UTI treatment group (n=12). Six rats from each group were euthanised after unilateral ureteral obstruction operation on the seventh and fourteenth days, respectively. Blood samples were harvested for blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Scr) measurement. The interstitial pathological changes of the tissue from the obstructed kidneys were observed using haematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Masson staining. The expression of the transforming growth factor ß type 1 (TGF-ß1), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), type I collagen (Col-I), and phosphorylated Smad2/3 (p-Smad2/3) was determined using immunohistochemistry. The protein expression levels of TGF-ß1, α-SMA, and p-Smad2/3 were examined using Western blot analysis. The results show that ulinastatin has no statistically significant effect on the BUN and Scr levels (P>0.05), but it can significantly reduce renal interstitial injury and suppress interstitial collagen deposits. The renoprotective effect of ulinastatin is likely realised through the TGF-ß/Smad signalling pathways.

Parathyroid hormone(1-34)-induced apoptosis in neuronal rat PC12 cells: implications for neurotoxicity.

Based on accumulated evidence, we speculate that a high concentration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) may cause neurotoxicity in patients with uremia through apoptosis-induced neuropathy. In this study, we demonstrated that in vitro stimulation with PTH(1-34) induced a significant decrease in PC12 cell numbers in both dosage- and time-dependent fashions when these cells were treated with PTH(1-34) at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1 or 1.0 µM for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, respectively, as assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. Decreased numbers of PC12 cells were caused by PTH(1-34)-induced apoptotic and cytotoxic processes, as determined by DNA fragmentation, flow cytometry, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-leakage assays. Upregulation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 signaling pathway was the underlying mechanism responsible for 1.0 µM PTH(1-34)-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells, as elucidated by Western blotting analysis and confirmed with ERK and p38 inhibitors. Furthermore, 1.0 µM PTH(1-34)-induced apoptosis was accompanied by a release of cytochrome c and subsequent caspase-3 activation. These data suggest that a high concentration of PTH(1-34)-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in PC12 cells was associated with upregulation of ERK and p38 through a mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway.