Angelica gigas polysaccharide induces CR3-mediated macrophage activation and the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells against HCT-116 cells via NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.

Angelica gigas (A. gigas) is traditional medicinal herb that mainly exists in Korea and northeastern China. There have been relatively few studies conducted thus far on its polysaccharides and their bioactivities. We purified and described a novel water-soluble polysaccharide derived from A. gigas and investigated its immunoenhancing properties. The basic components of crude and purified polysaccharides (F1 and F2) were total sugar (41.07% - 70.55%), protein (1.12-10.33%), sulfate (2.9-5.5%), and uronic acids (0.5-31.05%) in total content. Our results demonstrated that the crude and fractions' molecular weights (Mw) varied from 42.2 to 285.2 × 103 g/mol. As the most effective polysaccharide, F2 significantly stimulated RAW264.7 cells to release nitric oxide (NO) and express several cytokines. Furthermore, F2 increased the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-É£), natural killer cytotoxicity receptors (NKp44), and granzyme-B in NK-92 cells and enhanced the cytotoxicity against HCT-116 cells. In our experiments, we found that F2 stimulated RAW264.7 cells and NK-92 cells via MAPK and NF-κB pathways. The monosaccharide and methylation analysis of the high immunostimulant F2 polysaccharide findings revealed that the polysaccharide was primarily composed of 1 â†’ 4, 1 â†’ 6, 1 â†’ 3, 6, 1 â†’ 3 and 1 â†’ 3, 4, 6 galactopyranose residues, 1 â†’ 3 arabinofuranose residues, 1 â†’ 4 glucopyranose residues. These results demonstrated that the F2 polysaccharide of A. gigas which possesses potential immunostimulatory attributes, could be used to create a novel functional food.

The effects of quinoa bran dietary fiber on glucose and lipid metabolism and hepatic transcriptome in obese rats.

BACKGROUND: As a complex chronic metabolic disease, obesity not only affects the quality of human life but also increases the risk of various other diseases. Therefore, it is important to investigate the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic effects of dietary interventions that counteract obesity. RESULTS: In this study, we extracted soluble (SDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) from quinoa bran using an enzymatic method and further investigated their effects on lipid metabolism and blood lipid levels in obese rats. Quinoa bran dietary fiber showed significantly reduced body weight, blood glucose level, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared to those in the model group of obese rats. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels were significantly lower in the IDF group, demonstrating that IDF improved liver injury more significantly than SDF, which was consistent with the analysis of liver tissue sections. IDF supplementation significantly improved the oxidation resistance of obese rats by decreasing malondialdehyde and increasing superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels compared to the high-fat diet group levels. Transcriptome analysis showed that IDF caused hepatic changes in genes (Ehhadh, PPARα, FADS, CPT1, CPT2, SCD-1, Acadm, and CYP7A1) related to fatty acid degradation, and this result coincided with that of the gene expression validation result. CONCLUSION: Overall, our research offers crucial data for the logical development of dietary fiber from quinoa bran with nutritional purposes. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Preparation, structure, and in-vitro hypoglycemic potential of debranched millet starch-fatty acid composite resistant starch.

Currently, the preparation methods and basic physicochemical properties of starch-FA complexes have been widely studied; however, no in-depth research on the regulatory mechanism of the digestive properties of debranched starch-unsaturated FA complexes has been conducted. Therefore, six fatty acids with different carbon chains and different degrees of unsaturation were complexed with de-branched millet starch in this research, using the microwave method. Microwave millet starch-linoleic acid complex (MPS-LOA) had the highest resistant starch (RS) content, and the structure and physicochemical properties of MPS-LOA were determined using various molecular techniques. The results indicate that MPS-LOA had a resistant starch (RS) content of 40.35% and the most notable fluorescence. The characteristic UV peaks of MPS-LOA were blue-shifted, and new IR peaks appeared. The crystalline structure changed to V-type crystals, the crystallinity increased, and the molecular weight decreased. The enthalpy and coagulability of MPS-LOA increased, and the swelling force decreased. Additionally, MPS-LOA showed enhanced α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition, and in-vitro hydrolysis kinetics analysis of MPS-LOA showed a hydrolysis index of 53.8 and an extended glycemic index (eGI)I of 54.6, indicating a low eGI food suitable for consumption by people with type II diabetes. These results provide a theoretical basis for the preparation of amylopectin- and starch-based foods with an anti-enzyme structure and a low glycemic index (GI).

Cnidium officinale polysaccharide enhanced RAW 264.7 cells activation and NK-92 cells cytotoxicity against colon cancer via NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways.

In this study, Cnidium officinale-derived polysaccharides were isolated and investigated for their immune enhancing and anticancer activities. The isolated crude and its fractions, such as F1 and F2, contain carbohydrates (51.3-63.1%), sulfates (5.4-5.8%), proteins (1.5-7.1%), and uronic acids (2.1-26.9%). The molecular weight (Mw) of the polysaccharides ranged from 59.9 to 429.0 × 103 g/mol. The immunostimulatory activity of the polysaccharides was tested on RAW 264.7 cells, and the results showed that the F2 treatment notably enhanced pro-inflammatory activity in RAW 264.7 cells by increasing NO production and the expression of various cytokines. Furthermore, the influence of polysaccharide treatment on natural killer cells (NK-92) anticancer activities was investigated using a colon cancer cell line (HCT-116). Crude polysaccharide and its fractions showed no direct cytotoxicity to NK-92 and HCT-116 cells. However, the treatment of F2 showed an enhancement of NK-92 cells cytotoxicity against HCT-116 cells by upregulating the mRNA expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, NKGp44, and granzyme-B. The western blot results showed that the induced RAW 264.7 cells activation and NK-92 cells cytotoxicity occur via NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Overall, C. officinale-derived polysaccharides show potential as immunotherapeutic agents capable of enhancing pro-inflammatory macrophage signaling and activating NK-92 cells; thus, they could be useful for biomedical applications.

Evolution and driving factors of ocean carbon emission efficiency: A novel perspective on regional differences.

Existing studies on carbon emission efficiency seldom discuss ocean carbon emission efficiency, and few studies on ocean carbon emission efficiency hardly discuss its regional differences. To fill this research gap, this paper innovatively measures and evaluates the ocean carbon emission efficiency of 11 Chinese coastal provinces from 2001 to 2019 using the super-efficiency SBM-GML model, and empirically analyzes the dynamic link between ocean carbon emission efficiency, trade openness and financial development by constructing a PVAR model based on an endogeneity perspective. Meanwhile, another major innovation of this study is to divide China's 11 coastal provinces into two coastal areas, north and south, with the Huaihe River as the boundary, in order to investigate the regional heterogeneity of ocean carbon emission efficiency and its influencing factors. The results show that (i) China's average ocean carbon emission efficiency has improved significantly, which is mainly due to the driving effect of technological progress. (ii) China's ocean carbon emission efficiency generally presents a spatial pattern that is higher in the south and lower in the north. Technological progress is the main source of the improvement in ocean carbon emission efficiency in the two regions. (iii) Significant regional heterogeneity exists in the impact of trade openness and financial development on ocean carbon emission efficiency, that is, trade openness and financial development both promote and hinder ocean carbon emission efficiency in the southern region than in the northern region. Finally, targeted policy recommendations are proposed.

A review of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides: Health benefit, structure-activity relationship, modification, and nanoparticle encapsulation.

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides possess unique functional properties. Various processing technologies have been used to produce and modify G. lucidum polysaccharides to improve their yield and utilization. In this review, the structure and health benefits were summarized, and the factors that may affect the quality of G. lucidum polysaccharides were discussed, including the use of chemical modifications such as sulfation, carboxymethylation, and selenization. Those modifications improved the physicochemical characteristics and utilization of G. lucidum polysaccharides, and made them more stable that could be used as functional biomaterials to encapsulate active substances. Ultimate, G. lucidum polysaccharide-based nanoparticles were designed to deliver various functional ingredients to achieve better health-promoting effects. Overall, this review presents an in-depth summary of current modification strategies and offers new insights into the effective processing techniques to develop G. lucidum polysaccharide-rich functional foods or nutraceuticals.

A novel sulfated mannan-carboxymethyl-5-fluorouracil-folic acid conjugates for targeted anticancer drug delivery.

CFP2 is a sulfated polysaccharide isolated from Codium fragile that shows excellent immunomodulatory activity. To reduce the side effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), CFP2 was used as a macromolecular carrier to react with carboxymethyl-5-fluorouracil (C-5-FU) to form CFP2-C-5-FU, which further reacted with folic acid (FA) via an ester bond to form novel conjugates (CFP2-C-5-FU-FA). CFP2-C-5-FU-FA was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. In vitro drug release results showed that the cumulative release rate of C-5-FU was 49.9% in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) after 96 h, which was much higher than that of the other groups, indicating that CFP2-C-5-FU-FA showed controlled drug release behavior. CFP2-C-5-FU-FA also exhibited enhanced apoptosis and cellular uptake in vitro. Further, intravenous administration of CFP2-C-5-FU-FA in an HCT-116 cell-bearing xenograft mouse showed that the conjugates were safe and effective drug delivery systems. These results suggest that folate-targeted conjugates can be used effectively for efficient chemotherapy of colorectal cancer.

Bead-Based Multiplexed Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction in a Single Tube Using Universal Sequences: An Ultrasensitive, Cross-Reaction-Free, and High-Throughput Strategy.

The multiplexed digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is widely used in molecular diagnosis owing to its high sensitivity and throughput for multiple target detection compared with the single-plexed digital PCR; however, current multiplexed digital PCR technologies lack efficient coding strategies that do not compromise the sensitivity and signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. Hence, we propose a fluorescent-encoded bead-based multiplexed droplet digital PCR method for ultra-high coding capacity, along with the creative design of universal sequences (primer and fluorescent TaqMan probe) for ultra-sensitivity and high S/N ratios. First, pre-amplification is used to introduce universal primers and universal fluorescent TaqMan probes to reduce primer interference and background noise, as well as to enrich regions of interest in targeted analytes. Second, fluorescent-encoded beads (FEBs), coupled with the corresponding target sequence-specific capture probes through streptavidin-biotin conjugation, are used to partition amplicons via hybridization according to the Poisson distribution. Finally, FEBs mixed with digital PCR mixes are isolated into droplets generated via Sapphire chips (Naica Crystal Digital PCR system) to complete the digital PCR and result analysis. For proof of concept, we demonstrate that this method achieves high S/N ratios in a 5-plexed assay for influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2 at concentrations below 10 copies and even close to a single molecule per reaction without cross-reaction, further verifying the possibility of clinical actual sample detection with 100% accuracy, which paves the way for the realization of digital PCR with ultrahigh coding capacity and ultra-sensitivity.

A 3D reconstruction method based on multi-views of contours segmented with CNN-transformer for long bones.

PURPOSE: In computer-assisted diagnosis for orthopedic treatment, 3D reconstruction of bones is critical. Traditional 3D imaging technologies like CT and MRI have been proposed, but their high radiation dose and the requirements for lying postures could impact the accuracy of reconstructed bones and diagnosis results. Meanwhile, methods based on bone contours always depend on prior knowledge and lack precise bone segmentation methods. To address these issues, a bone reconstruction method based on multi-views of contours is proposed, as well as a hybrid CNN-Transformer approach for bone contours segmentation. METHODS: A four-step strategy is introduced including segmenting bone contours from X-ray images, calculating 3D sparse, dense point clouds based on contours, and reconstructing surface. The Trans-DetSeg approach for interest regions detection and bone segmentation is proposed for accurate contours. Besides, the mathematical description of mapping relationships between contours in different views of X-ray images is provided. Then, bone sparse and dense point clouds are generated subsequently. Based on dense point clouds and the power crust method, realistic bone models are reconstructed. RESULTS: Evaluated on 301 bone X-ray images and by considering p-value < 0.05, the proposed Trans-Detseg approach performed better with Dice Similarity Coefficient of 0.949 and Hausdorff Distance of 26.17 than three state-of-the-art models. Furthermore, the accuracy of the bone 3D reconstruction was investigated in three tibia cases and the proposed method was verified based on comparisons of results and CT data. It was proved that increased views of X-ray images could reduce the Average Surface Distance and perfect the structure information of reconstructed bones. CONCLUSION: A new method for bone 3D reconstruction based on segmented bone contours on multi-views of X-ray images has been developed. Besides, a hybrid CNN-Transformer approach is introduced to segment bone contours. Evaluations proved the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed bone 3D reconstruction method.

Effect of Fermentation Time on Molecular Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Corn Ballast Starch.

The effect of fermentation treatment on the surface morphology, crystal structure, molecular weight, chain length distribution, and physicochemical properties of corn starch was investigated using natural fermentation of corn ballast. The amylose content in corn ballast starch reduced at first after natural fermentation, then grew, following the same trend as solubility. There were certain erosion marks on the surfaces of fermented corn ballast starch granules. The crystalline structure of corn ballast starch remained the same, i.e., a typical A-type crystalline structure, at different fermentation times; however, the intensities of diffraction peaks were different. The weight-average molecular weight of starch first increased and then decreased after fermentation. The content of low-molecular-weight starch (peak 3) decreased from 25.59 to 24.7% and then increased to 25.76%, while the content of high-molecular-weight starch (peak 1) increased from 51.45 to 53.26%, and then decreased to 52.52%. The fermentation time showed a negative correlation with the viscosity of starch, and the pasting temperature first increased, and then decreased. Natural fermentation can be used as a technical means to produce corn starch products as a result of the experiments' findings, and future experiments will detect and analyze the bacterial structure of corn fermentation broth in order to better understand the molecular mechanism of natural fermentation affecting the structure and physicochemical properties of corn starch.

The Effects of GABA-Rich Adzuki Beans on Glycolipid Metabolism, as Well as Intestinal Flora, in Type 2 Diabetic Mice.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, the effects of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-rich sprouted adzuki beans on the glycolipid metabolism and gastrointestinal health were investigated in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: Mice with T2DM were subjected to dietary intervention with different doses of GABA-rich sprouted adzuki beans for 6 consecutive weeks, during which growth indicators, glycolipid metabolism, and the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota changes were observed. RESULTS: A high dietary intake of GABA-rich sprouted adzuki beans had a preventive effect against weight gain, significantly reduced serum levels of FBG, TG, and TC. Additionally, high dietary intake of GABA-rich sprouted adzuki beans increased the abundances of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, and Akkermansia, leading to a shift in the structure of the gut microbiota toward the dominance of probiotics with regulatory effects on glycolipid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: GABA-rich sprouted adzuki beans can effectively control the bodyweight of mice with T2DM, maintain a balanced blood glucose level, improve glycolipid metabolism and the changes in the microbiota may mediate the anti-diabetic effect of sprouted adzuki beans.

Grayscale medical image segmentation method based on 2D&3D object detection with deep learning.

BACKGROUND: Grayscale medical image segmentation is the key step in clinical computer-aided diagnosis. Model-driven and data-driven image segmentation methods are widely used for their less computational complexity and more accurate feature extraction. However, model-driven methods like thresholding usually suffer from wrong segmentation and noises regions because different grayscale images have distinct intensity distribution property thus pre-processing is always demanded. While data-driven methods with deep learning like encoder-decoder networks always are always accompanied by complex architectures which require amounts of training data. METHODS: Combining thresholding method and deep learning, this paper presents a novel method by using 2D&3D object detection technologies. First, interest regions contain segmented object are determined with fine-tuning 2D object detection network. Then, pixels in cropped images are turned as point cloud according to their positions and grayscale values. Finally, 3D object detection network is applied to obtain bounding boxes with target points and boxes' bottoms and tops represent thresholding values for segmentation. After projecting to 2D images, these target points could composite the segmented object. RESULTS: Three groups of grayscale medical images are used to evaluate the proposed image segmentation method. We obtain the IoU (DSC) scores of 0.92 (0.96), 0.88 (0.94) and 0.94 (0.94) for segmentation accuracy on different datasets respectively. Also, compared with five state of the arts and clinically performed well models, our method achieves higher scores and better performance. CONCLUSIONS: The prominent segmentation results demonstrate that the built method based on 2D&3D object detection with deep learning is workable and promising for segmentation task of grayscale medical images.

Evolution of "On-Barcode" Luminescence Oxygen Channeling Immunoassay by Exploring the Barcode Structure and the Assay System.

The multiplexed luminescence oxygen channeling immunoassay (multi-LOCI) platform we developed recently that combines conventional LOCI and suspension array technology is capable of realizing facile "mix-and-measure" multiplexed assays without tedious washing steps. However, previous work lacks comprehensive studies of the structure-performance relationship of the host-guest-structured barcode, which may obstruct the evolution and further translation of this exciting new technology to practical applications. Accordingly, this work revealed that polyelectrolyte interlayers played a crucial role in tuning the packing density of guest acceptor beads (ABs). More interestingly, we noticed that "sparse" barcodes (barcodes with low ABs packing density) exhibited comparable assay performance with "compact" ones (barcodes with high ABs packing density). The high robustness of barcodes allows for multi-LOCI to be a more universal and flexible assay platform. Furthermore, through optimization of the assay system including the laser power, as well as the concentrations of donor beads and biotinylated detection antibodies, the multi-LOCI platform showed a significant improvement in sensitivity compared with our previous work, with the limit of detection decreasing to as low as ca. 1 pg/mL. Impressively, multi-LOCI that enabled simultaneous detection of multiple analytes exhibited comparable sensitivity with the classical single-plexed LOCI, due to the ingenious structural design of the multi-LOCI barcode and the unique "on-barcode" assay format.

An Ensemble Learning Method for Robot Electronic Nose with Active Perception.

The electronic nose is the olfactory organ of the robot, which is composed of a large number of sensors to perceive the smell of objects through free diffusion. Traditionally, it is difficult to realize the active perception function, and it is difficult to meet the requirements of small size, low cost, and quick response that robots require. In order to address these issues, a novel electronic nose with active perception was designed and an ensemble learning method was proposed to distinguish the smell of different objects. An array of three MQ303 semiconductor gas sensors and an electrochemical sensor DART-2-Fe5 were used to construct the novel electronic nose, and the proposed ensemble learning method with four algorithms realized the active odor perception function. The experiment results verified that the accuracy of the active odor perception can reach more than 90%, even though it used 30% training data. The novel electronic nose with active perception based on the ensemble learning method can improve the efficiency and accuracy of odor data collection and olfactory perception.

A facile polymer mediated dye incorporation method for fluorescence encoded microbeads with large encoding capacities.

Here we report a facile dye incorporation method for fluorescence encoded microbeads, which is achieved by tuning the mixed polymer type (blank and dye-labeled polymers) and their doping ratio through electrostatic loading into mesoporous beads. This method is universal to various carriers and could render large encoding capacities.

Effects of High-Temperature, High-Pressure, and Ultrasonic Treatment on the Physicochemical Properties and Structure of Soluble Dietary Fibers of Millet Bran.

OBJECTIVES: The effects of high-temperature, high-pressure, and ultrasonic treatment on the physicochemical properties and structure of soluble dietary fibers in millet bran were studied to provide a comprehensive reference for the utilization of millet bran. METHODS: Different physical methods were used to treat millet bran dietary fibers, and their microstructures and Fourier-transform infrared spectra before and after modification were compared. The physicochemical properties (water-holding capacity, swelling capacity, oil-holding capacity, fat-binding capacity, cation exchange capacity), total antioxidant capacity, and thermal characteristics were also analyzed. RESULTS: There were no significant changes in the chemical groups of millet bran's soluble dietary fibers after modification, but cracks appeared on the surface of the fibers and the structure became loose and porous. Fiber agglomeration was observed, as well as improved thermal stability. After modification, the water-holding capacity, swelling capacity, oil-holding capacity, fat-binding capacity, and cation exchange capacity of millet bran were improved. When compared to the original soluble dietary fibers, ultrasound-treated fibers showed the most substantial improvement in all four capabilities, with increases of 140, 50, 78.1, 65.7, and 37.8%, respectively, compared with the original soluble dietary fibers (P < 0.05). The total antioxidant capacity of the ultrasound-treated fibers was found to be higher than those of the fibers that underwent the other three treatments (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The physicochemical qualities and structural characteristics of the soluble dietary fibers in millet bran are affected by all three physical modification methods; however, the physicochemical properties of the ultrasound-treated fibers are most significantly improved.

Cyclovirobuxine D inhibits dengue virus replication by impeding the complete autophagy in a cholesterol-dependent manner.

Dengue virus (DENV) is the most common mosquito-borne flavivirus, and it affects millions of people globally every year. Currently, there are no approved drugs for the treatment of dengue infection. By screening a natural product library, we identified a novel compound, cyclovirobuxine D (Cvb D), that displays anti-DENV activity. Cvb D inhibits DENV replication in vitro in a dose-dependent manner and protects suckling mice against lethal DENV infection. Mechanistically, Cvb D regulates the expression of genes related to the cellular cholesterol pathway. As a result, Cvb D increases cellular cholesterol synthesis and accumulation, activates mTOR, and inhibits viral-dependent autophagy. Cvb D does not suppress autophagy initiation but impedes the nuclear translocation of the lysosome transcription factor TFEB. In addition, Cvb D restricts the replication of other positive-strand RNA viruses such as Zika virus and Coxsackievirus B3. We speculate that Cvb D could be a broad-spectrum antiviral drug candidate for use against positive-strand RNA viruses that require autophagy for optimal replication.

The effect of sorghum resistance resistant starch-mediated equol on the histological morphology of the uterus and ovaries of postmenopausal rats.

Equol is a metabolite of daidzein and has a higher biological activity than daidzein. Equol, combined with estrogen receptors, can reduce the incidence of diseases such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and breast cancer; more effectively alleviate the symptoms of perimenopausal syndrome; and improve age-related decline of the uterus and ovaries. Research has shown that food composition can greatly affect the formation of equol in the intestinal tract. In the intestines, the content of nonstarch polysaccharides that can stimulate fermentation is high, thereby allowing intestinal bacteria to quickly and completely transform the daidzein into equol. This study used Sprague Dawley (SD) rats as a model, where menopause was established through direct intragastric administration of formistan. In the 6-week-long experiment, intragastric administration of RS while feeding bean pulp reduced the body weight of postmenopausal rats, reduced the efficiency of feed utilization of rats, and increased the weight of organs such as the uterus and ovaries. Routine blood indexes showed that no adverse reactions were produced by intragastric administration of RS. 16s rDNA sequencing further verified Lactobacillus and Clostridium XIVa, as the bacteria that converted daidzein into equol.

The resistant starch from sorghum regulates lipid metabolism in menopausal rats via equol.

Equol is a metabolite of daidzein and has a higher biological activity than daidzein. High levels of non-starch polysaccharides can stimulate fermentation in the intestine leading to rapid conversion of daidzein into equol that has great potential to reduce obesity in postmenopausal women. In the present study, female Sprague-Dawley rats were used to establish a menopausal model by oral administration of formestane and to compare the protective effect of resistant starch on lipid metabolism, with or without soybean feed. The resistant starch was found to effectively control body weight and adipose tissue quality, while increasing the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration and lowering the glycerol, triacylglycerols (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations with soybean feed. Equol inhibited the expression of SREBPC1 gene by inhibiting SHP in the liver via transcription factor FXR, thereby inhibiting the synthesis of triglyceride and fatty acid in the liver. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Intake of a certain amount of resistant starch while eating the soy product can better regulate lipid metabolism in menopausal obese rats compared to consumption of resistant starch alone. Studies have shown that resistant starch converts daidzein to Equol by regulating the structure of the intestinal flora and acts as an estrogen in menopausal rats. This research will further expand the health applications of resistant starch and provide useful information for the food industry.