Antibiotic-resistant characteristics and horizontal gene transfer ability analysis of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from giant pandas.

Extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) is regarded as one of the most important priority pathogens within the One Health interface. However, few studies have investigated the occurrence of ESBL-EC in giant pandas, along with their antibiotic-resistant characteristics and horizontal gene transfer abilities. In this study, we successfully identified 12 ESBL-EC strains (8.33%, 12/144) out of 144 E. coli strains which isolated from giant pandas. We further detected antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), virulence-associated genes (VAGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) among the 12 ESBL-EC strains, and the results showed that 13 ARGs and 11 VAGs were detected, of which bla CTX-M (100.00%, 12/12, with 5 variants observed) and papA (83.33%, 10/12) were the most prevalent, respectively. And ISEcp1 (66.67%, 8/12) and IS26 (66.67%, 8/12) were the predominant MGEs. Furthermore, horizontal gene transfer ability analysis of the 12 ESBL-EC showed that all bla CTX-M genes could be transferred by conjugative plasmids, indicating high horizontal gene transfer ability. In addition, ARGs of rmtB and sul2, VAGs of papA, fimC and ompT, MGEs of ISEcp1 and IS26 were all found to be co-transferred with bla CTX-M. Phylogenetic analysis clustered these ESBL-EC strains into group B2 (75.00%, 9/12), D (16.67%, 2/12), and B1 (8.33%, 1/12), and 10 sequence types (STs) were identified among 12 ESBL-EC (including ST48, ST127, ST206, ST354, ST648, ST1706, and four new STs). Our present study showed that ESBL-EC strains from captive giant pandas are reservoirs of ARGs, VAGs and MGEs that can co-transfer with bla CTX-M via plasmids. Transmissible ESBL-EC strains with high diversity of resistance and virulence elements are a potential threat to humans, animals and surrounding environment.

The art of fixing a ticking time bomb: Combined phacoemulsification and amniotic membrane transplantation.

Bleb leakage is a notorious complication of glaucoma filtration surgery which increases the risk of sight-threatening conditions. A 25-year-old female with severe bilateral juvenile open-angle glaucoma was treated for blebitis and exogenous endophthalmitis secondary to chronic bleb leak after undergoing XEN implantation, followed by multiple rounds of bleb needling, and augmented trabeculectomy. In the right eye, visual acuity was hand movement with cataract, intraocular pressure was 6 mmHg and the bleb was large, highly elevated from 10 to 1 o'clock, avascular, thin wall, and cystic with leaking points. Combined surgery of low-setting phacoemulsification and amniotic membrane transplantation without excising and manipulating the bleb was performed in the same setting. At postoperative 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year, her right vision had improved to 6/24, and the intraocular pressure was 12-14 mmHg, and the bleb leakage had resolved. This successful treatment was accomplished by maintaining the bleb's viability, preventing additional injury, and promoting wound healing.

Evaluation of the activity and mechanisms of oregano essential oil against PRV in vivo and in vitro.

BACKGROUND: The Pseudorabies Virus (PRV) leading to pseudorabies and causes huge economic losses in pig industry. The development of novel PRV variations has diminished the efficacy of traditional vaccinations, and there is yet no medication that can stop the spread of PRV infection. Therefore, PRV eradication is challenging. Oregano essential oil, the plant-based ingredient for medication feed have been shown to has strong anti-herpesvirus activity, but no anti-PRV function has been reported. RESULTS: The current study assessed the anti-pseudorabies virus (PRV) activity of oregano essential oil and explored its mechanisms and most effective components against PRV. Our in vivo findings demonstrated that oregano essential oil could decrease the PRV load in tissues, mitigate tissue lesions, and enhance the survival rate of mice. The potential antiviral mechanism involves augmenting humoral and cellular immune responses in PRV-infected mice. To further investigate the most effective components of oregano essential oil against PRV, an in vitro study was conducted, revealing that oregano essential oil and its main constituents, carvacrol and thymol, all diminished PRV intracellular proliferation in vitro. Carvacrol exhibited the most potent anti-PRV effect, serving as the primary contributor to oregano essential oil's anti-PRV activity. The mechanisms underlying carvacrol's anti-PRV properties include the upregulation of cytokines TNF-α, IFN-ß, IFN-γ, IL-12, and the inhibition of PRV-induced apoptosis in BHK-21 cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides an effective drug for the prevention and control of PRV infection.

Construction of pan-cancer regulatory networks based on causal inference.

The pan-cancer initiative aims to study the origin patterns of cancer cell, the processes of carcinogenesis, and the signaling pathways from a perspective that spans across different types of cancer. The construction of the pan-cancer related gene regulatory network is helpful to excavate the commonalities in regulatory relationships among different types of cancers. It also aids in understanding the mechanisms behind cancer occurrence and development, which is of great scientific significance for cancer prevention and treatment. In light of the high dimension and large sample size of pan-cancer omics data, a causal pan-cancer gene regulation network inference algorithm based on stochastic complexity is proposed. With the network construction strategy of local first and then global, the stochastic complexity is used in the conditional independence test and causal direction inference for the candidate adjacent node set of the target nodes. This approach aims to decrease the time complexity and error rate of causal network learning. By applying this algorithm to the sample data of seven types of cancers in the TCGA database, including breast cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, and so on, the pan-cancer related causal regulatory networks are constructed, and their biological significance is verified. The experimental results show that this algorithm can eliminate the redundant regulatory relationships effectively and infer the pan-cancer regulatory network more accurately (https://github.com/LindeEugen/CNI-SC).

Sialic Acids Blockade-Based Chemo-Immunotherapy Featuring Cancer Cell Chemosensitivity and Antitumor Immune Response Synergies.

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has significantly improved the prognosis of patients with cancer, although the majority of such patients achieve low response rates; consequently, new therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. The upregulation of sialic acid-containing glycans is a common characteristic of cancer-related glycosylation, which drives disease progression and immune escape via numerous pathways. Herein, the development of self-assembled core-shell nanoscale coordination polymer nanoparticles loaded with a sialyltransferase inhibitor, referred to as NCP-STI which effectively stripped diverse sialoglycans from cancer cells, providing an antibody-independent pattern to disrupt the emerging Siglec-sialic acid glyco-immune checkpoint is reported. Furthermore, NCP-STI inhibits sialylation of the concentrated nucleoside transporter 1 (CNT1), promotes the intracellular accumulation of anticancer agent gemcitabine (Gem), and enhances Gem-induced immunogenic cell death (ICD). As a result, the combination of NCP-STI and Gem (NCP-STI/Gem) evokes a robust antitumor immune response and exhibits superior efficacy in restraining the growth of multiple murine tumors and pulmonary metastasis. Collectively, the findings demonstrate a novel form of small molecule-based chemo-immunotherapy approach which features sialic acids blockade that enables cooperative effects of cancer cell chemosensitivity and antitumor immune responses for cancer treatment.

Histopathology and transcriptome profiling reveal features of immune responses in gills and intestine induced by Spring viremia of carp virus.

The immune system of bony fish closely resembles that of mammals, comprising both specific (adaptive) and non-specific (innate) components. Notably, the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) serves as the first line of defense within the non-specific immune system, playing a critical role in protecting these aquatic organisms against invading pathogens. MALT encompasses a network of immune cells strategically distributed throughout the gills and intestines, forming an integral part of the mucosal barrier that interfaces directly with the surrounding aquatic environment. Spring Viremia of Carp Virus（SVCV）, a highly pathogenic agent causing substantial harm to common carp populations, has been designated as a Class 2 animal disease by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China. Utilizing a comprehensive array of research techniques, including Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE)、Alcian Blue Periodic Acid-Schiff (AB-PAS)、transcriptome analysis for global gene expression profiling and Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR), this study uncovered several key findings: SVCV is capable of compromising the mucosal architecture in the gill and intestinal tissues of carp, and stimulate the proliferation of mucous cells both in gill and intestinal tissues. Critically, the study revealed that SVCV's invasion elicits a robust response from the carp's mucosal immune system, demonstrating the organism's capacity to resist SVCV invasion despite the challenges posed by the pathogen.

Identification of TonB-dependent siderophore receptor inhibitors against Flavobacterium columnare using a structure-based high-throughput virtual screening method.

TonB-dependent siderophore receptors play a critical transport role for Flavobacterium columnare virulence formation and growth, and have become valuable targets for the development of novel antimicrobial agents. Traditional Chinese medicine has demonstrated notable efficacy in the treatment of fish diseases and includes potential antibacterial agents. Herein, we performed molecular docking-based virtual screening to discover novel TonB-dependent siderophore receptor inhibitors from traditional Chinese medicine and provide information for developing novel antibacterial agents. Firstly, we efficiently obtained 11 potential inhibitors with desirable drug-like characteristics from thousands of compounds in the TCM library based on virtual screening and property prediction. The antibacterial activity of Enoxolone, along with its interaction characteristics, were determined via an MIC assay and molecular dynamic simulation. Transcriptional profiling, along with validation experiments, subsequently revealed that an insufficient uptake of iron ions by bacteria upon binding to the TonB-dependent siderophore receptors is the antibacterial mechanism of Enoxolone. Finally, Enoxolone's acceptable toxicity was illustrated through immersion experiments. In summary, we have used virtual screening techniques for the first time in the development of antimicrobial agents in aquaculture. Through this process, we have identified Enoxolone as a promising compound targeting the TonB-dependent siderophore receptor of F. columnare. In addition, our findings will provide new ideas for the advancement of innovative antimicrobial medications in aquaculture.

Preparation and evaluation of microencapsulated delivery system of recombinant interferon alpha protein from rainbow trout.

Diseases caused by viruses pose a significant risk to the health of aquatic animals, for which there are presently no efficacious remedies. Interferon (IFN) serving as an antiviral agent, is frequently employed in clinical settings. Due to the unique living conditions of aquatic animals, traditional injection of interferon is cumbersome, time-consuming and labor-intensive. This study aimed to prepare IFN microcapsules through emulsion technique by using resistant starch (RS) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS). Optimization was achieved using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) response surface technique, followed by the creation of microcapsules through emulsification. With RS at a concentration of 1.27 %, a water­oxygen ratio of 3.3:7.4, CaCl2 at 13.67 %, CMCS at 1.04 %, the rate of encapsulation can escalate to 80.92 %. Rainbow trout infected with Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and common carp infected with Spring vireemia (SVCV) exhibited a relative survival rate (RPS) of 65 % and 60 % after treated with IFN microcapsules, respectively. Moreover, the microcapsules effectively reduced the serum AST levels and enhanced the expression of IFNα, IRF3, ISG15, MX1, PKR and Viperin in IHNV-infected rainbow trout and SVCV-infected carp. In conclusion, this integrated IFN microcapsule showed potential as an antiviral agent for treatment of viral diseases in aquaculture.

Exploitation of multiple host-derived nutrients by the yellow catfish epidermal environment facilitates Vibrio mimicus to sustain infection potency and susceptibility.

Infection with Vibrio mimicus in the Siluriformes has demonstrated a rapid and high infectivity and mortality rate, distinct from other hosts. Our earlier investigations identified necrosis, an inflammatory storm, and tissue remodeling as crucial pathological responses in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) infected with V. mimicus. The objective of this study was to further elucidate the impact linking these pathological responses within the host during V. mimicus infection. Employing metabolomics and transcriptomics, we uncovered infection-induced dense vacuolization of perimysium; Several genes related to nucleosidase and peptidase activities were significantly upregulated in the skin and muscles of infected fish. Concurrently, the translation processes of host cells were impaired. Further investigation revealed that V. mimicus completes its infection process by enhancing its metabolism, including the utilization of oligopeptides and nucleotides. The high susceptibility of yellow catfish to V. mimicus infection was associated with the composition of its body surface, which provided a microenvironment rich in various nucleotides such as dIMP, dAMP, deoxyguanosine, and ADP, in addition to several amino acids and peptides. Some of these metabolites significantly boost V. mimicus growth and motility, thus influencing its biological functions. Furthermore, we uncovered an elevated expression of gangliosides on the surface of yellow catfish, aiding V. mimicus adhesion and increasing its infection risk. Notably, we observed that the skin and muscles of yellow catfish were deficient in over 25 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as Eicosapentaenoic acid, 12-oxo-ETE, and 13-Oxo-ODE. These substances play a role in anti-inflammatory mechanisms, possibly contributing to the immune dysregulation observed in yellow catfish. In summary, our study reveals a host immune deviation phenomenon that promotes bacterial colonization by increasing nutrient supply. It underscores the crucial factors rendering yellow catfish highly susceptible to V. mimicus, indicating that host nutritional sources not only enable the establishment and maintenance of infection within the host but also aid bacterial survival under immune pressure, ultimately completing its lifecycle.

Identification of potential anti-tumor targets and mechanisms of HuaChanSu injection using network pharmacology and cytological experiments in Breast cancer.

HuaChanSu (HCS) or Cinobufacini injection is an aqueous extract of the dried skin of Bufo bufo gargarigans, and has anti-tumor effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible therapeutic effect of HCS against breast cancer (BRCA) using cytology, network pharmacology, and molecular biology approaches. The half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) of HCS in the BRCA cells was determined by cytotoxicity assay, and were accordingly treated with high and low doses HCS in the TUNEL and scratch assays. The potential targets of HCS in the BRCA cells were identified through functional enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, and verified by molecular docking. The expression levels of key signaling pathways-related proteins in HCS-treated BRCA cells by western blotting. HCS inhibited the proliferation and migration of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we screened 289 core HCS targets against BRCA, which were primarily enriched in the PI3K-AKT, MAPK chemokines, and other. signaling pathways. In addition, PIK3CA, PIK3CD, and MTOR were confirmed as HCS targets by molecular docking. Consistent with this, we observed a reduction in the expression levels of phosphorylated PI3K, AKT, and MTOR in the HCS-treated BRCA cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that HCS inhibits the growth of BRCA cells by targeting the PI3K-AKT pathway, and warrants further investigation as a therapeutic agent for treating patients with BRCA.

A novel ESIPT fluorescent probe for early detection and assessment of ferroptosis-mediated acute kidney injury via peroxynitrite fluctuation.

BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) poses a severe risk to public health, mostly manifested by damage and death of renal tubular epithelial cells. However, routine blood examination, a conventional approach for clinical detection of AKI, is not available for identifying early-stage AKI. Plenty of reported methods were lack of early biomarkers and real time evaluation tools, which resulted in a vital challenge for early diagnosis of AKI. Therefore, developing novel probes for early detection and assessment of AKI is exceedingly crucial. RESULTS: Based on ESIPT mechanism, a new fluorescent probe (MEO-NO) with 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl) benzothiazole (HBT) derivatives as fluorophore has been synthesized for dynamic imaging peroxynitrite (ONOO-) levels in ferroptosis-mediated AKI. Upon the addition of ONOO-, MEO-NO exhibited obvious fluorescence changes, a significant Stokes shift (130 nm) and rapid response (approximately 45 s), and featured exceptional sensitivity (LOD = 7.28 nM) as well as high selectivity from the competitive species at physiological pH. In addition, MEO-NO was conducive to the biological depth imaging ONOO- in cells, zebrafish, and mice. Importantly, MEO-NO could monitor ONOO- levels during sorafenib-induced ferroptosis and CP-induced AKI. With the assistance of MEO-NO, we successfully visualized and tracked ONOO- variations for early detection and assessment of ferroptosis-mediated AKI in cells, zebrafish and mice models. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY: Benefiting from the superior performance of MEO-NO, experimental results further demonstrated that the levels of ONOO- was overexpressed during ferroptosis-mediated AKI in cells, zebrafish, and mice models. The developed novel probe MEO-NO provided a strong visualization tool for imagining ONOO-, which might be a potential method for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of ferroptosis-mediated AKI.

circular RNA circ-231 promotes protein biogenesis of TPI1 and PRDX6 through mediating the interaction of eIF4A3 with STAU1 to facilitate unwinding of secondary structure in 5' UTR, enhancing progression of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

Background: The nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC)-dependent translation (CT) is an important initial translation pathway for 5'-cap-dependent translation in normal mammal cells. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A-III (eIF4A3), as an RNA helicase, is recruited to CT complex and enhances CT efficiency through participating in unwinding of secondary structure in the 5' UTR. However, the detailed mechanism for eIF4A3 implicated in unwinding of secondary structure in the 5' UTR in normal mammal cells is still unclear. Specially, we need to investigate whether the kind of mechanism in normal mammal cells extrapolates to cancer cells, e.g. ESCC, and further interrogate whether and how the mechanism triggers malignant phenotype of ESCC, which are important for identifying a potential therapeutic target for patients with ESCC. Methods: Bioinformatics analysis, RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA pulldown assays were performed to detect the interaction of circular RNA circ-231 with eIF4A3. In vitro and in vivo assays were performed to detect biological roles of circ-231 in ESCC. RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA pulldown, mass spectrometry analysis and co-immunoprecipitation assays were used to measure the interaction of circ-231, eIF4A3 and STAU1 in HEK293T and ESCC. In vitro EGFP reporter and 5' UTR of mRNA pulldown assays were performed to probe for the binding of circ-231, eIF4A3 and STAU1 to secondary structure of 5' UTR. Results: RNA immunoprecipitation assays showed that circ-231 interacted with eIF4A3 in HEK293T and ESCC. Further study confirmed that circ-231 orchestrated with eIF4A3 to control protein expression of TPI1 and PRDX6, but not for mRNA transcripts. The in-depth mechanism study uncovered that both circ-231 and eIF4A3 were involved in unwinding of secondary structure in 5' UTR of TPI1 and PRDX6. More importantly, circ-231 promoted the interaction between eIF4A3 and STAU1. Intriguingly, both circ-231 and eIF4A3 were dependent on STAU1 binding to secondary structure in 5' UTR. Biological function assays revealed that circ-231 promoted the migration and proliferation of ESCC via TPI1 and PRDX6. In ESCC, the up-regulated expression of circ-231 was observed and patients with ESCC characterized by higher expression of circ-231 have concurrent lymph node metastasis, compared with control. Conclusions: Our data unravels the detailed mechanism by which STAU1 binds to secondary structure in 5' UTR of mRNAs and recruits eIF4A3 through interacting with circ-231 and thereby eIF4A3 is implicated in unwinding of secondary structure, which is common to HEK293T and ESCC. However, importantly, our data reveals that circ-231 promotes migration and proliferation of ESCC and the up-regulated circ-231 greatly correlates with tumor lymph node metastasis, insinuating that circ-231 could be a therapeutic target and an indicator of risk of lymph node metastasis for patients with ESCC.

Corrigendum: Transcriptome reveals the role of the htpG gene in mediating antibiotic resistance through cell envelope modulation in Vibrio mimicus SCCF01.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1295065.].

Effects of meloxicam on the welfare of Holstein calves from 6 weeks to 6 months old undergoing amputation dehorning.

Amputation dehorning (AD) is a common practice performed on calves, causing harmful effects such as pain, distress, anxiety, and fear. These effects extend to behavioral, physiological, and hematological responses, prompting serious ethical concerns regarding animal welfare, even when performed with local anesthesia. Meloxicam, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has been widely used to mitigate the side effects of dehorning and disbudding in calves. However, there is a notable gap in research regarding the effects of meloxicam on calves aged 6 wk to 6 mo undergoing AD procedures. This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of co-administering meloxicam with lidocaine, a cornual nerve anesthetic, in alleviating the adverse effects caused by the AD procedure in calves within this age range, compared with the use of lidocaine alone. Thirty Holstein calves were enrolled and randomly divided into 2 groups. The first group received a subcutaneous injection of 5 mL of lidocaine in the horn area and a subcutaneous injection of 0.9% saline at a dose of 0.025 mL/kg in the neck, administered 10 min before the AD procedure. The second group received a combination of lidocaine and meloxicam: a subcutaneous injection of 5 mL of lidocaine in the horn area and a subcutaneous injection of 20 mg/mL meloxicam at a dose of 0.025 mL/kg in the neck, also administered 10 min before the AD procedure. To avoid subjective bias, the researchers were blinded to the treatment groups. Pain-related behaviors, including tail flicking, head shaking, ear flicking, head rubbing, head crossing bar, and kicking, were observed, and physiological parameters, including heart rate, rectal temperature, respiration rate, mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT), daily active steps, and food intake were monitored. Hematological conditions were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and routine blood tests. The data were processed using a generalized linear mixed model. The outcomes demonstrated that the AD procedure increased the frequencies of ear flicking and resulted in rises in the respiration rate, heart rate, rectal temperature, and daily active steps. It also led to decreases in total food intake, forage intake, hay intake, MNT, and increased concentrations of prostaglandin E2 (PgE2), IL-1ß, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde, as well as glutathione peroxidase activity. However, calves that received meloxicam treatment showed significant improvements in response to the AD procedure, including lower respiration rates, heart rates, and rectal temperatures; higher MNT; and lower intermediate cell ratio. They also had higher red blood counts, hemoglobin levels, hematocrit values; larger mean platelet volumes; and lower concentrations of PgE2, IL-1ß, TNF-α, and NO. These results suggest that co-administration of lidocaine and meloxicam may aid in mitigating the adverse effects induced by the AD procedure on these calves, thereby supporting the use of meloxicam in conjunction with a local anesthetic in AD procedures for calves aged 6 wk to 6 mo.

The cAMP Receptor Protein (CRP) of Vibrio mimicus Regulates Its Bacterial Growth, Type II Secretion System, Flagellum Formation, Adhesion Genes, and Virulence.

Vibrio mimicus is a serious pathogen in aquatic animals, resulting in significant economic losses. The cAMP receptor protein (CRP) often acts as a central regulator in highly pathogenic pathogens. V. mimicus SCCF01 is a highly pathogenic strain isolated from yellow catfish; the crp gene deletion strain (Δcrp) was constructed by natural transformation to determine whether this deletion affects the virulence phenotypes. Their potential molecular connections were revealed by qRT-PCR analysis. Our results showed that the absence of the crp gene resulted in bacterial and colony morphological changes alongside decreases in bacterial growth, hemolytic activity, biofilm formation, enzymatic activity, motility, and cell adhesion. A cell cytotoxicity assay and animal experiments confirmed that crp contributes to V. mimicus pathogenicity, as the LD50 of the Δcrp strain was 73.1-fold lower compared to the WT strain. Moreover, qRT-PCR analysis revealed the inhibition of type II secretion system genes, flagellum genes, adhesion genes, and metalloproteinase genes in the deletion strain. This resulted in the virulence phenotype differences described above. Together, these data demonstrate that the crp gene plays a core regulatory role in V. mimicus virulence and pathogenicity.

Injectable Self-Healing Oxidized Starch/Gelatin Hybrid Hydrogel for Preventing Aseptic Loosening of Bone Tissue Engineering.

Aseptic loosening presents a formidable challenge within the realm of bone tissue engineering, playing a pivotal role in the occurrence of joint replacement failures. The development of therapeutic materials characterized by an optimal combination of mechanical properties and biocompatibility is imperative to ensure the enduring functionality of bone implants over extended periods. In this context, this study introduced an injectable, temperature-sensitive irisin/oxidized starch/gelatin hybrid hydrogel (I-OG) system. The hierarchical cross-linked structure endows the I-OG hydrogel with controlled and adjustable physical and chemical properties, making it easy to adapt to different clinical environments. This hydrogel exhibits satisfactory injectable properties, excellent biocompatibility, and good temperature sensitivity. The sol-gel point of the I-OG hydrogel, close to the body temperature, allows it to cushion the shaking of the implant and maintain an intact state during compression of bone tissue. Significantly, the I-OG hydrogel effectively filled the gap between the implant and bone tissue, successfully inhibiting aseptic loosening induced by titanium particles, a result that confirmed the slow release of the irisin protein from the gel. Collectively, the findings from this study strongly support the proposition that functional hydrogels, typified by the I-OG system, hold substantial promise as an accessible and efficient treatment strategy for mitigating aseptic loosening.

Microbiome analysis reveals the intestinal microbiota characteristics and potential impact of Procambarus clarkii.

The intestinal microbiota interacts with the host and plays an important role in the immune response, digestive physiology, and regulation of body functions. In addition, it is also well documented that the intestinal microbiota of aquatic animals are closely related to their growth rate. However, whether it resulted in different sizes of crayfish in the rice-crayfish coculture model remained vague. Here, we analyzed the intestinal microbiota characteristics of crayfish of three sizes in the same typical rice-crayfish coculture field by high-throughput sequencing technology combined with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and enzyme activity, investigating the relationship between intestinal microbiota in crayfish and water and sediments. The results showed that the dominant intestinal microbiota of crayfish was significantly different between the large size group (BS), normal size group (NS), and small size group (SS), where Bacteroides and Candidatus_Bacilloplasma contributed to the growth of crayfish by facilitating food digestion through cellulolysis, which might be one of the potential factors affecting the difference in sizes. Follow-up experiments confirmed that the activity of lipase (LPS) and protease was higher in BS, and the relative expression of development-related genes, including alpha-amylase (α-AMY), myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2a (MEF2a), glutathione reductase (GR), chitinase (CHI), and ecdysone receptor (EcR), in BS was significantly higher than that in SS. These findings revealed the intestinal microbiota characteristics of crayfish of different sizes and their potential impact on growth, which is valuable for managing and manipulating the intestinal microbiota in crayfish to achieve high productivity in practice. KEY POINTS: • Significant differences in the dominant microflora of BS, NS, and SS in crayfish. • Cellulolysis might be a potential factor affecting different sizes in crayfish. • Adding Bacteroides and Candidatus_Bacilloplasma helped the growth of crayfish.

Identification, characterization and the inflammatory regulating effect of NOD1/2 in sturgeon.

As an ancient species with both conservation and commercial value, Sturgeon's inflammatory regulation mechanism is a research point. Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-containing proteins 1 and 2 (NOD1/2) are classical intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in immunity of anti-bacterial infection. However, the characterization and function of NOD1/2 in Sturgeon are still unclear. In this study, we analyzed the synteny relationship of NOD1/2 genes between Acipenser ruthenus and representative fishes at the genome-level. Results showed that the ArNOD2 collinear genes pair was present in all representative fishes. The duplicated ArNOD1/2 genes were under purifying selection during evolution as indicated by their Ka/Ks values. To explore the function of NOD1/2, we further investigated their expression patterns and the effects of pathogenic infection, PAMPs treatment, and siRNA interference in Acipenser baerii, the sibling species of A. ruthenus. Results showed that both AbNOD1/2 were expressed at early developmental stages and in different tissues. Pathogenic infection in vivo and PAMPs treatment in vitro demonstrated that AbNOD1/2 could respond to pathogen stimulation. siRNA interference with AbNOD1/2 inhibited expression levels of RIPK2 and inflammatory cytokines compared to the control group after iE-DAP or MDP treatment. This study hinted that the AbNOD1/2 could stimulate the inflammatory cytokines response during evolutionary processes.