First description of a primary esophageal histiocytic sarcoma in a dog.

An 11-year-old male Schnauzer dog was referred for investigation of cough and regurgitation of one month duration and gradual hyporexia for the previous five months. Complete blood count showed severe leukocytosis. On ventrodorsal and lateral thoracic radiographs a soft tissue mass was visible in the craniodorsal mediastinum. Endoscopy showed esophageal dilatation and an irregular, nodular, friable, exophytic mass in the thoracic esophagus, which was invasive, vascularized and had ulcerated areas. The mass occluded approximately 90% of the esophageal lumen. The mucosa in the orad portion of the thoracic esophagus was pale and the aborad portion was hyperemic (red) with hemorrhages. The mucosa of the cervical and abdominal esophagus was macroscopically unremarkeble. Multiple biopsies using endoscopic cup biopsy forceps were taken from the mass for histopathologic analysis and a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy was performed. Histopathologic analysis of the biopsy samples was inconclusive due to the marked necrosis. The poor clinical condition of the dog precluded a more invasive approach, and palliative and supportive treatment was continued. After 100 days of follow-up, clinical signs worsened, and that day the dog had a fatal cardiac arrest due to aspiration pneumonia and sepsis. Postmortem examination showed a multilobulated mass in the esophageal wall with infiltration into the overlying esophageal mucosa and pulmonary and renal metastases. Histological examination revealed a poorly differentiated sarcoma. On immunohistochemical examination, the neoplastic cells showed marked cytoplasmic staining for vimentin and Iba-1. The proliferative rate was approximately 30% by Ki-67. Histological and immunohistochemical examination revealed the esophageal mass to be a primary histiocytic sarcoma. Histiocytic sarcoma is an extremely rare primary esophageal neoplasm in humans, and so far, there is no description in dogs. To the best of the authors knowledge this is the first case of primary esophageal histiocytic sarcoma in dogs. The clinical information reported here should improve recognition and aid in diagnosis of future cases.

Psoralges libertus mite infestation in Tamandua tetradactyla: a 127-year gap in the literature due to scarcity of reports.

This study addresses the report of Psoralges libertus mite infestations in Southern Tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla) after a 127-year gap in the literature, detailing clinical conditions, histopathological findings, and mite identification via morphology. The research broadens our understanding of mite habitats, highlighting challenges in managing parasitic health in free-ranging and captive animals. It underscores the importance of ongoing surveillance for conservation and public health, including potential zoonotic concerns. A P. libertus report in T. tetradactyla after over a century highlights the scarcity of publications on mite-induced mange in this mammalian species. Investigating potential P. libertus' impacts on tamanduas' well-being necessitates further research, particularly regarding pathogenicity, agent epidemiology, and host interaction. This study enhances our comprehension of parasite-host interactions and their relevance to wildlife conservation.

A randomised, double-blinded trial to assess the effect of oclacitinib and prednisolone on intradermal allergen and prick tests in dogs with atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Intradermal (IDT) and prick (PT) tests are used to select allergens for allergen-specific immunotherapy in dogs with atopic dermatitis (cAD). However, the use of antipruritic drugs before performing these tests may influence the results. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of the drugs oclacitinib and prednisolone on the immediate-phase reactions of IDT and PT. ANIMALS: Thirty client-owned dogs with cAD with positive reactions to at least one allergen extract on IDT or PT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dogs were randomly assigned to receive oclacitinib 0.4-0.58 mg/kg per os, every 12 h (n = 14), or prednisolone 0.37-0.65 mg/kg p.o., every 12 h (n = 16) for 14 days. IDT and PT were performed on Day (D)0 before treatment and on D14. RESULTS: At D14 there was no significant reduction in the means of the orthogonal diameters of the positive immediate-phase reactions of the IDT (p = 0.064) in the oclacitinib group; however, in the PT, the diameter of the positive reactions reduced significantly (p = 0.048). In both tests, there was no significant reduction in the total number of positive reactions (IDT, p > 0.999; PT, p = 0.735). In the prednisolone group, the means of the orthogonal diameters of positive immediate-phase reactions were significantly reduced in both tests (IDT, p = 0.001; PT, p ≤ 0.001) and there also was a reduction in the total number of positive reactions (IDT, p = 0.022; PT, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The use of oclacitinib 0.4-0.58 mg/kg twice daily for 14 days does not interfere with IDT results in dogs with cAD. However, oclacitinib may reduce PT reactivity. The use of prednisolone 0.37-0.65 mg/kg twice daily results in a reduction in both IDT and PT results.

Presence of Gastrointestinal Paraneoplastic Syndrome at Diagnosis in Dogs With Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors and Its Influence on Disease-Free Interval and Survival.

Paraneoplastic syndrome (PNS) is a combination of signs unrelated to the physical presence of a tumor and/or its metastases. Its presence may result in poorer clinical outcomes and prognosis. Gastrointestinal ulceration is a well-known PNS in animals with cutaneous MCT. This retrospective study analyzed the occurrence of gastrointestinal (GI) PNS at the time of diagnosis. Using medical records, we attempted to correlate the occurrence of these GI signs with clinical and histologic criteria, as well as to evaluate their influence on the disease-free interval (DFI) and survival (ST) over a 6-year follow-up period (2013-2020). The medical records of 41 dogs with a confirmed diagnosis of cutaneous MCT treated between 2013 and 2014 were included. All dogs underwent surgical biopsy or tumor excision, endoscopic and histologic examination to evaluate possible GI lesions. The presence and severity of GI signs were recorded. Clinical data such as the history of recurrence, number of tumors, tumor size, presence of ulceration, local pruritus, edema and erythema, histopathological classification, and mitotic index were extracted from medical records. Clinical signs relating to the GI system were observed in 41.5% of the dogs and were classified as mild in 94.1% at the time of diagnosis. Endoscopic examination of the upper digestive tract showed evidence of inflammation, but histologic examination of the mucosa showed no serious lesions in any case. There was no significant association between the occurrence of clinical GI signs and any of the variables studied. Follow-up issues meant that only 38 dogs were included for evaluation of the ST and 32 for DFI analysis. DFI was 25.1 months for dogs with GI signs and 14.8 months for dogs without GI signs. At the end of the study, 71.1% of patients had died. Survival time for dogs with GI signs was 54.9 months and 48 months for dogs without GI signs. Over the 6 years of the study, no differences were observed between the ST and the DFI, and the presence or absence of GI PNS at the time of diagnosis.

COPD: Providing the right treatment for the right patient at the right time.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a common disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality that is both preventable and treatable. However, a major challenge in recognizing, preventing, and treating COPD is understanding its complexity. While COPD has historically been characterized as a disease defined by airflow limitation, we now understand it as a multi-component disease with many clinical phenotypes, systemic manifestations, and associated co-morbidities. Evidence is rapidly emerging in our understanding of the many factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of COPD and the identification of "early" or "pre-COPD" which should provide exciting opportunities for early treatment and disease modification. In addition to breakthroughs in our understanding of the origins of COPD, we are optimizing treatment strategies and delivery of care that are showing impressive benefits in patient-centered outcomes and healthcare utilization. This special issue of Respiratory Medicine, "COPD: Providing the Right Treatment for the Right Patient at the Right Time" is a summary of the proceedings of a conference held in Stresa, Italy in April 2022 that brought together international experts to discuss emerging evidence in COPD and Pulmonary Rehabilitation in honor of a distinguished friend and colleague, Claudio Ferdinando Donor (1948-2021). Claudio was a true pioneer in the field of pulmonary rehabilitation and the comprehensive care of individuals with COPD. He held numerous leadership roles in in the field, provide editorial stewardship of several respiratory journals, authored numerous papers, statement and guidelines in COPD and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, and provided mentorship to many in our field. Claudio's most impressive talent was his ability to organize spectacular conferences and symposia that highlighted cutting edge science and clinical medicine. It is in this spirit that this conference was conceived and planned. These proceedings are divided into 4 sections which highlight crucial areas in the field of COPD: (1) New concepts in COPD pathogenesis; (2) Enhancing outcomes in COPD; (3) Non-pharmacologic management of COPD; and (4) Optimizing delivery of care for COPD. These presentations summarize the newest evidence in the field and capture lively discussion on the exciting future of treating this prevalent and impactful disease. We thank each of the authors for their participation and applaud their efforts toward pushing the envelope in our understanding of COPD and optimizing care for these patients. We believe that this edition is a most fitting tribute to a dear colleague and friend and will prove useful to students, clinicians, and researchers as they continually strive to provide the right treatment for the right patient at the right time. It has been our pleasure and a distinct honor to serve as editors and oversee such wonderful scholarly work.

Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis due to Familial Myelodysplastic Syndrome with resolution after stem cell transplant.

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare lung disease with an incidence of 0.2 cases per million. PAP has multiple causes, including autoimmune, hereditary, congenital, or secondary. The latter includes hematologic conditions and exposure to different kinds of dust. Most patients present fever, dyspnea, and cough. The chest computed tomography (CT) may reveal the crazy-paving polygonal shapes with superimposed ground glass opacities delimited by thickened interlobular septa; however, this finding is more prevalent in patients with autoimmune PAP. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) shows a milky-opaque appearance with PAS-positive debris on cytology. Treatment is focused on the underlying disease; however, some patients may require whole lung lavage for symptomatic management. We report a case of a 30-year-old female with a history of familial myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with GATA 2 mutation who presented to the outpatient clinic with several months of progressive dyspnea and nonproductive cough. The chest CT revealed bilateral ground-glass opacities prominently in the upper lobes. She underwent a bronchoscopy with lavage and biopsy, which revealed fragments of lung parenchyma with intra-alveolar coarse granular eosinophilic material strongly positive for PAS and d-PAS. The overall clinical presentation and histologic findings were diagnostic of PAP. Her GM-CSF was negative, and due to her history of MDS, secondary PAP (S-PAP) was strongly suspected. She underwent a successful allogeneic bone marrow pluripotent stem cell transplant to treat the myelodysplastic syndrome, with a follow-up chest CT showing clear lung parenchyma. The patient had resolution of symptoms about four months after the bone marrow transplant, confirming the diagnosis of S-PAP.

Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of Canine Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mast Cell Tumors.

Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are hematopoietic neoplasms composed of mast cells. It is highly common in dogs and is extremely important in the veterinary oncology field. It represents the third most common tumor subtype, and is the most common malignant skin tumor in dogs, corresponding to 11% of skin cancer cases. The objective of this critical review was to present the report of the 2nd Consensus meeting on the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of Canine Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mast Cell Tumors, which was organized by the Brazilian Association of Veterinary Oncology (ABROVET) in August 2021. The most recent information on cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs is presented and discussed.

Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis due to Familial Myelodysplastic Syndrome with resolution after stem cell transplant

ABSTRACT Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare lung disease with an incidence of 0.2 cases per million. PAP has multiple causes, including autoimmune, hereditary, congenital, or secondary. The latter includes hematologic conditions and exposure to different kinds of dust. Most patients present fever, dyspnea, and cough. The chest computed tomography (CT) may reveal the crazy-paving polygonal shapes with superimposed ground glass opacities delimited by thickened interlobular septa; however, this finding is more prevalent in patients with autoimmune PAP. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) shows a milky-opaque appearance with PAS-positive debris on cytology. Treatment is focused on the underlying disease; however, some patients may require whole lung lavage for symptomatic management. We report a case of a 30-year-old female with a history of familial myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with GATA 2 mutation who presented to the outpatient clinic with several months of progressive dyspnea and nonproductive cough. The chest CT revealed bilateral ground-glass opacities prominently in the upper lobes. She underwent a bronchoscopy with lavage and biopsy, which revealed fragments of lung parenchyma with intra-alveolar coarse granular eosinophilic material strongly positive for PAS and d-PAS. The overall clinical presentation and histologic findings were diagnostic of PAP. Her GM-CSF was negative, and due to her history of MDS, secondary PAP (S-PAP) was strongly suspected. She underwent a successful allogeneic bone marrow pluripotent stem cell transplant to treat the myelodysplastic syndrome, with a follow-up chest CT showing clear lung parenchyma. The patient had resolution of symptoms about four months after the bone marrow transplant, confirming the diagnosis of S-PAP.

Evaluation of cardioprotective effects of carvedilol in dogs receiving doxorubicin chemotherapy: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled pilot study.

The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of carvedilol in dogs receiving doxorubicin chemotherapy and provide suggestions to future studies based on results and limitations of our study. Thirteen dogs were randomized into two experimental groups: 6 dogs in carvedilol group and 7 dogs in placebo group. In carvedilol group, 0.39 mg/kg ± 0.04 twice-daily oral carvedilol was started on the day of the first doxorubicin treatment and continued throughout the chemotherapy protocol until the final cardiological evaluation. Cardiological evaluations were performed before the first doxorubicin administration and then 10 to 15 days after each subsequent dose. Troponin I and oxidative stress tests were performed with serum collected from dogs at the initial and final cardiological evaluation. Carvedilol produced some echocardiographic and electrocardiographic changes (reduced E velocity and E/IVRT ratio, as well reduced heart rate and increased PR and QT interval) due to its beta-block effect. In placebo group Doppler study showed a significant increase in mitral flow deceleration time (EDT), as well increased amplitude of the S wave in the right, and R wave in the left, precordial chest leads. There were significant difference in the EDT, E/IVRT and A' velocity, as well heart rate, PR interval and R wave in V4/CV6LU precordial chest lead between groups. In conclusion, some indexes of diastolic function and in precordial chest leads were less affected by doxorubicin in carvedilol than in control group. This suggests that carvedilol may have a beneficial effect in canine cancer patients receiving doxorubicin.

First report of nt230(del4) mutation in the MDR1 gene in German Shepherds in Southern Brazil / Primeiro relato da mutação nt230(del4) no gene MDR1 em Pastores Alemães no Sul do Brasil

ABSTRACT: The P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a transmembrane protein encoded by the MDR1 gene that functions as a biological barrier by extruding toxins and xenobiotics out of cells. The MDR1 gene can carry a mutation called nt230(del4), which is a deletion of four base pairs resulting in the formation of a non-functional protein that may predispose to severe toxicosis, as observed in dogs with sensitivity to ivermectin. Several breeds have been described as carriers of the mutation, including German Shepherds (GS). However, the presence of the mutant allele in this breed has not been described in Brazil. This study aimed to determine the genotypic and allelic frequency of the nt230(del4) mutation in the MDR1 gene in GS from Southern Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 79 GS in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and genotype for the MDR1 gene was performed. Seventy-eight (98.7%) dogs were dominant homozygous genotype (wild) and one (1.3%) was heterozygous. This study showed that there is a low frequency (0.6%) of the mutant allele while the frequency of the wild allele is high (99.4%) in this specific population. This is the first report of the presence of the nt230(del4) mutation in the MDR1 gene in GS in Brazil. This information is important for breeders to prevent dissemination of the mutant allele in the national breeding population and international exchange of animals for breeding; for owners and veterinarians to be aware when dispensing and administering medications for GS dogs in Brazil.

RESUMO: A Glicoproteína-P é uma proteína transmembrana codificada pelo gene MDR1 que atua como uma barreira fisiológica através da extrusão de toxinas e xenobióticos para fora das células. O gene MDR1 pode carregar uma mutação chamada nt230(del4) que é uma deleção de quatro pares de bases, resultando na formação de uma proteína não-funcional que pode predispor à toxicoses graves, como as observadas em cães sensíveis à ivermectina. Diversas raças de cães foram descritas como portadoras da mutação nt230(del4), incluindo Pastores Alemães (PA). Entretanto, a presença do alelo mutante nessa raça não foi descrita em cães no Brasil. O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar a frequência genotípica e alélica da mutação nt230(del4) em PA no sul do Brasil. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de 79 PA no estado do Rio Grande do Sul e o genótipo dos cães para o gene MDR1 realizado. Setenta e oito (98.7%) cães foram homozigotos dominantes (selvagem) e um (1.3%) tinha genótipo heterozigoto. A frequência do alelo mutante foi baixa (0.6%), enquanto a frequência do alelo selvagem foi alta (99.4%) nesta população. Este é o primeiro relato da presença desta mutação nt230(del4) no gene MDR1 em PA no Brasil. Esta informação é importante para criadores a fim de prevenir a disseminação do alelo mutante na população de criadores da raça no Brasil e programas internacionais de troca de animais para criação, para tutores e veterinários estarem conscientes quando prescreverem e administrarem medicações para cães PA no Brasil.

Relationship Between Clinicopathological Features and Prognosis in Appendicular Osteosarcoma in Dogs.

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone neoplasm in dogs and often involves the appendicular skeleton. We report the clinicopathological and prognostic features of appendicular osteosarcomas diagnosed in 153 dogs from 2008 to 2018. The survival data for 22 dogs that underwent surgery and chemotherapy were statistically compared with the clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical data for correlation with prognosis. The affected dogs had a mean age of 9.1 years and a mean body weight of 33.4 kg. No sex predilection was detected, although the incidence was slightly higher in females (52%). Large mixed and purebred dogs were most commonly affected. Long bones were affected in 124 cases (92.5%; 124/134). The extremities affected within long bones were the metaphysis of the proximal humerus (29%), distal radius (17.7%), distal femur (15.3%) and proximal tibia (7.2%). Histologically, osteoblastic osteosarcoma was most commonly detected (56.9%), followed by chondroblastic (13.7%), telangiectatic (11.8%), fibroblastic (7.8%), giant cell-rich (5.2%) and poorly differentiated neoplasms (4.6%). Regional lymph nodes were available for analysis in 28 out of 70 excisional biopsies from amputated entire limbs. Metastases to regional lymph nodes were observed in 14.3% (4/28) of these cases. Distant metastases were found in 75% (39/52) of cases in which diagnostic imaging or necropsy was carried out. The lungs were the most common site of metastasis (87.2%; 34/39 cases). Weight, age, sex, affected limb or bone, histological classification, mitotic count or histological grade did not influence survival (P >0.05). Neoplasms located at proximal extremities (n = 7) of affected limbs had a tendency for a poorer prognosis than those at distal extremities (n = 15) (P = 0.06). For these cases, the 1-year survival rate was 14.3% compared with 40% for neoplasms at distal extremities. There was no significant difference in the survival rate when amputation (n = 16) or limb preservation (n = 6) techniques were employed with chemotherapy (P = 0.20). The survival period of dogs that had undergone limb amputation, or limb preservation surgery, and chemotherapy was 73-1,185 days, with a mean and median of 376 and 256 days, respectively. Mild to marked cytoplasmic immunolabelling of osteopontin was found in all cases but the intensity (P = 0.66) and percentage of neoplastic cells labelled (P = 0.49) did not influence survival.

Canine papillomavirus type 16 associated to squamous cell carcinoma in a dog: virological and pathological findings.

Papillomaviruses (PVs) are circular double-stranded DNA virus belonging to Papillomaviridae family. During the infection cycle, PVs translate proteins that can influence cell growth and differentiation, leading to epidermal hyperplasia and papillomas (warts) or malignant neoplasms. Canis familiaris papillomaviruses (CPVs) have been associated with different lesions, such as oral and cutaneous papillomatosis, pigmented plaques, and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Here, we report a clinical case of a mixed bred female dog with pigmented plaques induced by CPV16 (Chipapillomavirus 2) that progressed to in situ and invasive SCCs. Gross and histological findings were characterized, and the lesions were mainly observed in ventral abdominal region and medial face of the limbs. In situ hybridization (ISH) revealed strong nuclear hybridization signals in the neoplastic epithelial cells, as well as in the keratinocytes and koilocytes of the pigmented viral plaques. The full genome of the CPV16 recovered directly from the lesions was characterized, and the phylogenetic relationships were determined. The identification of oncoprotein genes (E5, E6, and E7) by high throughput sequencing (HTS) and their expected domains are suggestive of the malignant transformation by CPV16.

Is the 'canine surrogacy approach' (CSA) still valid for dogs and humans in market-oriented and subsistence-oriented communities in Brazil?

Based on the assumptions that human food is available for dogs and isotope diet-tissue differences are similar in dogs and humans, the 'canine surrogacy approach' (CSA) has been used to infer patterns of ancient populations. The goal of this study was to test the CSA in urban (Brasília and Piracicaba) and in rural (Ubatuba and Maraã) areas. The hair C and N isotope ratios of modern dogs were compared with those of human fingernails from different regions of Brazil. Our CSA results showed a correlation between dog and human isotopes values: in rural areas δ15N of humans and dogs was not statistically different; contrarily, in urban centres, δ15N of humans was approximately 1 ‰ higher (p < 0.01) than δ15N of dogs; humans had lower δ13C values (p < 0.01) than dogs in Brasília, Piracicaba and Ubatuba. In Maraã, there was not any significant difference between dogs and humans. We concluded that CSA is still valid as a first approach in modern societies. However, isotopic differences found suggest that in modern societies processed dog food is increasingly disconnecting human and dog, jeopardising the use of CSA in the future if the trend of increasing processed dog food consumption continues to occur.

Lung biopsy with guillotine cutting needle and biopsy forceps though transdiaphragmatic thoracoscopy in dogs with pulmonary alterations / Biópsia pulmonar com agulha cortante guilhotinada e pinça de biopsia por toracoscopia transdiafragmática em cães com alterações pulmonares

Lung diseases are common in small animal clinical routine. Diagnosis is usually affected due to nonspecific symptoms. Imaging features such as radiography and chest ultrasound are acceptable screening tests, although lung biopsy can provides a precise diagnosis. Thus thoracoscopy provides a minimally invasive diagnostic assessment for chest diseases and offers the benefits such as improved illumination and magnification of the image when compared with thoracotomy. In this study we evaluated the transdiaphragmatic thoracoscopic-assisted techniques of lung biopsy with a the guillotine cutting needle and biopsy forceps, in dogs presenting radiographic suspicion on pulmonary tumors. Fourteen dogs regardless of breed, gender, age and body weight admitted at the Hospital of Veterinary Clinics (HCV) of the Veterinary College (FAVET) of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), were assessed. Inclusion criteria were presence of nodules on chest radiography and triage tests without changes that could hinder general anesthesia and surgical approach. The animals were positioned in dorsal recumbence and two thoracoscopic ports were established: the first port for working instruments; the second paraxyphoid port for the telescope. Three samples were collected using each sampling method from each lesion or from tumors macroscopically similar whenever their size was less than one centimeter. The samples were sent for histopathological examination in the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of FAVET/UFRGS. Surgical time was recorded from first incision to wound closure and surgical complications were reported. The dogs were evaluated for the presence of subcutaneous emphysema, hematoma, seroma, local infection and dehiscence. No conversion to open surgery was necessary during the thoracoscopic procedure in any patient. Thoracoscopic assisted biopsy using guillotine needle and biopsy forceps was a safe and fast technique, without perioperative complications. Both devices provided good quality samples for histopathological analysis of lung abnormalities. However the cutting guillotine needle was more efficient especially in larger pulmonary nodules. The transdiaphragmatic access provided optimal approach for both hemithoraces.(AU)

As afecções pulmonares são comuns na rotina clínica de pequenos animais, todavia, por apresentarem sintomas inespecíficos, muitas vezes o diagnóstico dessas doenças torna-se limitado. Recursos de imagem como a radiografia e a ultrassonografia torácica são válidos como exames de triagem, mas somente a biopsia pulmonar pode possibilitar um diagnóstico específico da doença. A toracoscopia fornece um meio minimamente invasivo de diagnóstico para as doenças torácicas e oferece os benefícios de melhor iluminação e ampliação da imagem, quando comparado com a toracotomia. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as técnicas de biópsia pulmonar por meio da agulha cortante guilhotinada e da pinça de biopsia, guiadas por toracoscopia, pelo acesso transdiafragmático em cães que apresentavam imagem sugestiva de nódulo pulmonar em exame radiográfico prévio. Foram utilizados 14 cães, independente de raça, sexo, idade e peso corporal. Somente caninos com nódulos visíveis na radiografia torácica e que apresentaram condições clínicas e laboratoriais de serem anestesiados foram incluídos no estudo. Os cães foram posicionados em decúbito dorsal e foram realizados dois acessos à cavidade torácica: um primeiro portal intercostal, para introdução dos dispositivos de biopsia; e outro portal paraxifoide transdiafragmático para introdução do endoscópio. Com cada instrumento de biopsia foram coletadas três amostras do mesmo nódulo ou de nódulos macroscopicamente semelhantes e próximos quando o tamanho destes era inferior a um centímetro. Posteriormente as amostras foram encaminhadas para exame histopatológico. O tempo cirúrgico foi cronometrado da incisão ao fechamento da ferida, etodas as informações foram registradas. No pós-operatório os cães foram avaliados quanto à presença de enfisema subcutâneo, hematoma, seroma, infecção local e deiscência de pontos. Não foi necessário converter os procedimentos toracoscópicos para cirurgia convencional em nenhum dos caninos. Concluiu-se tratar de uma técnica segura, rápida sem complicações trans e pós-operatórias. Ambos dispositivos permitiram aquisição de material suficiente para análise histopatológica das alterações pulmonares, no entanto a agulha cortante guilhotinada apresentou maior eficácia, principalmente, em nódulos pulmonares de maior diâmetro. O acesso transdiafragmático mostrou-se eficiente para exploração de ambos os hemitórax.(AU)

Mediastinal angiosarcoma presenting as diffuse alveolar hemorrhage.

Angiosarcomas are malignant vascular tumors. Angiosarcomas arising in the thorax such as angiosarcoma of the lungs, heart and mediastinum are extremely rare. There are no reports of mediastinal angiosarcomas presenting with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, which is a clinical syndrome characterized by the presence of hemoptysis, dyspnea, hypoxia, diffuse lung infiltrates and anemia. Usually, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage is caused by pulmonary capillaritis. Local invasion is more common with these tumors than distant metastasis. These tumors are very aggressive and have a poor response to treatment modalities including surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation. Consequently, they carry a poor prognosis. Due to the rarity of these tumors, no standard chemotherapy or radiation protocol exists. We report a case of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage caused by a previously unreported entity: angiosarcoma of the mediastinum.

Cytologic features of a feline inductive odontogenic tumor.

The feline inductive odontogenic tumor (FIOT) is a rare entity among oral tumors in cats, the cytologic features of which are not well characterized but may prove useful. A fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed on the right mandible between the permanent canine (404) and permanent fourth premolar (408) of an 8-month-old female mongrel cat. Cytologic smears showed epithelial cells and occasional spindle cells with extracellular homogenous acidophilic material in a hematic background. The initial diagnosis of benign tumor was confirmed by histopathologic examination of the biopsy specimen. This report describes the cytologic findings in a case of FIOT.

Congenital cutaneous melanoma in a dog.

BACKGROUND: Melanocytic tumours are derived from melanocytes and are common in older dogs with dark pigmented skin. Primary congenital cutaneous melanoma has been described in domestic mammals although there are no reports in the dog. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE: We describe a case of canine congenital cutaneous melanoma with rapid progression to metastasis and death. ANIMAL: A male, mixed breed dog was born with a circular ulcerated lesion near the left ear. By 12 days of age the lesion had grown significantly, with multiple soft, round nodules located at the outer base of the ear. METHODS AND RESULTS: Histopathological examination showed the proliferation of round and elongated neoplastic cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm that occasionally contained granules of melanin. Immunohistochemical analysis was positive for melan A, S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and vimentin, confirming the diagnosis of melanoma. The tumour progressed rapidly and at six months the dog died suddenly. Postmortem examination revealed pulmonary, cardiac and lymph node metastases. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a primary congenital melanoma in the dog. The neoplastic condition showed malignant behaviour and high metastatic potential.

Climate change and respiratory health.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the nature of climate change and both its immediate and long-term effects on human respiratory health. METHODS: This review is based on information from a presentation of the American College of Chest Physicians course on Occupational and Environmental Lung Disease held in Toronto, Canada, June 2013. It is supplemented by a PubMed search for climate change, global warming, respiratory tract diseases, and respiratory health. It is also supplemented by a search of Web sites including the Environmental Protection Agency, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, World Meteorological Association, National Snow and Ice Data Center, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change, and the World Health Organization. RESULTS: Health effects of climate change include an increase in the prevalence of certain respiratory diseases, exacerbations of chronic lung disease, premature mortality, allergic responses, and declines in lung function. CONCLUSIONS: Climate change, mediated by greenhouse gases, causes adverse health effects to the most vulnerable patient populations-the elderly, children, and those in distressed socioeconomic strata.

Expressão da glicoproteína-P, proteína associada à múltiplas drogas, glutationa-S-transferase pi e p53 no tumor venéreo transmissível canino / Expression of P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance-associated protein, glutathione-S-transferase pi and p53 in canine transmissible venereal tumor

The overexpression of proteins P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1), mutant p53, and the enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GSTpi) are related to resistance to chemotherapy in neoplasms. This study evaluated the expression of these markers by immunohistochemistry in two groups of canine TVT, without history of prior chemotherapy (TVT1, n=9) and in TVTs presented unsatisfactory clinical response to vincristine sulfate (TVT2, n=5). The percentage of specimens positively stained for P-gp, MRP1, GSTpi and p53 were, respectively 88.8%, 0%, 44.5% and 22.2% in TVT1 and 80%, 0%, 80% and 0% in TVT2. In TVT1, one specimen presented positive expression for three markers and four specimens for two markers. In TVT2, three specimens expressed P-gp and GSTpi. In conclusion, the canine TVTs studied expressed the four markers evaluated, but just P-gp and GSTpi were significantly expressed, mainly at cytoplasm and cytoplasm and nuclei, respectively, either before chemotherapy as after vincristine sulfate exposure. Future studies are needed to demonstrate the function of these two markers in conferring multidrug resistance (MDR) or predict the response to chemotherapy in canine TVT.

A superexpressão das proteínas glicoproteína-P (Gp-P), proteína associada à resistência à múltiplas drogas 1 (MRP1) e p53 mutante e a enzima glutationa-S-transferase pi (GSTpi) está relacionada com resistência à quimioterapia em neoplasias humanas e caninas. Este estudo avaliou a expressão, por meio da imuno-histoquímica desses marcadores em espécimes de TVT caninos sem histórico de quimioterapia prévia (TVT1, n=9) e em TVT caninos que apresentaram resposta clínica insatisfatória ao sulfato de vincristina (TVT2, n=5). A porcentagem de espécimes positivos para Gp-P, MRP1, GSTpi e p53 foram, respectivamente 88,8%, 0%, 44,5% e 22,2% no grupo TVT1 e 80%, 0%, 80% e 0% no grupo TVT2. No TVT1, um espécime apresentou expressão positiva para três marcadores e quatro para dois marcadores. No TVT2, três espécimes expressaram a Gp-P e GSTpi. Em conclusão, os TVTs caninos estudados expressaram os quatro marcadores avaliados, no entanto apenas a Gp-P e GSTpi foram significativamente expressas, principalmente no citoplasmas e no citoplasma e no núcleo, respectivamente, tanto antes da quimioterapia quanto após à exposição ao sulfato de vincristina. Estudos futuros são necessários para demonstrar a função desses dois marcadores em conferir resistência à multiplas drogas (RMD) ou predizer a resposta a quimioterapia no TVT canino.