Family and Community Medicine and its role in preventing health overuse (preventive, diagnostic, therapeutic and rehabilitative). / Medicina de Familia y Comunidad y su papel en evitar los excesos sanitarios (preventivos, diagnósticos, terapéuticos y rehabilitadores).

In Medicine, it is critical "to offer 100% of what is needed and avoid 100% of what is not needed." Unfortunately, this primary issue is challenging, and generally, more than required is offered, and everything that is unnecessary is not avoided. This is a nonsystematic review with a teaching objective that reviews the general issue in primary care and suggests ways to avoid overuse and shortcomings concerning preventive, diagnostic, therapeutic, and rehabilitative interventions. Knowing not to do is science and art that is hardly taught and practiced less. The overuse that harm are an almost daily part of clinical practice in prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. It is essential to promote "the art and science of not doing".

En Medicina es clave "ofrecer el 100% de lo que se precisa y evitar el 100% de lo que no se precisa". Lamentablemente, es difícil cumplir con esta cuestión clave y generalmente se ofrece más de lo que se precisa y no se evita todo lo que no se precisa. Este texto es una revisión no sistemática con objetivo docente en que se revisa el problema general en atención primaria y se proponen formas de evitar los excesos y defectos respecto a intervenciones preventivas, diagnósticas, terapéuticas y de rehabilitación. Saber no hacer es ciencia y arte que se enseña poco y se practica menos. Los excesos que dañan son parte casi diaria de la práctica clínica, en prevención, diagnóstico, tratamiento y rehabilitación. Es imprescindible fomentar "el arte y la ciencia de no hacer".

Medicina de Familia y Comunidad y su papel en evitar los excesos sanitarios (preventivos, diagnósticos, terapéuticos y rehabilitadores) / Family and Community Medicine and its role in preventing health overuse (preventive, diagnostic, therapeutic and rehabilitative)

Resumen En Medicina es clave "ofrecer el 100% de lo que se precisa y evitar el 100% de lo que no se precisa". Lamentablemente, es difícil cumplir con esta cuestión clave y generalmente se ofrece más de lo que se precisa y no se evita todo lo que no se precisa. Este texto es una revisión no sistemática con objetivo docente en que se revisa el problema general en atención primaria y se proponen formas de evitar los excesos y defectos respecto a intervenciones preventivas, diagnósticas, terapéuticas y de rehabilitación. Saber no hacer es ciencia y arte que se enseña poco y se practica menos. Los excesos que dañan son parte casi diaria de la práctica clínica, en prevención, diagnóstico, tratamiento y rehabilitación. Es imprescindible fomentar "el arte y la ciencia de no hacer".

Abstract In Medicine, it is critical "to offer 100% of what is needed and avoid 100% of what is not needed." Unfortunately, this primary issue is challenging, and generally, more than required is offered, and everything that is unnecessary is not avoided. This is a nonsystematic review with a teaching objective that reviews the general issue in primary care and suggests ways to avoid overuse and shortcomings concerning preventive, diagnostic, therapeutic, and rehabilitative interventions. Knowing not to do is science and art that is hardly taught and practiced less. The overuse that harm are an almost daily part of clinical practice in prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. It is essential to promote "the art and science of not doing".

El asunto Tamiflú/Relenza, la salud pública y algunas lecciones para la decisión y la ética / The Tamiflú/Relenza issue, the public health and some lessons for decision-making and ethics

La gripe española de 1918 provocó millones de muertos y sigue presente en la imaginación popular. Ese recuerdo se reavivó en 2005 con la gripe aviar y en 2009 con la pandemia de gripe A. Como respuesta a la amenaza se promovió el uso de los antivirales Tamiflú (oseltamivir) y Relenza (zanamivir) de los que se hicieron compras millonarias en euros por parte de los gobiernos. Sin embargo, hubo dudas acerca de la efectividad de los antivirales y la presión científica y política obligó a que las compañías farmacéuticas compartieran los datos crudos de los ensayos clínicos de los mismos. El análisis independiente permitió concluir en 2014 que los antivirales tenían una eficacia modesta en el alivio de los síntomas, carecían de impacto sobre complicaciones y muertes, tenían efectos adversos importantes y no modificaban la transmisión-contagio. En este texto se analiza la historia del Tamiflú/Relenza y se deducen las pertinentes lecciones éticas generalizables a todas las crisis de salud pública, como la erosión del crédito de la medicina, de los medicamentos, de los ensayos clínicos, de las autoridades y del proceso de toma de sus decisiones(AU)

The Spanish flu of 1918 caused millions of deaths and is still present in the people's thought. That memory revived in 2005 with the onset of the aviarian influenza and in 2009 with the influenza A pandemic. As a response to these threats, it was encouraged to use antiviral drugs called Tamiflu (Oseltamivir) and Relenza (zanamivir) and governments spent millions of Euros to purchase them. However, the effectiveness of these antiviral drugs was called into question and the scientific and political pressures forced the pharmaceutical companies to share their raw data from the clinical trials of these two drugs. An independent analysis allowed concluding in 2014 that these antiviral drugs had modest effectiveness in releasing the symptoms, had no impact on complications and deaths, caused significant adverse effects and did not change the transmission-contagion relation. This paper analyzed the history of Tamiflu/Relenza and inferred the relevant ethical lessons that may be generalized to all public health crises, such as the erosion of the credit of medicine, of drugs, of clinical trials, of the authorities and of their decision-making process(AU)

Estrategias de promoción del síndrome por déficit de testosterona: un caso paradigmático de invención de enfermedad (disease mongering) / Strategies to promote testosterone deficiency syndrome: a paradigm of disease mongering

El llamado «síndrome por déficit de testosterona» es más bien una amalgama de síntomas inespecíficos propios del proceso fisiológico del envejecimiento. Sin embargo, ha sido objeto de una intensa actividad promocional que ha presentado el problema como de alta prevalencia y de elevado impacto en la salud pública. Dicha estrategia ha ido acompañada de la irrupción de preparados de testosterona de fácil administración en el mercado farmacéutico, y ha generado importantes ventas a las empresas que los han comercializado. La promoción comercial del síndrome por déficit de testosterona y sus remedios ha explotado los tópicos culturales del envejecimiento y la sexualidad mediante campañas de sensibilización promovidas por los laboratorios implicados y divulgadas por medios de comunicación, con participación de numerosos expertos y con el aval de sociedades científicas, lo que supone un caso paradigmático de invención de enfermedad (disease mongering). Conviene considerar este ejemplo para responder a campañas de invención de enfermedades desde la clínica y desde la salud pública (AU)

The so-called «testosterone deficiency syndrome» is a blend of nonspecific symptoms typical of the physiological process of aging. This syndrome has been the subject of intense promotional activity that has presented the phenomenon as highly prevalent and with a major public health impact. This strategy has been accompanied by the emergence of new and easy to administer testosterone devices into the pharmaceutical market and has generated significant sales for drug companies. The commercial promotion of testosterone deficiency syndrome and its remedies has exploited cultural stereotypes of aging and sexuality through awareness campaigns promoted by the laboratories involved and has been disseminated by media with the participation of numerous experts and with the support of scientific associations, representing a paradigmatic case of disease mongering. This example might be of use in the response to disease mongering activities from the clinical and public health fields (AU)

[Strategies to promote testosterone deficiency syndrome: a paradigm of disease mongering]. / Estrategias de promoción del síndrome por déficit de testosterona: un caso paradigmático de invención de enfermedad (disease mongering).

The so-called «testosterone deficiency syndrome¼ is a blend of nonspecific symptoms typical of the physiological process of aging. This syndrome has been the subject of intense promotional activity that has presented the phenomenon as highly prevalent and with a major public health impact. This strategy has been accompanied by the emergence of new and easy to administer testosterone devices into the pharmaceutical market and has generated significant sales for drug companies. The commercial promotion of testosterone deficiency syndrome and its remedies has exploited cultural stereotypes of aging and sexuality through awareness campaigns promoted by the laboratories involved and has been disseminated by media with the participation of numerous experts and with the support of scientific associations, representing a paradigmatic case of disease mongering. This example might be of use in the response to disease mongering activities from the clinical and public health fields.

Estratégias de integração entre atenção primária à saúde e atenção especializada: paralelos entre Brasil e Espanha / Strategies for integrating primary health care with specialized care: parallels between Brazil and Spain

Este artigo analisa estratégias desenvolvidas por Brasil e Espanha para integrar Atenção Primária à Saúde e Especializada. Entre as iniciativas comuns, observa-se: papel de filtro exercido pelo médico de família, territorialização dos serviços de saúde, especialistas consultores/matriciamento e adoção de protocolos clínicos consensuados. No Brasil, ressalta-se a recente implantação de sistemas descentralizados de regulação, e, na Espanha, a já consolidada informatização da história clínica em APS. A criação de história clínica única é um desafio para ambos os países. Iniciativas que promovam maior relação interpessoal foram consideradas mais exitosas para integrar profissionais dos dois níveis.

This paper examines strategies developed by Brazil and Spain for integrating Primary Health Care with Specialized Care. Common measures included: the filter role played by family doctors, territorialization of health services, specialist consultants/matrix support and consensual clinical protocols. Of particular note, in Brazil, is the recent introduction of decentralized regulation systems and, in Spain, the long established computerization of PHC clinical records. Both countries face the challenge of creating unified clinical records. Measures to foster more interpersonal relationship were considered the most successful strategies for integrating health workers from the two levels.

Prevención cuaternaria en ancianos / Quaternary prevention in the elderly

Prevención cuaternaria es el conjunto de medidas que se toman para evitar, disminuir y/o paliar el daño producido por las actividades sanitarias. Las actividades sanitarias producen en general beneficio, pero también daños. Es decir, aunque la situación de partida sea favorable a la intervención médica, existe un balance dinámico que exige la valoración continua de la situación clínica, pues solo se justifican, naturalmente, las actividades sanitarias que logran al final más los beneficios que los daños. Prevención cuaternaria es evitar las actividades médicas innecesarias, como los «chequeos». En otro ejemplo, es la recomendación de pautas preventivas de probada eficacia. Respecto al diagnóstico, prevención cuaternaria es por ejemplo evitar el cribado (screening) sin fundamento, como en el cáncer de próstata. Sirve de ejemplo en el campo del tratamiento el uso apropiado de los antibióticos en las infecciones de las vías respiratorias altas. Y en rehabilitación, la aplicación de técnicas correctas en las lumbalgias inespecíficas, como natación y mantenimiento de una vida activa en lo posible. A no olvidar otros aspectos no «clásicos», importantes en los ancianos; por ejemplo, limitar el daño que puedan producir los sistemas de restricción física de movimientos. En este texto se consideran estos y otros ejemplos del trabajo cotidiano, para promover la consideración continua de la prevención cuaternaria, del clásico primum non nocere(AU)

Quaternary prevention is a group of measures taken to prevent, decrease and/or alleviate the harm caused by health activities. Health activities not only generally produce benefits, but also harm. That is to say, although medical intervention is mainly favourable, there is a dynamic balance that requires continuous assessment of the clinical situation as naturally only those health activities that achieve more benefit than harm at the end are justified. Quaternary prevention is the avoidance of unnecessary medical activity, such as "check-ups". In another example, quaternary prevention is the recommendation of preventive measures of proven efficacy. As regards diagnosis, quaternary prevention is, for example, the avoidance of screening without foundation, such as in prostate cancer. The appropriate use of antibiotics in upper respiratory tract infections serves as an example of quaternary prevention in the field of treatment. Another example is the application of the correct rehabilitation techniques in non-specific low back pain, such as swimming and maintaining an active life as much as possible. Not to forget other important "non-classic" aspects in the elderly, such as to limit the harm that can be caused by physical movement restriction devices. These and other examples in daily practice are considered in this article to encourage the continual assessment of quaternary prevention, the classic primum non nocere "first, do no harm" (AU)

Crying patients in General/Family Practice: incidence, reasons for encounter and health problems / Pacientes que choram em Medicina Geral/de Família: incidência, razões de consulta e problemas de saúde / Pacientes que lloran en Medicina General/de Familia: incidencia, razones de consulta y problemas de salud

Context: Despite evidence demonstrating the benefits of understanding patients, there is a paucity of information about how physicians address psychological and social concerns of patients. No one study has been published about the incidence of crying in General/Family Practice. Objective: To know the incidence of crying in primary care/general practice, and the patients' characteristics, their reasons for encounter and their health problems. Design: A descriptive, prospective study, of one year, of three general practitioners/family physicians in Madrid, Spain. Setting: primary care (doctors' office and patients' home). Subjects: Face to face encounters with crying patients. Main outcome measure: At least one rolling tear. Results: Patients cried in 157 encounters out of a total of 18,627 giving an incidence rate of 8.4 per thousand. More frequent reasons for encounters were: feeling depressed (12.7%), social handicap (mainly social isolation/living alone) (6.4%), relationship problem with partner (5.1%) and feeling anxious (3.2%). More frequent health problems were: depressive disorder (23.6%), anxiety disorder (8.3%), cerebrovascular disease (5.1%) and loss/death of partner (3.8%). Conclusions: Crying in primary care is not uncommon. Reasons for crying cover the whole range of human problems, mainly social and psychological problems.

Contexto: Apesar de estudos que demonstram os benefícios de se compreender o paciente, há escassa informação sobre como os médicos respondem aos problemas psicológicos e sociais. Não encontramos nenhum trabalho publicado sobre a incidência de pacientes que choram. Objetivo: Conhecer a incidência do choro em Medicina Geral/de Família e as características dos pacientes, suas razões de consulta e seus problemas de saúde. Desenho: Estudo descritivo, prospectivo, com um ano de duração, por três clínicos gerais/médicos de família em Madri, Espanha. Local: Atenção Primária (consultórios médicos e casas dos pacientes). Pacientes: Encontros face a face com pacientes que choram. Parâmetro principal: Pelo menos uma lágrima derramada. Resultados: Pacientes choraram em 157 encontros de um total de 18.627, uma incidência de 8,4 por mil. Os motivos mais frequentes de consulta foram: sentir-se deprimido (12,7%), limitações sociais (principalmente, o isolamento/estar sozinho) (6,4%), problemas de relacionamento (5,1%) e sensação de ansiedade (3,2%). Os problemas de saúde mais comuns: depressão (23,6%), ansiedade (8,3%), doença cerebrovascular (5,1%) e perda/morte de um parceiro (3,8%). Conclusões: Chorar não é incomum na Atenção Primária. As razões para chorar cobrem um amplo espectro de problemas humanos, principalmente problemas sociais e psicológicos.

Contexto: A pesar de los estudios que demuestran los beneficios de comprender al paciente, hay escasa información sobre cómo los médicos responden a los problemas psicológicos y sociales. No hemos encontrado ningún trabajo publicado sobre la incidencia de pacientes que lloran. Objetivo: Conocer la incidencia del llanto en Medicina General/de Familia y las características de los pacientes, las razones de sus consultas y sus problemas de salud. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, de un año de duración, realizado por tres especialistas de Medicina General/de Familia, en Madrid, España. Lugar: Atención Primaria (consultas médicas realizadas en consultorios y consultas domiciliarias). Pacientes: Encuentros "cara a cara" con pacientes que lloran. Parámetro principal: Al menos una lágrima derramada. Resultado: Lloraron pacientes en 157 encuentros de un total de 18.627, lo que resulta en una incidencia de 8,4 por mil. Las razones de consulta más frecuentes fueron: sentimiento depresivo (12,7%), limitaciones sociales (fundamentalmente, aislamiento/vivir solo) (6,4%), problemas de pareja (5,1%) y sentimiento de ansiedad (3,2%). Los problemas de salud más frecuentes fueron: depresión (23,6%), ansiedad (8,3%), enfermedad cerebrovascular (5,1%) y pérdida/muerte de la pareja (3,8%). Conclusiones: Llorar no es raro en la atención primaria. Las razones para llorar cubren el amplio campo de los problemas humanos, principalmente problemas sociales y psicológicos.

[Quaternary prevention in the elderly]. / Prevención cuaternaria en ancianos.

Quaternary prevention is a group of measures taken to prevent, decrease and/or alleviate the harm caused by health activities. Health activities not only generally produce benefits, but also harm. That is to say, although medical intervention is mainly favourable, there is a dynamic balance that requires continuous assessment of the clinical situation as naturally only those health activities that achieve more benefit than harm at the end are justified. Quaternary prevention is the avoidance of unnecessary medical activity, such as "check-ups". In another example, quaternary prevention is the recommendation of preventive measures of proven efficacy. As regards diagnosis, quaternary prevention is, for example, the avoidance of screening without foundation, such as in prostate cancer. The appropriate use of antibiotics in upper respiratory tract infections serves as an example of quaternary prevention in the field of treatment. Another example is the application of the correct rehabilitation techniques in non-specific low back pain, such as swimming and maintaining an active life as much as possible. Not to forget other important "non-classic" aspects in the elderly, such as to limit the harm that can be caused by physical movement restriction devices. These and other examples in daily practice are considered in this article to encourage the continual assessment of quaternary prevention, the classic primum non nocere "first, do no harm".