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This study aimed to develop and rigorously evaluate the Test of Oral Health Literacy in Adults (TOHLA) for the Iranian population, addressing the limitations of existing oral health literacy (OHL) measurement instruments and contributing to the literature on OHL assessment. The development of the TOHLA involved a qualitative approach, which included a comprehensive literature review and semi-structured interviews with a panel of 15 experts from diverse fields and 22 Iranian adults aged 18 to 64 years. The instrument was designed with 48 items categorized into four domains: cognitive skill, communication skill, media skill, and functional skill. Content validity was established through expert input and content validation indices. Construct validity was supported by factor analysis, and concurrent validity was assessed by comparing TOHLA scores with demographic variables. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability analyses were performed to assess the instrument's reliability. The psychometric evaluation of the TOHLA demonstrated strong content validity, construct validity, concurrent validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. The instrument exhibited a high level of internal consistency, with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.81 for the entire scale. Test-retest reliability was satisfactory, with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.83. Concurrent validity analysis showed statistically significant associations between OHL scores and demographic variables, supporting the instrument's overall performance. The TOHLA overcomes the weaknesses observed in existing instruments and offers a comprehensive tool with strong psychometric properties to assess the OHL of the Iranian adult population. Researchers, policymakers, and healthcare providers can utilize the TOHLA to address oral health challenges and enhance overall oral health outcomes among Iranian adults.
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Alfabetización en Salud , Salud Bucal , Psicometría , Humanos , Adulto , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Salud Bucal/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto Joven , Masculino , Femenino , Irán , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adolescente , Encuestas y Cuestionarios/normas , Análisis Factorial , Investigación CualitativaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) model is a foundational tool in public health research. KAP surveys play a vital role in this process by gauging a population's current level of knowledge about a specific health issue. Rigorous evaluation is essential for ensuring the validity and reliability of KAP studies. Therefore, in this study, a comprehensive checklist for reporting Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) Studies was developed. METHODOLOGY: This study was conducted using a systematic six-step roadmap. A comprehensive review of available relevant quality assessment tools led to the development of specific new items. An expert panel reviewed the initial draft, and after corrections were made, the second draft was finalized and subjected to psychometric analysis by experts. RESULTS: The development of ChecKAP (Checklist for Reporting Items for Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice) represents a significant contribution to KAP studies. The final tool consists of 46 items across 8 fields: title (1 item), abstract (6 items), keywords (1 item), introduction (6 items), method (11 items), findings (7 items), discussion (15 items), and conclusion (1 item). CONCLUSION: ChecKAP assesses the inherent complexity of KAP research methods and ensures consistent reporting. It fills an important gap in the KAP research literature and serves a dual purpose. First, it acts as a quality assessment tool for reviewers, enabling them to evaluate the methodological rigor and clarity of submitted manuscripts. Second, it serves as a guideline for authors, promoting a more systematic and transparent approach to reporting.
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Lista de Verificación , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Humanos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Psicometría/métodos , Proyectos de Investigación/normas , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Salud PúblicaRESUMEN
Background: This study conducted an empirical evaluation of an intervention derived from the theory of planned behavior (TPB) aimed at implementing a health campaign among medical students at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Methods: In this interventional study, a valid and reliable TPB-based questionnaire was administered before launching a health campaign titled "Organ Donation=Life Donation" among 260 medical students. The campaign was structured around nine steps: situation analysis, goal identification, target audience identification, strategy development, tactics establishment, media selection, timetable creation, budget planning, and program evaluation. Two months after the campaign, participants completed a posttest and were offered an organ donation card. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS ver. 16, employing descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) and tests such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the paired-samples t-test. Results: All participants adopted more prodonation stances across all constructs measured, both immediately and 2 months after exposure to the health campaign, compared to their pretest scores. These results indicate that the health campaign had a significant impact on psychological variables such as attitudes (P<0.001), subjective norms (P<0.001), and perceived behavioral control (P<0.038), as well as on the actual acceptance of an organ donor card. Conclusions: Effective health education and promotion interventions, including health campaigns, are essential to encourage the use of organ donation cards. Additionally, current experiences indicate that the TPB serves as a suitable theoretical framework for designing organ donation interventions.
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Background: Regular physical activity for adolescents has many health benefits, many of which also affect adulthood. Physical activity is a behavior that requires planning and choosing an appropriate educational method, model, or theory. However, mobile phone applications are known as a suitable method to increase physical activity according to the guidelines. This study aims to increase physical activity in female students based on the theory of planned behavior using mobile phone applications. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was implemented on 220 high school students (110 people in each group). The samples were selected by a multi-stage cluster method and their information was collected by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed. The intervention group received 8 sessions of education through a mobile phone application that was designed by the constructs of the theory of planned behavior. The samples were evaluated in three stages, through a pre-test, post-test, and two-month follow-up. Results: The results showed a significant difference in the post-test and two months after the intervention between intervention and control groups in terms of attitude, perceived behavioral control, intention, and physical activity. There was a significant difference between intervention and control groups in subjective norms in the post-test, but there was no significant difference in the two-month follow-up compared to the post-test (P = 0.08). Conclusions: An educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior using mobile phone applications led to an increase in the physical activity of girl high school students. However, to determine the full effectiveness of this study, it is recommended to implement this intervention in all schools.
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OBJECTIVES: A negative attitude towards obesity may lead to stigma and thus lower self-esteem in people with obesity of any society. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of a school-based randomized controlled field trial on female adolescents' attitudes and beliefs towards people with obesity. METHODS: This experimental study was conducted among 124 middle school students (control group=62, intervention group=62). Using a cluster random sampling method, four schools were chosen and randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The data collection tool was the Attitudes Toward Obese Persons (ATOP) and Beliefs About Obese Persons (BAOP) scales, which were used after validity and reliability processes. The intervention program was developed and implemented following pretest, responses analysis, and educational needs assessment in two sessions (180â¯min). The follow-ups were performed immediately and two months after the intervention. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16.0 using independent t-test, chi-square test, repeated measures ANOVA, and ANCOVA at the significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: The mean BAOP scores of each group before, immediately and two months after the intervention were significantly different between (p<0.001). There was no significant difference between the mean ATOP and BAOP scores of the two groups before, immediately, and two months after the intervention (p>0.001). CONCLUSIONS: It seems that beliefs and attitudes regarding obesity as well as discriminatory perceptions towards people with obesity have high firmness and resistance and require innovative and appropriate interventions.
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Obesidad , Humanos , Femenino , Adolescente , Obesidad/psicología , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Instituciones Académicas , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Servicios de Salud Escolar , Estudiantes/psicología , Irán , Estigma SocialRESUMEN
This paper evaluates the effectiveness of an educational intervention based on the transtheoretical model aimed at increasing physical activity (PA) participation among female employees in Bandar Abbas city (Iran) healthcare centers in December 2017 and August 2018. Using a semi-experimental interventional study design with a randomized and multi-stage method, 100 participants were included in both the intervention (n = 50) and control groups (n = 50). Data collection involved questionnaires assessing demographic information (age, gender, marital status and education), stages of change in PA behavior, Perceived Benefits, Barriers and Self-efficacy. The data were analyzed using SPSS-16, employing both descriptive (mean, SD, frequency, percentage) and inferential statistics (t-tests, chi-squared tests, etc.). Prior to the educational intervention, 19 participants (0.38%) in the intervention group engaged consistently in PA (stages 4-5). After 3 and 6 months of intervention, these numbers increased to 29 (0.58%) and 25 (0.50%), respectively. This improvement was statistically significant compared to the pre-intervention stage (P < 0.001). The findings highlight the importance of theory-based behavior change models and health education programs in promoting PA and combating sedentary lifestyles. Although focused on a specific population in Bandar Abbas, the intervention can serve as a model for similar programs targeting diverse social classes and populations.
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Ejercicio Físico , Promoción de la Salud , Autoeficacia , Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Irán , Promoción de la Salud/métodos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Persona de Mediana Edad , Educación en Salud/métodos , Modelo Transteórico , Conductas Relacionadas con la SaludRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Mobile phones can be an ideal platform to engage adolescents to maintain, improve, and promote self-care. Therefore, the current study aims to design and evaluate the usability of a mobile application for self-care in adolescents with a user-centered approach. METHODS: The current applied developmental study was done in four steps. The first step, polling and examining opinions was conducted through in-depth semi-structured interviews, with the aim of user-centered mobile application design with the involvement of 30 participants. The second step, extracting and compiling the educational content related to the main themes of the self-care app, was obtained from national and international guidelines and instructions, including the World Health Organization, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, etc. In the third step, the initial version of the mobile application was developed. In the fourth step, app usability was evaluated by 30 participants from the target group, 2 weeks after using the app, using the MAUQ questionnaire. RESULTS: In the first step, 789 codes, 12 sub-categories, and 3 categories were extracted. These codes were used in the design of the mobile application. In the second step, educational information was prepared and arranged in 5 sections (physical activity, nutrition, personal hygiene, risky behaviors and safety and events) in the form of text, images and short videos. In the third step, the mobile application was designed based on step 1 and 2. This application operates in online mode and under the Android operating system. the initial version of the mobile application was developed using JavaScript and Typescript programming languages in a Visual Studio Code environment. In the fourth step, the participants the overall level of usability of the application as very good with an average of 6.28 ± 0.55. The highest average score was given to the user interface and satisfaction with an average score of 6.43 ± 0.58. CONCLUSIONS: The "My-Care" app is a collaboratively designed smartphone app for adolescents that targets 5 dimensions of physical self-care. This app has the potential to teach, assess, and promote self-care among adolescents.
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Teléfono Celular , Aplicaciones Móviles , Humanos , Adolescente , Irán , Autocuidado , EscolaridadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Adolescence is a critical stage for the development of self-care. Many adolescents use mobile apps to monitor and improve their health. Health information technology plays a significant role in the field of self-care. This article provides a protocol for a study to design and evaluate mobile applications for adolescent self-care. METHODS: The present research is a combination of applied development study, methodological, and intervention experimental. This study will be done in three stages: The first stage is the design and evaluation of a mobile application for adolescent self-care. The second stage is, designing and evaluating the psychometric properties of the "Questionnaire for Measuring Adolescent Self-Care Performance." This questionnaire will be used before and after using the application in the third stage. The third stage is determining the effectiveness of self-care interventions based on mobile applications among adolescents. The target group will be adolescents aged 10-19 from the schools of Amol City. In the first stage, the opinions of 30 people adolescents, parents, and experts will be used. In the second stage, the number of samples will be 10 times the number of items in the questionnaire. In the third stage, 50 people will be in the intervention group and 50 people will be in the control group. Descriptive statistics will be used for data analysis. Between-group and intra-group comparisons will be calculated about quantitative variables, independent t-test and paired t-test, and analysis of variance. The chi-square test and Fisher's exact test will be used in SPSS 16 software to test the homogeneity of qualitative variables between the two groups. DISCUSSION: In the first stage, based on the opinions received from the target group, a user-centered educational application for self-care of adolescents will be designed. In the second stage, after determining the validity and reliability, a questionnaire will be designed to measure the self-care performance of adolescents. In the third stage, using an intervention study for 3 months, the effectiveness of the training will be determined through the designed application. Our findings are scheduled for a full analysis, with expectations that analyses will be completed by September 2023.
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Aplicaciones Móviles , Adolescente , Humanos , Grupos Control , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Autocuidado/métodos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Niño , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes is a chronic but preventable disease that is on the rise among adolescents. Evaluating adolescents' behavior and planning to prevent it require a valid and reliable instrument. This study aims at designing a psychometric instrument to measure adolescents' behavior with respect to type-2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In this methodological research, 770 students (adolescent boys and girls aged 13-15 years) participated through multistage sampling. The Inclusion criteria were: junior high school students, students' willingness for participation and not suffering from type-1 or type-2 diabetes. The questionnaire was designed by examining the relevant literature and the existing questionnaires as well as considering the research team's comments. The validity of the study was determined through face validity and content validity both quantitatively and qualitatively. The construct validity was determined through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability was measured via intraclass consistency coefficient (ICC) and internal consistency reliability was measured by Cronbach Alpha. SPSS 16 and Eq. 6.1 were used for data analysis. RESULTS: At first, a list of 47 initial items was designed and compiled, and after by removing similar (10 questions) or inappropriate sentences (12 questions), a draft questionnaire with 25 questions was designed. No items were removed in the face validity phase. Based on exploratory factor analysis, the number of items in the questionnaire was reduced to 20 items and was categorized in five dimensions of stress management, healthy food/healthy diet, unhealthy food/unhealthy diet, high-risk behavior, and self-care. The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the model. The internal consistency coefficient was confirmed measuring Cronbach Alpha at 0.70 with ICC = 0.80. CONCLUSION: The questionnaire designed has standard psychometric properties to assess adolescents' behavior with respect to type-2 diabetes prevention. The reliability and the validity of the questionnaire as well as its general structure were confirmed.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Masculino , Femenino , Humanos , Adolescente , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevención & control , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Psicometría/métodos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , EstudiantesRESUMEN
Abstract This study aimed to develop and rigorously evaluate the Test of Oral Health Literacy in Adults (TOHLA) for the Iranian population, addressing the limitations of existing oral health literacy (OHL) measurement instruments and contributing to the literature on OHL assessment. The development of the TOHLA involved a qualitative approach, which included a comprehensive literature review and semi-structured interviews with a panel of 15 experts from diverse fields and 22 Iranian adults aged 18 to 64 years. The instrument was designed with 48 items categorized into four domains: cognitive skill, communication skill, media skill, and functional skill. Content validity was established through expert input and content validation indices. Construct validity was supported by factor analysis, and concurrent validity was assessed by comparing TOHLA scores with demographic variables. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability analyses were performed to assess the instrument's reliability. The psychometric evaluation of the TOHLA demonstrated strong content validity, construct validity, concurrent validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. The instrument exhibited a high level of internal consistency, with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.81 for the entire scale. Test-retest reliability was satisfactory, with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.83. Concurrent validity analysis showed statistically significant associations between OHL scores and demographic variables, supporting the instrument's overall performance. The TOHLA overcomes the weaknesses observed in existing instruments and offers a comprehensive tool with strong psychometric properties to assess the OHL of the Iranian adult population. Researchers, policymakers, and healthcare providers can utilize the TOHLA to address oral health challenges and enhance overall oral health outcomes among Iranian adults.
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BACKGROUND: The high use of media among adolescents is involved in negative social and health consequences. Therefore, it is critical that adolescents acquire the skills to interact with media content in a healthy way. This study aimed to identify the dimensions and concept of media health literacy (MHL) among adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this qualitative study, specialists (n = 19) in the field of health education and promotion, as well as a wide range of activists in the field of media and communication and adolescents (n = 20), who met the inclusion criteria were participated in this study. Participants were recruited by purposive sampling. Exploratory, open-ended, and face-to-face interviews based on the interview guide were used to elicit participants' perspectives from October 2021 to May 2022 in Tehran, Iran. The interviews were analyzed by content analysis using the inductive method and MAXQDA 2020. RESULTS: A total of eight health education and promotion specialists (20.51%), nine media and communication specialists (23.07%), two software and programming instructors (5.12%), and 20 adolescents (51.28%) were included in the study. Analysis of qualitative data led to the identification of five categories (media literacy (ML), health literacy (HL), media reference, interactive communication literacy, and basic literacy (BL)) and 25 subcategories. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide a deep understanding of the concept and domains of MHL. Based on the results, MHL can be defined as a set of knowledge and individual skills needed in the fields of ML, HL, interactive communication literacy, media reference, and BL, which help achieve the appropriate state of MHL among adolescents and its improvement. It is hoped that these findings are used to guide the development of interventions for MHL.
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BACKGROUND: During the last two decades, several reports have indicated an increase in the number of type-2 diabetes among adolescents. Therefore, an assessment of adolescents' awareness of this disease deserves serious consideration. This study aims at designing a psychometric tool for assessing adolescents' awareness of type-2 diabetes. METHODS AND MATERIAL: In this methodological research, 770 students attending 10 middle schools (five girls "schools and five boys" schools) from Tehran participated in the study. The questionnaire was designed by examining the relevant literature and the existing questionnaires, as well as considering the research team's comments, and the initial pool of items with 57 questions was designed. Face validity, content validity, and construct validity were calculated to determine the validity of the instrument. Reliability was measured via internal consistency coefficient (ICC) and internal consistency reliability was measured with Cronbach Alpha. SPSS 16 was used for data analysis. RESULTS: The questionnaire was initially designed with 57 items. Based on the results of CVR and CVI, five questions were removed. The average CVR and CVI were 0.75 and 0.82, respectively. Following exploratory factor analysis, the 30 questions in the questionnaire were categorized into five dimensions: public awareness, symptoms, behavioral risk factors, long-term effects, and medium-term effects. The internal reliability was calculated for the whole questionnaire-ICC = 0.87 with a Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.80. CONCLUSIONS: The resulting questionnaire on adolescents' awareness of type-2 diabetes, with 30 questions in five dimensions, can be employed by researchers for its high factor loading in factor analysis and its standard psychometric properties.
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BACKGROUND: Knowledge about the spiritual rehabilitation of affected people after disasters is scare. The objective of the present study is to identify the factors affecting the spiritual rehabilitation of affected people after natural disasters employing a systematic review study. METHODS: The protocol of this review has been registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Review (PROSPERO) with the code CRD42021228552. Using MEDLIN (PubMed), Web of Science, Google Scholar, Embase, ProQuest, Scopus and ISC database as well as studies related to the research topic till the end of 2022. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was used to find articles related to the research objective. Thematic content analysis then was used for concepts extraction. RESULTS: This systematic review identifies factors affecting the spiritual rehabilitation of affected people after natural disasters. CONCLUSIONS: Both systematic review as well as qualitative study are essential in order to explore spiritual rehabilitation of affected people after natural disasters, while the current study was employed systematic review. It is expected that planners and policy-makers can use the extracted factors for improving the spiritual rehabilitation of people affected by natural disasters.
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Desastres , Desastres Naturales , Humanos , Revisiones Sistemáticas como Asunto , Investigación Cualitativa , Literatura de Revisión como AsuntoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Several reports have shown an increase in the number of type-2 diabetics among adolescents creating an extra burden for this age group. However, there is no instrument assessing adolescents' attitude toward this disease. This study aims at designing a psychometric tool for assessing adolescents' health beliefs regarding type-2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In this methodological research, 770 boy and girl adolescents (between 13 and 15) from Tehran participated through multistage sampling. The Inclusion criteria were: junior high school students, students' willingness for participation and not suffering from type-1 or type-2 diabetes. The questionnaire was designed by extensive literature review and the related existing questionnaires, as well as considering the research team's comments. The validity of the questionnaire was determined through face and content validity. The construct validity was determined through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability was measured via internal consistency coefficient (ICC) and internal consistency reliability was measured by Cronbach Alpha. SPSS 16 and EQS6.1 were used for data analysis. RESULTS: The pool of questions had 57 items, and by removing similar (23 questions) or inappropriate sentences (8 questions), a draft questionnaire with 26 questions was designed. No items were removed in the face validity phase. Based on the results of CVR and CVI, six items and 4 items in the exploratory factor analysis were removed. Finally, a questionnaire with 16 items in 4 dimensions of perceived self-efficacy, behavioral beliefs, perceived susceptibility and perceived severity was obtained. The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the model. The internal consistency coefficient was confirmed measuring Cronbach Alpha at 0.78 and ICC = 0.73. CONCLUSION: The questionnaire designed can be employed as a reliable and valid instrument to assess the psychological perceptions and health beliefs of adolescents with respect to type-2 diabetes.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Humanos , Psicometría , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , IránRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Despite the emphasis on empowerment in interventions supporting women against domestic violence and ending spousal abuse, there is still no standard and accurate instrument to evaluate women's empowerment in this field. This study proposes a protocol to fill this gap by developing and psychometrically testing a standardised instrument for assessing women's empowerment in dealing with domestic violence (WEDDV). METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This study will be conducted in Iran in a mixed method with a sequential exploratory design (qualitative-quantitative). In the first phase, qualitative methods will be used to generate items, rank and identify essential items for WEDDV conceptualisation. The data collection method in this phase includes semistructured face-to-face interviews with married women, a review of related literature, and a fuzzy Delphi method with participants with work experience and expertise about violence against women. Qualitative data analysis will be done using a content analysis strategy and MAXQDA 2020 software. In the second phase of the study, the psychometric properties of the instrument, including face, content and construct validity, and the instrument's reliability will be evaluated. Also, the psychometric features of the COSMIN checklist will be used in the design of this instrument. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study protocol has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences with code (IR.SBMU.PHNS.REC.1400.011). The findings will be published in prestigious journals and presented at national and international conferences. We hope that these results can provide a practical framework for planning and organising domestic violence interventions for policy-makers, researchers and women's health and counselling service providers.
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Violencia Doméstica , Maltrato Conyugal , Femenino , Humanos , Irán , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Violencia Doméstica/prevención & control , Proyectos de Investigación , Literatura de Revisión como AsuntoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Patient education is a key component of patient care, positively affecting health promotion and self-care ability. In this regard, an extensive body of research supports the use of the andragogy model in patient education. The study aimed to explore the experiences of people with cardiovascular disease in patient education. METHODS: This qualitative study involved 30 adult patients with cardiovascular disease who were hospitalized or had a history of hospitalization. They were purposively recruited with maximum variation from two large hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Data were gathered by conducting semi-structured interviews. Data collection was done by conducting semi-structured interviews. Then, the data were analyzed using directed content analysis and a preliminary framework based on six constructs of the andragogy model. RESULTS: Data analysis resulted in the development of 850 primary codes, which were reduced to 660 during data reduction. These codes were grouped into nineteen subcategories under the six primary constructs of the andragogy model, i.e., need-to-know, self-concept, prior experience, readiness for learning, orientation to learning, and motivation for learning. The most common problems in patient education were associated with self-concept, previous experience, and readiness for learning components. CONCLUSION: This study provides valuable information about the problems of patient education for adults with cardiovascular disease. Correction of the issues identified can improve care quality and patient outcomes.
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Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Adulto , Humanos , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/terapia , Irán , Educación del Paciente como Asunto , Investigación Cualitativa , AprendizajeRESUMEN
Background: The present research aimed to assess the effects of oral health intervention programs at school level on students' oral hygiene in developing countries. To this aim, a systematic review and meta-analysis approach was employed. Methods: The present research was done by surfing electronic databases with MEDLINE Ovid (Embase Ovid, Scopus), Web of Science from 2000 to Mar 2020. The data were collected using a standard type of data collection including specific studies to observational ones, and the data entered RevMan 2014. The eligibility criteria were individually randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or cluster-RCTs including quasi-experimental papers with oral health interventions. The RevMan 2014 package was used for a meta-analysis done through random-effects models. Results: Meta-analyses revealed statistically significant divergences in terms of knowledge (SMD 3.31, 95% CI 2.52 to 4.11; I2 = 98; P<0.001), attitude (SMD 1.99, 95% CI 0. 43 to 3.54; I2 = 99; P<0.001), behavior (SMD 4.74, 95% CI 3.70 to 5.77; I2 = 99; P<0.001), plaque index (SMD -1.01, 95% CI -1.50 to -0. 51; I2 = 97; P<0.001) and Gingival index (SMD 0. 33, 95% CI -0. 36 to 1. 02; I2 = 98; P=0.34) in the case of students who received educational interventions versus those with ordinary care. Conclusion: The present findings attested to the effectiveness of the educational interventions in improving oral health knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and so on which can presumably contribute to a better oral hygiene, lower incidence of oral diseases, and lower costs of the treatments imposed by oral diseases.
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BACKGROUND AND AIM: Given the complexities of the health care system and the importance of the subject and effects of health literacy in all aspects of care, defining specific health literacy in this context seems necessary. The purpose of this research was to explain the concept of hospital health literacy (HHL), its definition, and the related dimensions using the qualitative research method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An exploratory qualitative design was used. Exploratory, open-ended, and face-to-face interviews based on the interview guide were used to elicit participants' perspectives between July 2021 and January 2022. By using the content analysis method, researchers coded transcripts and collated these codes into sub-categories and then merged them into the main category and explored the dimensions of the concept. RESULTS: A total of 23 service providers and 25 service recipients were included in the study. Analysis of qualitative data led to the identification of 6 categories and 25 sub-categories including cognitive literacy, functional (basic) literacy, communicative literacy, behavioral literacy, media literacy, and emotional literacy. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study provide a deep understanding of the concept of HHL that could be applied to develop valid and reliable measurement tools for assessing HHL among a variety of populations. Also, it is hoped that the present attempt can be useful to guide future research and interventions as well as to provide a clear base for planning, implementing, and evaluating interventions aimed at promoting individuals' health literacy in health settings.
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BACKGROUND: Skill Training Intervention Based on the Healthy Lifestyle Counselling Module (5As model) in the Ira PEN Program. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a randomized controlled trial in Iran. Participants were 184 health workers and 184 clients (92 in each study group). The training program entailed an online training course, educational video, and clip. The behavior related to a healthy lifestyle in clients was also followed-up 2 months later. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 software. RESULTS: Based on the observations, significant improvement in lifestyle counseling skills among health workers in the intervention group compared to the control group in terms of healthy nutrition (P < 0.001), physical activity (P < 0.001), smoking cessation (P = 0.03), and withdrawal of alcohol consumption (P < 0.001) was observed. Also, lifestyle-related behaviors among clients in terms of healthy nutrition (P < 0.001), physical activity (P < 0.001), and withdrawal smoking (P < 0.001) increased significantly. Furthermore, waist circumference (P < 0.024) and BMI (P < 0.001) among clients were significantly reduced. CONCLUSION: The training program for health personnel in healthy lifestyle has a more effective role in changing people's behavior and prevention of noncommunicable risk factors. Healthy life style counselling in primary health cares may lead to control risk factors for Noncommunicable disease.
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BACKGROUND: Injuries are increasing global public health problems, causing disability and death among children. This has considerable financial, emotional and social eï¬ects on families and society. This study aimed to investigate the behavioural and environmental factors leading to unintentional home injuries and attempts to highlight the pivotal role of mothers' behaviour and performance to provide a safe place for children at home. METHODS: The current research is a qualitative study of a directed content analysis type. The data were gathered through semistructured interviews conducted in participants' workplaces, namely universities, research centres and health centres. In some cases, telephone interviews were conducted within 3 months, from February 2021 to May 2021 in Tehran, Iran. The participants were selected through non-probability and purposive sampling. All the recorded interviews and notes were accurately evaluated, and data analysis was performed based on the content analysis. There were 29 interviews in total: 12 interviews with mothers, 9 with treatment and prevention specialists, and 8 with researchers. RESULTS: A total of 66 factors, 6 subcategories and 2 main categories were extracted after analysing the interviews. The main categories included environmental and behavioural factors. The subcategories included house infrastructure, house equipment/furniture, children's equipment/furniture, provision of precarious conditions, access to hazardous substances and appliances, and unsafe arrangement of furniture. CONCLUSION: Despite the existing obstacles such as the long-term implementation, financial difficulties and overcomplicated policy-making process, health interventions can make it possible for mothers of children under the age of seven to adopt preventive measures through appropriately designed instructions and optimal use of existing facilities.