Hospitalization requiring intensive care unit due to SARS-CoV-2 infection correlated with IgM depression and IgG elevation.

AIM: This study investigated the humoral response against SARS-CoV-2 in patients needing intensive care unit (ICU) care compared with those on general medicine wards. MATERIALS & METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed 113 hospitalized patients with COVID-19. They assessed antibody response against five SARS-CoV-2 epitopes at 6-14 days post symptom onset in these patients. RESULTS: Patients with ICU admissions had decreased anti-nucleocapsid immunoglobulin (Ig)M and increased anti-spike IgG compared with patients not requiring the ICU. IgG levels were positively correlated with length of stay. CONCLUSION: Higher levels of IgG against the spike protein correlate with COVID-19 disease severity and length of stay in hospitalized patients. This adds to the knowledge of biochemical response to clinical disease and may help predict ICU needs.

Interrelationship of Primary Virus Replication, Level of Latency, and Time to Reactivation in the Trigeminal Ganglia of Latently Infected Mice.

UNLABELLED: We sought to determine the possibility of an interrelationship between primary virus replication in the eye, the level of viral DNA in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) during latency, and the amount of virus reactivation following ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. Mice were infected with virulent (McKrae) or avirulent (KOS and RE) strains of HSV-1, and virus titers in the eyes and TG during primary infection, level of viral gB DNA in TG on day 28 postinfection (p.i.), and virus reactivation on day 28 p.i. as measured by explant reactivation were calculated. Our results suggest that the avirulent strains of HSV-1, even after corneal scarification, had lower virus titers in the eye, had less latency in the TG, and took a longer time to reactivate than virulent strains of HSV-1. The time to explant reactivation of avirulent strains of HSV-1 was similar to that of the virulent LAT((-)) McKrae-derived mutant. The viral dose with the McKrae strain of HSV-1 affected the level of viral DNA and time to explant reactivation. Overall, our results suggest that there is no absolute correlation between primary virus titer in the eye and TG and the level of viral DNA in latent TG and time to reactivation. IMPORTANCE: Very little is known regarding the interrelationship between primary virus replication in the eye, the level of latency in TG, and the time to reactivate in the mouse model. This study was designed to answer these questions. Our results point to the absence of any correlation between the level of primary virus replication and the level of viral DNA during latency, and neither was an indicator of how rapidly the virus reactivated following explant TG-induced reactivation.

CD8+ T Cells Play a Bystander Role in Mice Latently Infected with Herpes Simplex Virus 1.

UNLABELLED: Based on an explant reactivation model, it has been proposed that CD8(+) T cells maintain latency in trigeminal ganglia (TG) of mice latently infected with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) [T. Liu, K. M. Khanna, X. Chen, D. J. Fink, and R. L. Hendricks, J Exp Med 191:1459-1466, 2000, doi:10.1084/jem.191.9.1459; K. M. Khanna, R. H. Bonneau, P. R. Kinchington, and R. L. Hendricks, Immunity 18:593-603, 2003, doi:10.1016/S1074-7613(03)00112-2]. In those studies, BALB/c mice were ocularly infected with an avirulent HSV-1 strain (RE) after corneal scarification. However, in our studies, we typically infect mice with a virulent HSV-1 strain (McKrae) that does not require corneal scarification. Using a combination of knockout mice, adoptive transfers, and depletion studies, we recently found that CD8α(+) dendritic cells (DCs) contribute to HSV-1 latency and reactivation in TG of ocularly infected mice (K. R. Mott, S. J. Allen, M. Zandian, B. Konda, B. G. Sharifi, C. Jones, S. L. Wechsler, T. Town, and H. Ghiasi, PLoS One 9:e93444, 2014, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093444). This suggested that CD8(+) T cells might not be the major regulators of HSV-1 latency in the mouse TG. To investigate this iconoclastic possibility, we used a blocking CD8 antibody and CD8(+) T cells in reactivated TG explants from mice latently infected with (i) the avirulent HSV-1 strain RE following corneal scarification or (ii) the virulent HSV-1 strain McKrae without corneal scarification. Independently of the strain or approach, our results show that CD8α(+) DCs, not CD8(+) T cells, drive latency and reactivation. In addition, adoptive transfer of CD8(+) T cells from wild-type (wt) mice to CD8α(-/-) mice did not restore latency to the level for wt mice or wt virus. In the presence of latency-associated transcript (LAT((+)); wt virus), CD8(+) T cells seem to play a bystander role in the TG. These bystander T cells highly express PD-1, most likely due to the presence of CD8α(+) DCs. Collectively, these results support the notion that CD8(+) T cells do not play a major role in maintaining HSV-1 latency and reactivation. SIGNIFICANCE: This study addresses a fundamentally important and widely debated issue in the field of HSV latency-reactivation. In this article, we directly compare the effects of anti-CD8 antibody, CD8(+) T cells, LAT, and CD8α(+) DCs in blocking explant reactivation in TG of mice latently infected with avirulent or virulent HSV-1. Our data suggest that CD8(+) T cells are not responsible for an increase or maintenance of latency in ocularly infected mice. However, they seem to play a bystander role that correlates with the presence of LAT, higher subclinical reactivation levels, and higher PD-1 expression levels.

Batf3 deficiency is not critical for the generation of CD8α⁺ dendritic cells.

Recently, we have reported that CD8α(+) DCs, rather than CD8(+) T cells, are involved in the establishment and maintenance of HSV-1 latency in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) of ocularly infected mice. In the current study, we investigated whether similar results can be obtained using Batf3(-/-) mice that previously were reported to lack CD8α(+) DCs. However, our results demonstrate that Batf3(-/-) mice, without any known infection, express CD8α(+) DCs. Consequently, due to the presence of CD8α(+) DCs, no differences were detected in the level of HSV-1 latency between Batf3(-/-) mice compared with wild type control mice.