RESUMEN
Brucellosis is recognized as a significant global zoonotic infection that disproportionately affects low-income settings. A community cross-sectional survey was carried out in a rural setting of northwest Iran between February and May 2023. Rural individuals were interviewed according to a questionnaire with questions about demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices relating to human brucellosis. We employed descriptive statistics to study knowledge, attitudes, and practice patterns. In addition, we applied a multivariable logistic regression model to assess potential predictors of knowledge, attitudes, and practice related to brucellosis using odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Among 700 participants, 91.1% were aware of brucellosis, and 85.7% identified cows, sheep, and goats as primary transmission sources. 75.6% and 78.7% recognized transmission risks via unpasteurized and raw milk products. 60.5% understood the benefits of boiling milk and using gloves. Attitudinally, 64.3% perceived higher risk for livestock owners and supported practices like milk pasteurization (70.5%), protective gear (84.4%), handwashing (92.2%), and animal vaccination (71.0%). 90% expressed a need for more information. In practice, 44.8% exclusively consumed boiled and pasteurized milk, 37.8% consumed fresh cheese, and 92.2% solely consumed thoroughly cooked animal meat. Logistic regression revealed that higher education and no prior history of the disease correlated with good knowledge and attitudes, while older participants displayed inappropriate practices compared to their younger counterparts. This study highlights the reasonably high awareness of brucellosis, particularly regarding transmission sources and preventive measures. However, the gaps in knowledge, attitudes, and practices still exist, with education level emerging as a significant factor. To improve prevention practices, tailored interventions addressing age-related disparities are necessary.
RESUMEN
The novel hybrids with 1,2,3-triazole and polyhydroquinoline scaffolds were successfully synthesized by multicomponent reaction of propargyloxybenzaldehyde, 1,3-cyclohexadione, ethylacetoacetate and ammonium acetate followed through click reaction in the presence of deep eutectic solvent ChCl/ZnCl2 as an efficient catalyst. Their anti-leishmanial activity was evaluated against amastigote and promastigote forms of L. tropica, L. major, and two different species of L. infantum. Furthermore, to determine the cytotoxicity of the hybrids, they were evaluated against the murine macrophage cell line J774.A1. Based on the results, three hybrids showed the highest antileishmanial activity. However, they revealed low cytotoxicity. Hybrid 6j was the most potent compound against both the forms of all leishmanial types, with IC50 = 13.5 and 11.9 µg/mL for L. major, 37.5 and 25 µg/mL for L. tropica, 17.5 and 20 µg/mL for L. infantum (MCAN/IR//96/LON49) and 35.5 and 30 µg/mL for L. infantum (MCAN/ES/98/LIM-877), respectively. Finally, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were also performed to identify possible mechanism antileishmanial activity.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
RESUMEN
Depressive disorders belong to highly heterogeneous psychiatric diseases. Loss of in interest in previously enjoyed activities and a depressed mood are the main characteristics of major depressive disorder (MDD). Moreover, due to significant heterogeneity in clinical presentation and lack of applicable biomarkers, diagnosis and treatment remains challenging. Identification of relevant biomarkers would allow for improved disease classification and more personalized treatment strategies. Herein, we review the current state of these biomarkers and then discuss diagnostic techniques of aimed to specifically target these analytes using state of the art biosensor technology.
