One-step convergent synthesis of the steroid ring system via the coupling of gamma,delta-unsaturated Fischer carbene complexes with o-ethynylbenzaldehyde.

[reaction: see text]. Simultaneous and stereoselective construction of the steroid B and C rings is observed in a tandem process involving the coupling of o-ethynylbenzaldehyde with 2-alkenylcyclopentylcarbene-chromium complexes.

Taste disorder in hypo and hyperthyroidism.

Gustatory responses to the basic taste substances (sweet, salty, sour and bitter) were studied in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid subjects. The intensity and hedonic responses were evaluated using "category scaling" for 7 concentrations of glucose, sodium chloride, citric acid and quinine sulphate. The intensity and hedonic values decrease in hyperthyroidism for salt and bitter solution, and sourness is perceived as more unpleasant. In hypothyroid subjects intensity and hedonic value decreases for sweetness, the pleasant responses to salt and bitter increase, though intensity perception decreases for bitter solutions.

Gustatory differences in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid tasters and non-tasters.

Gustatory differences in Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) tasters and non-tasters were studied in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid subjects. After presenting for PTC sensitivity, gustatory responses to 7 dilutions of test solutions for glucose (sweet), sodium chloride (salt), citric acid (sour) and quinine sulphate (bitter) were studied in PTC tasters and non-tasters. The intensity and pleasantness responses for 4 basic tastes were measured on a 7-point and 6-point category scale respectively. Sixty percent of subjects of hyperthyroid and 40% of hypothyroid subjects were tasters. Hypothyroid subjects showed more gustatory differences as compared to hyperthyroids. The diminished intensity perception for sweet and bitter taste was much more prominent in non-tasters than tasters hypothyroids. The greater hedonic value for salt was largely observed among hypothyroid tasters.

Ankle reflex photomotogram in thyroid dysfunctions.

The tap to half relaxation time of tendon achilles reflex was measured in thirty control subjects, forty-five thyrotoxic and sixty hypothyroid patients. The half relaxation time in the control males and females was 279.33 +/- 76.39 msec and 320.00 +/- 52.37 msec. respectively. In thyrotoxic males and females the half relaxation time was 256.67 +/- 31.62 msec (P less than 0.01) and 252.50 +/- 47.68 msec (P less than 0.01) respectively. Amongst the hypothyroid male and female patients the half relaxation time was 405.0 +/- 35.56 msec (P less than 0.01) and 422.5 +/- 115.36 (P less than 0.01) respectively. As all these values were statistically significant, we consider the photomotographic measurement of ankle reflex as an important aid to the diagnosis of thyroid hormone imbalances.