Leptoomidae, a new family of Eocene fossil Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera), and family classification of Eocene fossil genera originally described in Neanastatinae (Eupelmidae).

Leptoomidae Gibson fam. nov. (Chalcidoidea) is described for the Eocene Baltic amber fossil genera Leptoomus Gibson, type genus, reassigned from Tanaostigmatidae, and Neanaperiallus Gibson, reassigned from Neanastatinae (Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae) sensu Gibson (2009). One new species of Neanaperiallus, N. defunctus Fusu sp. nov., is described. The new family is differentiated from other families of Chalcidoidea that are partly characterized by a greatly enlarged acropleuron. In species of Leptoomidae the prepectus is anteriorly rounded to angulate and extends to or slightly over the posterolateral margin of the pronotum, with the dorsal prepectal margin intersecting the base of the tegula distinctly anterior to and forming an almost right-angle with the posterior margin of prepectus, and the posterior margin truncate along the anterior margin of the acropleuron. This prepectal structure is similar to that in Tanaostigmatidae and Cynipencyrtidae, except the prepectus is elongated anteriorly exterior to the pronotum in Tanaostigmatidae and interior to the lateral surface of the pronotum in Cynipencyrtidae. A difference in prepectal structure also indicates that an anteriorly elongated mesoscutal process internal to the pronotum in Encyrtidae is convergent to that of Cynipencyrtidae, and similarity in shape of the prepectus among Encyrtidae, Eopelma Gibson and Neanastatus Girault might be functionally correlated with an anterior elongation of the mesoscutal process. New or corrected morphological data are provided for the two included genera. Of other Eocene fossil genera originally classified in Neanastatinae, Brevivulva Gibson and Propelma Trjapitzin, are assigned to Neanastatidae sensu Burks et al. (2022) based on similar mesoscutellar structures. Possible relationships of Aspidopleura Gibson, a taxon with a puzzling combination of features, are discussed. Because Aspidopleura cannot be placed with confidence in any extinct or extant higher taxon it is treated as incertae sedis at family level within Chalcidoidea.

Revision of the Old World genus Mesocomys Cameron (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae).

The Old World genus Mesocomys Cameron (1905) (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae: Eupelminae) is revised. Eleven species, including two newly described species, are recognized and keyed in two previously established species groups, the albitarsis and the pulchriceps species groups sensu Gibson (1995), but with additional features provided to distinguish members of the two groups. Five species are recognized in the pulchriceps group-Mesocomys anelliformis n. sp., M. longiscapus n. sp., M. orientalis Ferrière, 1935, M. pauliani Ferrière, 1951, and M. pulchriceps Cameron, 1905. Seven species are assigned to the albitarsis group, but one, M. aegeriae Sheng, 1996 is treated as a nomen dubium; the six recognized and keyed species in the albitarsis group are M. albitarsis (Ashmead, 1904), M. breviscapis Yao, Yang Zhao, 2009, M. menzeli (Ferrière, 1930b), M. obscurus (Ferrière, 1930b) revised stat., M. superansi Yao, Yang Zhao, 2009, and M. trabalae Yao, Yang Zhao, 2009. Within the albitarsis group, the species are further discussed relative to two newly established species subgroups, the albitarsis subgroup for M. albitarsis, M. menzeli and M. obscurus, and the aegeriae subgroup for M. aegeriae, M. breviscapis, M. superansi and M. trabalae. Females of the albitarsis subgroup possess a finely sculptured mesoscutal medial lobe in combination with partly infuscate fore wings and/or at least partly pale flagellum, whereas females of the aegeriae subgroup possess a much more coarsely sculptured mesoscutal medial lobe and hyaline fore wings in combination with a dark flagellum. Members of the albitarsis species group are restricted to the Oriental and eastern Palaearctic regions except for a single female of the aegeriae subgroup seen from Algeria that is provisionally identified as M. breviscapis; members of the pulchriceps group are restricted to the Afrotropical region except for M. orientalis from the Oriental region. Newly placed in synonymy are M. aegeriae Sheng, 1998 under M. aegeriae Sheng, 1996 n. syn., M. sinensis Yao, Yang Zhao, 2009 under M. breviscapis Yao, Yang Zhao, 2009 n. syn., M. atulyus Narendran, 1995 under M. orientalis Ferrière, 1935 n. syn., M. vuilleti (Crawford, 1912) under M. pulchriceps Cameron, 1905 n. syn., and Semianastatus orientalis Kalina, 1984 and Mesocomys kalinai Özdikmen, 2011 under M. albitarsis (Ashmead, 1904) n. syns. Lectotypes are newly designated for M. menzeli, M. obscurus, M. orientalis, M. pauliani, M. pulchriceps and M. vuilleti. Morphological features characteristic of the genus and of the highly dimorphic sexes are described and illustrated, and the species are keyed, described, and illustrated through macrophotography. Phylogenetics are discussed for the genus, the two species groups, and species within the pulchriceps group. Distribution and host records are also summarized for each species.

Review of the species of Anastatus (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) known from China, with description of two new species with brachypterous females.

Fourteen species of Anastatus (Anastatus) Motschulsky, 1859 (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) are treated from China, of which A. (Anastatus) flavaeratus Peng and Tang n. sp. and A. (Anastatus) pariliquadrus Peng and Tang n. sp. are described based on brachypterous females. Two new synonyms are proposed, A. flavipes Sheng and Wang, 1997 under A. japonicus Ashmead, 1904 n. syn., and A. huangi Sheng and Yu, 1998 under A. gastropachae Ashmead, 1904 n. syn. The species previously reported from China under the name A. acherontiae Narayanan, Subba Rao and Ramachandra, 1960 is newly identified as Anastatus echidna (Motschulsky, 1863). Anastatus colemani Crawford, 1912, is excluded from the Chinese mainland fauna, and A. dendrolimus Kim and Pak, 1965, A. kashmirensis Mathur, 1956, and A. tenuipes Bolívar y Pieltain, 1925 are excluded from the Chinese fauna. Two previously recorded extralimital species, A. bifasciatus (Geoffroy, 1785) and A. colemani are treated as possibly present in China even though their presence was not confirmed and the records likely are based on misidentifications. Anastatus ramakrishnai (Mani, 1935), originally described from India, is compared with A. dexingensis Sheng and Wang, 1997 and A. formosanus Crawford, 1913, with the suggestion that the name could be synonymous with one of the latter two names. The males of nine species and females of all Anastatus species recognised from China are keyed, diagnosed, and illustrated. Information on recorded hosts and distribution is summarised for all the species.

Redescription of Anastatus mantoidae Motschulsky, the type species of Anastatus Motschulsky 1859, and Anastatus echidna (Motschulsky), the type species of Cacotropia Motschulsky 1863, with respect to taxonomy of Anastatus (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae: Eupelminae).

Both sexes of Anastatus mantoidae Motschulsky, the type species of Anastatus Motschulsky, 1859, and females of Anastatus echidna (Motschulsky), the type species of Cacotropia Motschulsky, 1863, the oldest junior synonym of Anastatus (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae: Eupelminae), are redescribed and illustrated based on original type material and compared to more recently collected material. Anastatus mantoidae, previously known only from Sri Lanka, is newly reported from Indonesia (Java and Sumatra) and Thailand, and a very similar species, A. motschulskyi n. sp., is newly described based on both sexes from Malaysia (Sabah) and Thailand and compared to A. mantoidae. Anastatus echidna, also originally known only from Sri Lanka, is newly reported from India, Pakistan and Thailand, and potential synonymy of one or both of Anastatus amarus (Subba Rao, 1957) and Anastatus acherontiae Narayanan, Subba Rao Ramachandra Rao, 1960, under A. echidna is discussed.

Anastatus Motschulsky (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae): egg parasitoids of Caligula japonica Moore (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae) in China.

Four species of Anastatus Motschulsky (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae, Eupelminae) are newly reported as egg parasitoids of the Japanese giant silkworm, Caligula japonica Moore and, as an alternate laboratory host, the Chinese oak silk moth, Antheraea pernyi (Guérin-Méneville) (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae) in China. The four species, A. fulloi Sheng & Wang, 1997, A. gansuensis Chen & Zang, sp. nov., A. japonicus Ashmead, 1904, and A. meilingensis Sheng, 1998, were reared initially from eggs of C. japonica collected in Gansu, Jilin and Liaoning provinces and subsequently cultured in the laboratory on eggs of A. pernyi. An illustrated key to differentiate females of the four species, and males of some of the species is provided. Key features are illustrated, both sexes of the new species are described, and diagnoses of females of the other species are given.

The species of Ecnomocephala Gibson (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae).

The species of the New World genus Ecnomocephala Gibson (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae: Eupelminae) are revised. Seven species are recognized, the type species, E. townesi Gibson, 1995 (♀♂: USA), and the following six new species: E. ashei Gibson n. sp. (♀♂: French Guiana, Guyana, Venezuela), E. boliviensis Gibson n. sp. (♀: Bolivia), E. gilli Gibson n. sp. (♀♂: Brazil, Costa Rica, Panama), E. hypha Gibson n. sp. (♀: Costa Rica), E. retia Gibson n. sp. (♀: Mexico), and E. speculum Gibson n. sp. (♀: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru). The species are illustrated through macrophotography and keyed. Morphology of the sexes is compared to each other relative to sexual dimorphism and examined for implications for inferring function, character-state evolution, and phylogenetic relationships within the subfamily.

Revision of Lutnes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae).

Argaleostatus Gibson, 1995 is synonymized under Lutnes Cameron, 1884 (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae: Eupelminae) n. syn. and its type species, Eupelmus testaceus Cameron, 1884, is transferred to Lutnes as L. testaceus (Cameron) n. comb. The species of Lutnes are revised and six species are recognized, including the type species, Lutnes ornaticornis Cameron, 1884, plus L. testaceus, L. biguttatus (Girault, 1913), and three new species, L. aurantimacula Gibson n. sp. (Ecuador), L. infucatus Gibson n. sp. (Ecuador), and L. afrotropicus Gibson n. sp. (Cameroon). The first five species are based on females from the Neotropical region, whereas the last species is based on a female from Cameroon. This Afrotropical record is the first for the genus outside of the Neotropical region. Males are unrecognized for the genus. Monophyly and relationships of the genus are discussed and the species are keyed and illustrated through macrophotography.

The species of Psomizopelma Gibson (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae).

The species of the New World genus Psomizopelma Gibson (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae: Eupelminae) are revised. Five species are recognized, including one species with macropterous females, P. macropterum n. sp. (♀: Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Panama, Trinidad), and four species with brachypterous females, P. albiclava n. sp. (♀ ♂: Brazil), P. brachypterum Gibson, 1995 (♀ ♂: USA, Florida), P. fuscum n. sp. (♀: Dominican Republic), and P. metallicum n. sp. (♀: USA, Florida). The species are illustrated through macrophotography and keyed.

Validation of Psomizopelma metallicum Gibson, 2018 (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae).

Gibson (2018) recently revised the species of Psomizopelma Gibson, 1995 (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), in which P. metallicum was described based on females as one of four new species. In the section on "type material" for this species, one paratype was stated as deposited in the CNC (Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada), whereas the holotype and three other paratypes were stated as deposited in UCFC (University of Central Florida Collection of Arthropods, Orlando, FL, USA). The coden CNC, including the name of the collection and its location was listed in the methods section, but unfortunately the coden UCFC and its relevant collection and location data was inadvertently omitted. As such, under Article 16.4.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the name Psomizopelma metallicum Gibson is not available, because even though a museum coden was given in the publication for where the holotype is deposited, the name and location of the collection was not. The purpose of this correspondence is to correct the oversight in Gibson (2018) and to make the name P. metallicum available. The method of citing holotype label data and abbreviations for structure given below as well as a comprehensive description and illustrations of the species are given in Gibson (2018).

Synonymy of Reikosiella Yoshimoto under Merostenus Walker (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae), with a checklist of world species and a revision of those species with brachypterous females.

Reikosiella Yoshimoto, 1969 is synonymized under Merostenus Walker, 1837 n. syn. and treated as M. (Reikosiella), one of four subgenera recognized in the genus. Hirticauda Boucek, 1988, previously treated as a subgenus of Reikosiella, is synonymized under M. (Merostenus) n. syn., and two subgenera established in Reikosiella by Gibson (1995) are synonymized under Merostenus and treated as the subgenera M. (Capreocauda) and M. (Incohata) n. syns. The new generic synonymy is proposed after morphological comparison of females and males of Merostenus and Reikosiella sensu Gibson (1995), including reanalysis of features possessed by a basal group of genera of Eupelminae whose females share two hypothesized symplesiomorphies-a medially divided mesotrochantinal plate and lack of a mesotibial apical groove. A checklist of the 51 world species assigned to Merostenus is given, with 1 described species in M. (Incohata), 6 in M. (Capreocauda), 6 in M. (Reikosiella) and 38 in M. (Merostenus). All but one, the type species of Merostenus, represent new combinations. The species of Merostenus with brachypterous females are revised, with 8 of 10 species described as new. In addition to M. (Merostenus) excavatus (Dalman) (♀, ♂) from the Palaearctic, described in the same subgenus are one new species from Mexico, M. (Merostenus) mexicanus n. sp. (♀), and seven from the Afrotropical region, M. (Merostenus) distigma n. sp. (♀: Kenya, Tanzania), M. (Merostenus) micropterus n. sp. (♀: Democratic Republic of the Congo), M. (Merostenus) platyscapus n. sp. (♀: South Africa), M. (Merostenus) reticulatus n. sp. (♀, ♂: Kenya), M. (Merostenus) speculum n. sp. (♀: Burundi), M. (Merostenus) congoensis (♀: Democratic Republic of the Congo), and M. (Merostenus) longistylus n. sp. (♀, ♂: South Africa). The first seven species are assigned to the excavatus species-group of M. (Merostenus) based on females sharing a completely sclerotized pronotum and apically truncate syntergum. Also treated is M. (Reikosiella) melinus (Yoshimoto) n. comb. (♀: Argentina, Brazil, Hawaii), the only species known with macropterous to variably strongly brachypterous females. Six species are transferred to other genera. Merostenus ferrugineus Yoshimoto & Ishii is transferred to Anastatus Motschulsky as A. ferrugineus (Yoshimoto & Ishii) n. comb., Merostenus guamensis Yoshimoto & Ishii and Merostenus palauensis Yoshimoto & Ishii are transferred to Eupelmus Dalman and provisionally classified in E. (Eupelmus) as E. (Eupelmus) guamensis (Yoshimoto & Ishii) n. comb. and E. (Eupelmus) palauensis (Yoshimoto & Ishii) n. comb., Eupelminus subapterus Ashmead is transferred to E. (Eupelmus) as E. (Eupelmus) subapterus (Ashmead) n. comb., and Eupelminus robustus Brues and Eupelminus tarsatus Waterston are transferred to Arachnophaga (Parasolindenia Brues) as Arachnophaga (Parasolindenia) robusta (Brues) n. comb. and Arachnophaga (Parasolindenia) tarsata (Waterston) n. comb. The character-state analysis and treated species are illustrated through macrophotography and, except for A. robusta, notes and illustrations provided for the excluded species to assist their future recognition.

Revision of the Neotropical genus Macreupelmus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae).

The Neotropical genus Macreupelmus Ashmead (Eupelmidae: Eupelminae) is revised based on females, males being unknown for the genus. The genus is redescribed, its phylogenetic relationships within Eupelminae discussed, and the species keyed, described and illustrated through macrophotography. Nine species are recognized-Macreupelmus auranticrus n. sp., M. aurantispina n. sp., M. brasiliensis Ashmead 1896, M. crassicornis (Cameron 1884), M. dromedarius (Cameron 1884), M. erwini n. sp., M. granulosus n. sp., M. laticlavius n. sp., and M. nigrispina n. sp. Excluded from the genus are Macreupelmus baccharidis Kieffer 1910 (transferred to Brasema Cameron as B. baccharidis (Kieffer) n. comb.), Macreupelmus bekilyi Risbec 1952 (transferred to Reikosiella (Hirticauda Boucek) as Reikosiella (Hirticauda) bekilyi (Risbec) n. comb.), and Macreupelmus pulchriceps Cameron 1905 (transferred to Eupelmus Dalman as E. (Eupelmus) pulchriceps (Cameron) n. comb.). The latter name is recognized as the senior synonym of Cerambycobius cushmani Crawford 1908 n. syn., Cerambycobius townsendi Crawford 1912 n. syn., and Eupelmus cyaniceps amicus Girault 1916 n. syn. Lectotypes are designated for M. brasiliensis, M. dromedarius and E. pulchriceps.

Revision of the Palaearctic species of Eupelmus (Eupelmus) Dalman (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae).

One hundred-four extant species of Eupelmus Dalman (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae: Eupelminae) are recognized from the Palaearctic region, of which 76 species of E. (Eupelmus) are recognized following a revision of the Palaearctic fauna of the subgenus. The following 25 species are described as new: E. (Eupelmus) adustus Gibson & Fusu n. sp., E. (Eupelmus) angustifrons Gibson & Fusu n. sp., E. (Eupelmus) bicolor Gibson & Fusu n. sp., E. (Eupelmus) brachypterus Fusu & Gibson n. sp., E. (Eupelmus) brachystylus Gibson & Fusu n. sp., E. (Eupelmus) brachyurus Fusu & Gibson n. sp., E. (Eupelmus) fasciatus Gibson & Fusu n. sp., E. (Eupelmus) gelechiphagus Gibson & Fusu n. sp., E. (Eupelmus) hayei Gibson & Fusu n. sp., E. (Eupelmus) infimbriatus Gibson & Fusu n. sp., E. (Eupelmus) iris Fusu & Gibson n. sp., E. (Eupelmus) kamijoi Gibson & Fusu n. sp., E. (Eupelmus) lanceolatus Gibson & Fusu n. sp., E. (Eupelmus) luteipes Fusu & Gibson n. sp., E. (Eupelmus) magdalenae Fusu & Gibson n. sp., E. (Eupelmus) mehrnejadi Gibson & Fusu n. sp., E. (Eupelmus) melanostylus Gibson & Fusu n. sp., E. (Eupelmus) punctatifrons Fusu & Gibson n. sp., E. (Eupelmus) setosus Fusu & Gibson n. sp., E. (Eupelmus) tanystylus Gibson & Fusu n. sp., E. (Eupelmus) tetrazostus Gibson & Fusu n. sp., E. (Eupelmus) vanharteni Fusu & Gibson n. sp., E. (Eupelmus) weilli Fusu & Gibson n. sp., E. (Eupelmus) xenium Fusu & Gibson n. sp., and E. (Eupelmus) zebra Fusu & Gibson n. sp. Of previously described species of Eupelmus, 17 are newly assigned to E. (Eupelmus), 10 to E. (Episolindelia Girault), and 8 to E. (Macroneura Walker). Formally transferred to E. (Macroneura) from Macroneura are E. (M.) algiricus (Kalina 1981), E. (M.) coleophorae (Kalina 1981), E. (M.) impennis (Nikol'skaya 1952), E. (M.) longicornis (Kalina 1981), E. (M.) pleuratus (Kalina 1981) and E. (M.) sugonyaevi (Kalina 1981) n. combs. Eupelmus (Eupelmus) kalinai Gibson & Fusu n. name is given to replace E. (Eupelmus) algiricus Kalina 1988, a secondary homonym of E. (M.) algiricus (Kalina 1981). New synonyms proposed are Eupelmus scolyti Liao 1987 n. syn. under E. (Eupelmus) formosae Ashmead 1904, and Eupelmus nigricauda Nikol'skaya 1952 n. syn. under E. (Eupelmus) microzonus Förster 1860. Eupelmus gueneei Giraud 1870 and Eupelmus xambeui Giard 1900 are transferred to Arachnophaga (Parasolindenia Brues) as A. (P.) gueneei (Giraud) and A. (P.) xambeui (Giard) n. combs., and Eupelmus kim Nikol'skaya 1952 is transferred to Brasema Cameron as B. kim (Nikol'skaya) n. comb. Eupelmus puparum Newport 1840 is transferred to Pteromalus Swederus (Pteromalidae) as P. puparum (Newport) n. comb., a secondary homonym of P. puparum (Linnaeus 1758), and Ceraphron brachynterae Schwägrichen 1835 is removed from Eupelmus and Eupelmidae, and the name treated as incertae sedis. Lectotypes are designated for Eupelmus azureus Ratzeburg 1844, Pteromalus cordairii Ratzeburg 1844, Eupelmus hostilis Förster 1860, and Eupelmus splendens Giraud 1872. Neotypes are designated for Pteromalus audouinii Ratzeburg 1844 and Eupelmus bedeguaris Ratzeburg 1852. Newly recorded from the Palaearctic are E. (Eupelmus) orthopterae (Risbec 1951) and E. (Eupelmus) peculiaris Narendran (2011). Excluded from the Palaearctic are E. (Eupelmus) afer Silvestri 1914 (Afrotropical) and E. (Eupelmus) longicorpus (Girault 1915) (Australasian), the former being compared to E. confusus Al khatib 2015 and the latter to E. iranicus Kalina 1988 and E. kalinai. Seven informal species groups are recognized for the purpose of species comparisons, the fulgens-, fulvipes-, iranicus-, orientalis-, splendens-, stramineipes-, and urozonus-groups. The latter group is restricted to E. urozonus Dalman and five other species that were differentiated initially using molecular evidence. Females of all 76 species of E. (Eupelmus) recognized from the Palaearctic are keyed, described and illustrated. Males are recognized for 44 of the species, and keyed and illustrated, though not all males of the fulvipes- and urozonus-groups are distinguished from each other.

A new species of Oozetetes De Santis (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae) from Colombia with an updated key for the bucheri species-group.

Oozetetes lucidus sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) is described from Colombia, South America, and through macrophotography compared with all described species in the bucheri species-group of Oozetetes De Santis. An illustrated key modified from Gibson (2004) is provided to distinguish females of the six described species of this group.

Revision of Paranastatus Masi (Eupelmidae, Eupelminae) with descriptions of four new species.

Paranastatus Masi, 1917 (Eupelmidae, Eupelminae) was originally described based on two species from Seychelles: Paranastatus egregius and Paranastatus violaceus. Eady (1956) subsequently described Paranastatus nigriscutellatus and Paranastatus verticalis from Fiji. Here, four new species of Paranastatus are described: Paranastatus bellus Scallion, sp. n. and Paranastatus pilosus Scallion, sp. n. from Indonesia, and Paranastatus halko Scallion, sp. n. and Paranastatus parkeri Scallion, sp. n. from Fiji. A key to all Paranastatus species based on females is included and lectotypes are designated for Paranastatus egregius and Paranastatus violaceus. Finally, previously unobserved colour variation from newly collected material of Paranastatus verticalis, distribution patterns of species, and possibilities for future research are discussed.

The presence of Notanisus Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in North America and revision of the oulmesiensis species group.

The presence and distribution of two species of Notanisus Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in North America is reported. Notanisus sexramosus (Erdos), originally described from Hungary and previously reported from Maryland, USA, is recorded also from Massachusetts and Pennsylvania based on a male and macropterous and brachypterous females. Males of Notanisus are shown to have two types of flagellar structure, ramose and pedicellate, and diagnostic features are given for the previously unknown males of N. clavatus Boucek to differentiate these from those of N. sexramosus and N. versicolor Walker. Five other species are newly described, Notanisus kansensis n. sp. based on a female from Nebraska, USA, and four species from Sub-Saharan Africa and the Arabian Peninsula--Notanisus brevipetiolus n. sp. based on two females from Uganda and Zambia, Notanisus longipetiolus n. sp. based on a female from Zimbabwe and a female and two males from Mozambique, Notanisus vanharteni n. sp. based on a female and several males from United Arab Emirates, and Notanisus yemenensis n. sp. based on a female and male from Yemen. The latter five species are included with the Palaearctic species N. oulmesiensis (Delucchi) and N. gracilis (Yang) in the oulmesiensis species group, defined by the presence of reduced stigmal and postmarginal veins in both sexes. The seven oulmesiensis-group species are differentiated in a key and all treated species are illustrated through macrophotography. Monophyly and relationships of Notanisus within Cleonymini are discussed, including features that indicate it could be paraphyletic relative to Callocleonymus Masi.

An integrative study of Necremnus Thomson (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with invasive pests in Europe and North America: taxonomic and ecological implications.

The species of Necremnus attacking two invasive pests of tomato and canola in Europe and North America, respectively, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), have been revised using an integrative taxonomy approach. Molecular data from the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I and the nuclear D2 expansion region of the 28S ribosomal subunit and internal transcribed spacer 2, the discovery of new morphological features, and study of type material resulted in the delineation of three species groups, the Necremnus artynes, Necremnus cosconius, and Necremnus tidius groups, the discovery of four new species, and the resurrection of three taxa from synonymy. Lectotypes have been designated for 13 species originally described in Eulophus by Walker. Although Necremnus has not been revised, an illustrated key is given to differentiate 23 recognized European species. The key, type images, and treatments of the three species groups will enable more accurate identification of the valid species of Necremnus in the future. They will also benefit biological control practitioners of pest species. The ecological consequences of the new taxonomic concepts are discussed.

The parasitoids of the asparagus miner (Diptera: Agromyzidae): field parasitism and the influence of food resources on life history.

The goals of this study were to identify pupal parasitoids of the asparagus miner, Ophiomyia simplex Loew (Diptera: Agromyzidae), and examine the effect of different diets and floral resources on the lifespan of adult asparagus miners and their parasitoids. We also measured the effect of parasitism on stem damage caused by the asparagus miner. The identity and abundance of the parasitoids of the asparagus miner were determined in asparagus fields in Michigan from weekly asparagus miner pupal collections during the 2010-2013 seasons. Twelve species of hymenopterous parasitoids were reared from asparagus miner pupae, including Chorebus rondanii (Giard) (Ichneumonoidea: Braconidae), 10 species in three families of Chalcidoidea, and one species of Bethylidae (Chrysidoidea), that represent new host records for the asparagus miner. C. rondanii and Thinodytes cephalon (Walker) (Pteromalidae) were the most common parasitoids. The effects of different diets and flowers on the lifespan of the pest and parasitoid adults were also evaluated. Buckwheat resulted in the shortest life span for the asparagus miner, whereas Riddell's goldenrod significantly increased its lifespan relative to the control. Parasitoid lifespan was doubled when individuals were fed sugar-rich diets. In the field, parasitoids preferred stems that contained more pupae and damage. The two most commonly reared parasitoids should be considered as targets for future conservation biological control efforts of the asparagus miner.

The extinct Baltic amber genus Propelma Trjapitzin, a valid genus of Neanastatinae (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae).

The extinct Eocene Baltic amber genus Propelma Trjapitzin 1963 is removed from synonymy under Eupelmus Dalman 1820 (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae, Eupelminae) and treated as a valid genus within Neanastatinae Kalina 1984 based on examination of the holotype female of Propelma rohdendorfi Trjapitzin. Propelma rohdendorfi is redescribed, illustrated by photomacrographs, and compared to other described extant and extinct genera of Neanastatinae. Taxonomic, morphological and geological diversity of Neanastatinae relative to Eupelminae and Calosotinae is also discussed relative to potential age of the subfamily.

Hymenopteran parasitoids of the ant-eating spider Zodarion styliferum (Simon) (Araneae, Zodariidae).

Calymmochilus dispar Boucek & Andriescu (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae) and Gelis apterus (Pontoppidan) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) are newly recorded as parasitoids of the ant-eating spider Zodarion styliferum (Simon) (Araneae, Zodariidae). The larvae of both parasitoid species fed on juvenile spiders. The final instar larva and pupa of Calymmochilus dispar and the male of Gelis apterus are described for the first time. Both species represent new distribution records for Portugal. The biology and host associations of the parasitoids are discussed.

Revision of the species of Jaliscoa Boucek within a review of the identity, relationships and membership of Jaliscoa, Catolaccus Thomson, Eurydinoteloides Girault, Lyrcus Walker and Trimeromicrus Gahan (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae).

The limits of Lyrcus Walker (1842), Catolaccus Thomson (1878), Eurydinoteloides Girault (1913a), Trimeromicrus Gahan (1914), and Jaliscoa Boucek (1993) are re-evaluated and redefined to better reflect observed distribution of morphological features. Nine of 13 New World species of Catolaccus are transferred to other genera and photographs of the primary type specimens are given to assist future recognition. New features are provided to assist identification of the remaining four Nearctic species of Catolaccus and these are compared to European species, with the observation that C. kansensis (Girault 1917c) could be a junior synonym of C. crassiceps (Masi 1911). Trimeromicrus is removed from synonymy under Lyrcus for the single species T. maculatus Gahan (1914) rev. comb. Newly synonymized under Lyrcus is the Australasian genus Neocylus Boucek (1988) n. syn. Ten species are newly transferred to Lyrcus-L. nigraeneus (Girault 1915) n. comb. (from Neocylus), L. helice (Walker 1843) n. comb. and L. cyaneus (Girault 1911) n. comb. (from Catolaccus), and L. albiclavus (Girault 1917c) n. comb., L. capitis (Burks 1955) n. comb., L. chalcis (Burks 1955) n. comb., L. coeliodis (Ashmead 1896) n. comb., L. deuterus (Crawford 1911) n. comb., L. nigroaeneus (Ashmead 1894a)n. comb. and L. rosaecolis (Burks 1955) n. comb. (from Zatropis Crawford 1908). Catolaccus pallipes Ashmead (1894b) is newly transferred to Pteromalus Swederus (1795) as Pteromalus pallipes (Ashmead) n. comb. and Catolaccus fragariae Rohwer (1934) to Lariophagus Crawford (1909) as Lariophagus fragariae (Rohwer) n. comb. Nine species are newly transferred to Eurydinoteloides-E. tepicensis (Ashmead 1895) n. comb. (from Catolaccus), E. dymnus (Walker 1847) n. comb., E. hermeas (Walker 1847) n. comb., E. incerta (Ashmead 1893) n. comb., E. orontas (Walker 1847) n. comb., E. perdubia (Girault 1916) n. comb., E. platensis (De Santis in De Santis et al. 1979) n. comb. and E. timaea (Walker 1847)n. comb. (from Lyrcus), and E. eudubia (Özdikmen 2011) n. comb. (from Spintherus Thomson 1878). Four species are newly transferred to Jaliscoa-J. grandis (Burks 1954) n. comb. and J. hunteri (Crawford 1908) n. comb. (from Catolaccus), and J. townsendi (Crawford 1912) n. comb. and J. vulgaris (Ashmead 1894b) n. comb. (from Pteromalus). The species of Jaliscoa are revised to include J. nudipennis Boucek 1993, J. bouceki n. sp., J. hunteri and J. vulgaris. Re-established in synonymy under J. hunteri is J. townsendi n. comb. One new species of Pteromalus, P. grisselli n. sp., is described as an egg predator in the egg sacs of Dictyna coloradensi Chamberlin (Araneae: Dictynidae) and compared to Catolaccus species and other pteromalids that are predators of spider eggs. Lectotypes are designated for Pteromalus helice Walker (1843), Catolaccus pallipes Ashmead (1894b) and Catolaccus vulgaris Ashmead (1894b). Diagnoses are given to differentiate Catolaccus, Eurydinoteloides, Jaliscoa, Lyrcus and Trimeromicrus from each other, and more extensive descriptions given to help differentiate these genera from other Pteromalinae. Morphological features are illustrated through macrophotography and scanning electron photomicrography.