The experience of blood glucose monitoring in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

BACKGROUND: Finger prick blood glucose (BG) monitoring remains a mainstay of management in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) who take sulphonylurea (SU) drugs or insulin. We recently examined patient experience of BG monitoring in people with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). There has not been any recent comprehensive assessment of the performance of BG monitoring strips or the patient experience of BG strips in people with T2DM in the UK. METHODS: An online self-reported questionnaire containing 44 questions, prepared following consultation with clinicians and patients, was circulated to people with T2DM. 186 responders provided completed responses (25.5% return rate). Fixed responses were coded numerically (eg not confident = 0 fairly confident = 1). RESULTS: Of responders, 84% were treated with insulin in addition to other agents. 75% reported having had an HbA1c check in the previous 6 months. For those with reported HbA1c ≥ 65 mmol/mol, a majority of people (70%) were concerned or really concerned about the shorter term consequences of running a high HbA1c This contrasted with those who did not know their recent HbA1c, of whom only 33% were concerned/really concerned and those with HbA1c <65 mmol/mol of whom 35% were concerned. Regarding BG monitoring/insulin adjustment, only 25% of responders reported having sufficient information with 13% believing that the accuracy and precision of their BG metre was being independently checked. Only 9% recalled discussing BG metre accuracy when their latest metre was provided and only 7% were aware of the International Standardisation Organisation (ISO) standards for BG metres. 77% did not recall discussing BG metre performance with a healthcare professional. CONCLUSION: The group surveyed comprised engaged people with T2DM but even within this group there was significant variation in (a) awareness of shorter term risks, (b) confidence in their ability to implement appropriate insulin dosage (c) awareness of the limitations of BG monitoring technology. There is clearly an area where changes in education/support would benefit many.

The role of abnormalities of lipoproteins and HDL functionality in small fibre dysfunction in people with severe obesity.

Obesity and associated dyslipidemia may contribute to increased cardiovascular disease. Obesity has also been associated with neuropathy. We have investigated presence of peripheral nerve damage in patients with severe obesity without type 2 diabetes and the status of metabolic syndrome and lipoprotein abnormalities. 47participants with severe obesity and 30 age-matched healthy controls underwent detailed phenotyping of neuropathy and an assessment of lipoproteins and HDL-functionality. Participants with severe obesity had a higher neuropathy symptom profile, lower sural and peroneal nerve amplitudes, abnormal thermal thresholds, heart rate variability with deep breathing and corneal nerve parameters compared to healthy controls. Circulating apolipoprotein A1 (P = 0.009), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) (P < 0.0001), cholesterol efflux (P = 0.002) and paroxonase-1 (PON-1) activity (P < 0.0001) were lower, and serum amyloid A (SAA) (P < 0.0001) was higher in participants with obesity compared to controls. Obese participants with small nerve fibre damage had higher serum triglycerides (P = 0.02), lower PON-1 activity (P = 0.002) and higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (58% vs. 23%, P = 0.02) compared to those without. However, HDL-C (P = 0.8), cholesterol efflux (P = 0.08), apoA1 (P = 0.8) and SAA (P = 0.8) did not differ significantly between obese participants with and without small nerve fibre damage. Small nerve fibre damage occurs in people with severe obesity. Patients with obesity have deranged lipoproteins and compromised HDL functionality compared to controls. Obese patients with evidence of small nerve fibre damage, compared to those without, had significantly higher serum triglycerides, lower PON-1 activity and a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome.

Bariatric surgery leads to an improvement in small nerve fibre damage in subjects with obesity.

INTRODUCTION: Subjects with obesity have metabolic risk factors for nerve fibre damage. Because bariatric surgery improves these risk factors we have assessed whether this can ameliorate nerve fibre damage. METHODS: Twenty-six obese subjects without diabetes (age: 46.23 ± 8.6, BMI: 48.7 ± 1.5, HbA1c: 38.0 ± 4.5) and 20 controls (age: 48.3 ± 6.2, BMI: 26.8 ± 4.2, HbA1c: 39.1 ± 2.6) underwent detailed assessment of neuropathy at baseline and 12 months after bariatric surgery. RESULTS: Obese subjects had normal peroneal (45.9 ± 5.5 vs. 48.1 ± 4.5, P = 0.1) and sural (46.9 ± 7.6 vs. 47.9 ± 10.6, P = 0.1) nerve conduction velocity, but a significantly higher neuropathy symptom profile (NSP) (4.3 ± 5.7 vs. 0.3 ± 0.6, P = 0.001), vibration perception threshold (VPT) (V) (10.2 ± 6.8 vs. 4.8 ± 2.7, P < 0.0001), warm threshold (C°) (40.4 ± 3.5 vs. 37.2 ± 1.8, P = 0.003) and lower peroneal (3.8 ± 2.2 vs. 4.9 ± 2.2, P = 0.02) and sural (8.9 ± 5.8 vs. 15.2 ± 8.5, P < 0.0001) nerve amplitude, deep breathing-heart rate variability (DB-HRV) (beats/min) (21.7 ± 4.1 vs. 30.1 ± 14, P = 0.001), corneal nerve fibre density (CNFD) (n/mm2) (25.6 ± 5.3 vs. 32.0 ± 3.1, P < 0.0001), corneal nerve branch density (CNBD) (n/mm2) (56.9 ± 27.5 vs. 111.4 ± 30.7, P < 0.0001) and corneal nerve fibre length (CNFL) (mm/mm2) (17.9 ± 4.1 vs. 29.8 ± 4.9, P < 0.0001) compared to controls at baseline. In control subjects there was no change in neuropathy measures over 12 months. However, 12 months after bariatric surgery there was a significant reduction in BMI (33.7 ± 1.7 vs. 48.7 ± 1.5, P = 0.001), HbA1c (34.3 ± 0.6 vs. 38.0 ± 4.5, P = 0.0002), triglycerides (mmol/l) (1.3 ± 0.6 vs. 1.6 ± 0.8, P = 0.005) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/l) (2.7 ± 0.7 vs. 3.1 ± 0.9, P = 0.02) and an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/l) (1.2 ± 0.3 vs. 1.04 ± 0.2, P = 0.002). There was a significant improvement in NSP (1.6 ± 2.7 vs. 4.3 ± 5.7, P = 0.004), neuropathy disability score (0.3 ± 0.9 vs. 1.3 ± 2.0, P = 0.03), CNFD (28.2 ± 4.4 vs. 25.6 ± 5.3, P = 0.03), CNBD (64.7 ± 26.1 vs. 56.9 ± 27.5, P = 0.04) and CNFL (20.4 ± 1.2 vs. 17.9 ± 4.1, P = 0.02), but no change in cold and warm threshold, VPT, DB-HRV or nerve conduction velocity and amplitude. Increase in CNFD correlated with a decrease in triglycerides (r = -0.45, P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Obese subjects have evidence of neuropathy, and bariatric surgery leads to an improvement in weight, HbA1c, lipids, neuropathic symptoms and deficits and small nerve fibre regeneration without a change in quantitative sensory testing, autonomic function or neurophysiology.

Physical comorbidities of post-traumatic stress disorder in Australian Vietnam War veterans.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the prevalence of physical comorbidities in Australian Vietnam War veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is higher than in trauma-exposed veterans without PTSD. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional analysis of the health status (based on self-reported and objective clinical assessments) of 298 Australian Vietnam War veterans enrolled by the Gallipoli Medical Research Institute (Brisbane) during February 2014 - July 2015, of whom 108 were confirmed as having had PTSD and 106 served as trauma-exposed control participants.Main outcomes and measures: Diagnostic psychiatric interview and psychological assessments determined PTSD status, trauma exposure, and comorbid psychological symptoms. Demographic data, and medical and sleep history were collected; comprehensive clinical examination, electrocardiography, spirometry, liver transient elastography, and selected pathology assessments and diagnostic imaging were performed. Outcomes associated with PTSD were identified; regression analysis excluded the effects of potentially confounding demographic and risk factors and comorbid symptoms of depression and anxiety. RESULTS: The mean total number of comorbidities was higher among those with PTSD (17.7; SD, 6.1) than in trauma-exposed controls (14.1; SD, 5.2; P < 0.001). For 24 of 171 assessed clinical outcomes, morbidity was greater in the PTSD group, including for conditions of the gastrointestinal, hepatic, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems, sleep disorders, and laboratory pathology measures. In regression analyses including demographic factors, PTSD remained positively associated with 17 adverse outcomes; after adjusting for the severity of depressive symptoms, it remained significantly associated with ten. CONCLUSION: PTSD in Australian Vietnam veterans is associated with comorbidities in several organ systems, independent of trauma exposure. A comprehensive approach to the health care of veterans with PTSD is needed.

The impact of abnormalities in IGF and inflammatory systems on the metabolic syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Low plasma levels of IGF-I, particularly when coupled with low levels of the potentially inhibitory IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-1 and higher levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), have been implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome X and cardiovascular disease. We report the relative contributions of IGFBP-1 and CRP to the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome in a healthy population cohort to establish the extent to which these factors may contribute to subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The volunteers in the study were all participants in the Ely study, a continuing population-based cohort in Ely, Cambridgeshire, U.K. Of 839 individuals studied, 154 (18.4%) fulfilled criteria for the metabolic syndrome. RESULTS: Subjects with the metabolic syndrome had lower IGFBP-1 (14.4 microg/l [95% CI 12.9-16.0] vs. 25.4 [24.1-26.7], P < 0.001) and higher CRP (1.9 mg/l [1.6-2.2] vs. 1.0 [0.9-1.1], P < 0.001). Logistic regression, adjusted for age, sex, fasting insulin, and IGF-I, demonstrated a striking 14-fold increased risk for the metabolic syndrome (odds ratio 14.1 [4.1-48.4], P < 0.001) in individuals with a CRP value in the highest tertile and IGFBP-1 levels below the median. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of a high CRP concentration coupled with a low IGFBP-1 results in a dramatic increase in an individual's risk of having the metabolic syndrome. Further elucidation of the biological processes linking the IGF and inflammatory systems may allow the identification of novel therapeutic targets for cardiovascular risk reduction.

Specialist nurse-led intervention to treat and control hypertension and hyperlipidemia in diabetes (SPLINT): a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of specialist nurse-led clinics for hypertension and hyperlipidemia provided for diabetic patients receiving hospital-based care. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This study was a randomized controlled implementation trial at Hope Hospital, Salford, U.K. The subjects consisted of 1,407 subjects presenting for annual review with raised blood pressure(>or=140/80 mmHg), raised total cholesterol (>or=5.0 mmol/l), or both. Individuals with diabetes were randomized to usual care or usual care with subsequent invitation to attend specialist nurse-led clinics. Nurses provided clinics for participants, with attendance every 4-6 weeks, until targets were achieved. Lifestyle advice and titration of drug therapies were provided according to the locally agreed upon guidelines. Patients with both conditions were eligible for enrollment in either or both clinics. At subsequent annual review, blood pressure and total cholesterol values were obtained from the Salford electronic diabetes register. Data relating to deaths were obtained from the national strategic tracing service. The primary outcome was the odds ratio of achieving targets in hypertension and hyperlipidemia, attributable to the specialist nurse-led intervention. RESULTS: Overall, specialist nurse-led clinics were associated with a significant improvement in patients achieving the target after 1 year (odds ratio [OR] 1.37 [95% CI 1.11-1.69], P = 0.003). This primary analysis revealed a borderline difference in effect between the two types of clinics (test for interaction between groups: P = 0.06). Secondary analysis, consistent with the prior beliefs of the health care professionals involved, suggested that targets were achieved more frequently in patients enrolled in the specialist nurse-led clinic for hyperlipidemia (OR 1.69 [1.25-2.29], P = 0.0007) than for hypertension (OR 1.14 [0.86-1.51], P = 0.37). Intervention (enrolled to either or both clinics) was associated with a reduction in all-cause mortality (OR 0.55 [0.32-0.92], P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides good evidence to support the use of specialist nurse-led clinics as an effective adjunct to hospital-based care of patients with diabetes. If the standards of care recommended in the National Service Framework for Diabetes are to be achieved, then such proven methods for delivering care must be adopted.