Electroanalytical Enzyme Biosensor Based on Cordia superba Enzyme Extract for the Detection of Phytomarkers in Kombucha.

Antioxidants are responsible for many beneficial health effects and are highly present in natural products, such as kombucha. Biosensors' development targeting antioxidants and phytomarkers are an active research field. This work aimed to propose a voltammetric polyphenolxidase (Cordia superba) biosensor for catechin and total phenolic compounds quantification in kombucha samples. Optimizations were performed on the biosensor of Cordia superba to improve the accuracy and selectivity, such as enzyme-substrate interaction time, analytical responses for different patterns and signal differences with the carbon paste and modified carbon paste electrode. Kombucha probiotic drink samples were fermented for 7 to 14 days at a controlled temperature (28 ± 2 °C). A linear curve was made for catechin with a range of 10.00 to 60.00 µM, with a limit of detection of 0.13 µM and limit of quantification of 0.39 µM. The biosensor proposed in this work was efficient in determining the patterns of phenolic compounds in kombucha.

Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential of Commercial Cinnamon Samples and Its Vasculature Effects.

Growing concerns on free radicals are the oxidative processes associated with physiological damage. The consumption of functional foods and use of plants with antioxidant capacity are widespread. Given the importance of determining antioxidant capacity in relation to the therapeutic effect, this study was aimed at evaluating cinnamon extract (Cinnamomum sp.) in commercial samples by spectrophotometric and voltammetric methods and assessing the vascular activity of some samples. The spectrophotometric methods performed were DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrihydrazine), ABTS (2,21-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), and Folin-Ciocalteu radical sequestration assays. For the electrochemical experiments, a three-electrode system was used, consisting of carbon paste electrode, platinum wire, and Ag/AgCl/KClsat, representing the working, auxiliary, and reference electrodes, respectively. The electroanalytical methods used were differential pulse, square wave, and cyclic voltammetries. The extracts were prepared in hydroalcoholic solution. A calibration curve with gallic acid was calculated to quantify their equivalent amounts in the analyzed extract. The correlation between the electrochemical approach and the total phenols calculated by the ABTS, DPPH, and Folin-Ciocalteu methods was 0.63, 0.7, and 0.73, respectively, with 1 being an ideal directly proportional correlation. The correlation between spectrophotometric methods was 0.83. A biosensor was developed in a carbon paste electrode using the enzyme laccase, obtained by the fungus Marasmiellus colocasiae. It was observed that the antioxidant profile of the cinnamon samples had an analytical sign improvement of up to 4 times when compared with the electrode without the modification. The samples were analyzed by mass spectrometer, and the main chemical markers found were coumarin, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol. Pharmacological trials showed that these samples also induce a significant vasorelaxant effect associated to antioxidant potential on vascular injury induced by oxidative stress. Thus, cinnamon showed a high antioxidant capacity, in agreement with the results obtained in other studies, emphasizing its importance as a functional food.

Evaluation of Gastroprotective Activity of Linoleic Acid on Gastric Ulcer in a Mice Model.

BACKGROUND: Gastric ulcer has been a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and it has been linked to factors such as nutritional deficiency, smoking, stress, and continuous intake of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The search for new anti-ulcer therapeutic agents has been the subject of several studies. Recently, the gastroprotective effect of Celtis iguanaea has been reported, with linoleic acid (LA) responsible for many of the therapeutic effects of this medicinal plant. AIMS: This study aims to investigate the gastroprotective activity and the possible mechanisms in which LA may be involved through different experimental assays in mice. METHODS: The gastroprotective activity of LA was evaluated in the ulcer induced by indomethacin, HCl/EtOH, hypothermic-restraint stress and pyloric ligation. For the investigation of gastroprotective mechanisms, the quantification of the volume (mL), pH and total acidity of gastric secretion were considered. RESULTS: The oral administrations of 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg of body weight of LA were capable of protecting the gastric mucosa against HCl/ethanol (10 mL/kg p.o.), and oral/intraduodenal treatment administrations of 50 mg/kg LA showed protection from ulcers induced by indomethacin, hypothermic-restraint stress and pyloric ligation. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show the gastroprotective role of LA in gastric mucosal damage induced by all assayed distresses. The observed gastroprotection possibly occurs due to the mediated increase of mucosal defensive factors.

Enzymatic Electroanalytical Biosensor Based on Maramiellus colocasiae Fungus for Detection of Phytomarkers in Infusions and Green Tea Kombucha.

In this work, we developed an enzymatic voltammetric biosensor for the determination of catechin and gallic acid in green tea and kombucha samples. The differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) methodology was optimized regarding the amount of crude enzyme extract, incubation time in the presence of the substrates, optimal pH, reuse of the biosensor, and storage time. Samples of green tea and kombucha were purchased in local markets in the city of Goiânia-GO, Brazil. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric techniques were performed for the comparison of the analytical methods employed. In addition, two calibration curves were made, one for catechin with a linear range from 1 to 60 µM (I = -0.152 * (catechin) - 1.846), with a detection limit of 0.12 µM and a quantification limit of 0.38 µM and one for gallic acid with a linear range from 3 to 60 µM (I = -0.0415 * (gallic acid) - 0.0572), with a detection limit of 0.14 µM and a quantification limit of 0.42 µM. The proposed biosensor was efficient in the determination of phenolic compounds in green tea.

Flavonoid electrochemistry: a review on the electroanalytical applications

Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds widespread in vegetal kingdom. They present a C-15 skeleton, which is divided into three units A, B and C. Unit C is an oxygen containing heterocyclic, whose oxidation state and saturation level define major subclasses. Units A and B are aromatic rings, in which four major types of substituents, i. e. hydroxyl, methoxyl, prenyl and glycosides, lead to over 8000 different flavonoids. The great healthy-protecting value of these phytochemical biomarkers has attracted the attention of scientific community. Their main biological actions include anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties, which are strictly linked to antioxidant activities. So that, electroanalysis have been extensively applied on mechanistic studies and also for analytical determinations. This review presents the state of the art regarding the main applications of electroanalysis on the flavonoid research. The approaches on redox behavior characterization leading to a better understanding of structure antioxidant activity relationships are highlighted.

Biotransformation of LASSBio-579 and pharmacological evaluation of p-hydroxylated metabolite a N-phenylpiperazine antipsychotic lead compound.

Using a combination of docking and molecular dynamics simulations, we predicted that p-hydroxylation by CYP1A2 would be the main metabolic pathway for the 1-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-4pyrazolylmethyl] phenylhexahydropiperazine, LASSBio-579 (3). As the result of a screening process with strains of filamentous fungi, Cunninghamella echinulata ATCC 9244 was chosen to scale up the preparation of the p-hydroxylated metabolite (4). About 30 min after i.p. administration of (3) to rats was identified as the p-hydroxylated metabolite, confirming our in silico previsions. Chemical synthesis of the metabolite was performed and allowed its pharmacological evaluation in binding assays revealing its high affinity for D2 and D4 receptors, indicating that this metabolite should participate to the antipsychotic effect of (3) in vivo. Furthermore, we report here that both (3) and its p-hydroxylated metabolite (4) have a much lower affinity than clozapine for two receptors involved in adverse reactions. Voltammetric assays were useful to understand the redox profile of (3).