RESUMEN
The goal of the current study was to develop and validate a questionnaire that would reveal characteristics of medical hidden curricula. It is an extension of the qualitative research that was done by researchers on hidden curriculum, and a second part of the qualitative was the creation of a questionnaire by a panel of experts. Using both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and the quantitative portion, the questionnaire was verified. The sample size was 301, and the participants, who were from medical institutes, were both genders and between the ages of 18 and 25. First, a thematic analysis of the qualitative portion was used to create a 90-item questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire's content was certified by the expert panel. A 39-item questionnaire was subsequently created after the items that overlapped and the items that did not represent the particular theme were eliminated. After that, we validated the survey. A total of 39 high-loading components made up the six variables of EFA, which explained 62% of the variance. The 33-item questionnaire, from which six items were deleted, was found to have satisfactory psychometric qualities. As a result, the accountability of faculty and students in curricula and extracurricular activities combined with equal opportunity is one factor, communication and relationships with stakeholders combined with evidence-based reforms and implementations are the second factors, and student-centeredness and empowerment as the third main factor of the hidden curriculum are all considered to be important factors. All these three main constructs were collectively used to measure hidden curricula in medical institutes.
RESUMEN
(1) Background: In endemic areas of Pakistan, local community knowledge and attitudes towards cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) are critical elements in the effective control and management of the disease. A cross-sectional epidemiologic design was used to assess the disease concern, preparedness, practices, and preventive behavior of the households and to assist the personnel and health care professionals in strengthening their planning efforts and awareness of CL. (2) Methods: A two-stage cluster sampling process, i.e., Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPER) was conducted from September 2020 to March 2021 on present household-level information about community needs and health status regarding CL in a cost-effective, timely, and representative manner. (3) Results: In the current study, 67% of the respondents were aware of CL and its causative agent and showed a low level of pandemic preparedness. The majority (74%) of the respondents mentioned that they did not avoid sandfly exposure areas. The majority (84%) of respondents had unsatisfactory behavior towards using bed nets, sprays, or repellents. (4) Conclusion: In endemic areas of Pakistan, the inadequate concern and low preparedness of the local community toward CL are critical aspects in efficient control and management of the disease.