Analysis of early neonatal case fatality rate among newborns with congenital hydrocephalus, a 2000-2014 multi-country registry-based study.

BACKGROUND: Congenital hydrocephalus (CH) comprises a heterogeneous group of birth anomalies with a wide-ranging prevalence across geographic regions and registry type. The aim of the present study was to analyze the early neonatal case fatality rate (CFR) and total birth prevalence of newborns diagnosed with CH. METHODS: Data were provided by 25 registries from four continents participating in the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research (ICBDSR) on births ascertained between 2000 and 2014. Two CH rates were calculated using a Poisson distribution: early neonatal CFR (death within 7 days) per 100 liveborn CH cases (CFR) and total birth prevalence rate (BPR) per 10,000 births (including live births and stillbirths) (BPR). Heterogeneity between registries was calculated using a meta-analysis approach with random effects. Temporal trends in CFR and BPR within registries were evaluated through Poisson regression modeling. RESULTS: A total of 13,112 CH cases among 19,293,280 total births were analyzed. The early neonatal CFR was 5.9 per 100 liveborn cases, 95% confidence interval (CI): 5.4-6.8. The CFR among syndromic cases was 2.7 times (95% CI: 2.2-3.3) higher than among non-syndromic cases (10.4% [95% CI: 9.3-11.7] and 4.4% [95% CI: 3.7-5.2], respectively). The total BPR was 6.8 per 10,000 births (95% CI: 6.7-6.9). Stratified by elective termination of pregnancy for fetal anomalies (ETOPFA), region and system, higher CFR were observed alongside higher BPR rates. The early neonatal CFR and total BPR did not show temporal variation, with the exception of a CFR decrease in one registry. CONCLUSIONS: Findings of early neonatal CFR and total BPR were highly heterogeneous among registries participating in ICBDSR. Most registries with higher CFR also had higher BPR. Differences were attributable to type of registry (hospital-based vs. population-based), ETOPFA (allowed yes or no) and geographical regions. These findings contribute to the understanding of regional differences of CH occurrence and early neonatal deaths.

Individual deprivation, regional deprivation, and risk for oral clefts in Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of individual low socioeconomic status (SES) and deprived geographical area (GA) on the occurrence of isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL±P) in Argentina. METHODS: This case-control study included 577 newborns with isolated CL±P and 13 344 healthy controls, born between 1992 and 2001, from a total population of 546 129 births in 39 hospitals in Argentina. Census data on unsatisfied basic needs were used to establish the degree of geographical area deprivation. An SES index for each individual was established, using maternal age, gravidity, low paternal and maternal education, and low-level paternal occupation. Logistic regression was used to assess the effects of low SES and of deprived GA on CL±P. RESULTS: A slightly increased risk of CL±P was observed in mothers with a low SES, while a deprived GA showed no effect. Native ancestry, acute maternal illnesses, and poor prenatal care were significant risk factors for CL±P for the mothers with low SES, after using propensity scores to adjust for the demographic characteristics in cases and controls. CONCLUSIONS: Low individual SES slightly increased the risk for CL±P, but a deprived GA did not have that effect. There was no interaction between individual SES and deprived GA. Factors related to low individual SES-including poor prenatal care, low parental education, lack of information, and lifestyle factors-should be primarily targeted as risk factors for CL±P rather than factors related to a deprived place of residence.

[Analysis on risk factors associated with birth defects in newborns in the area of the Matanza-Riachuelo river basin.] / Análisis de factores de riesgo asociados con anomalías congénitas en recién nacidos de la zona de la cuenca del río Matanza-Riachuelo.

Introducción: en la cuenca Matanza-Riachuelo viven aproximadamente 4.885.000 habitantes y es uno de los sitios más contaminados de Argentina. Este estudio evaluó factores de riesgo asociados a anomalías congénitas (AC) y bajo peso al nacimiento. Métodos: se realizó un estudio caso-control en tres hospitales de la cuenca pertenecientes la Red Nacional de Anomalías Congénitas (RENAC) durante un año. Se evaluó asociación de bajo peso y AC, con variables socioeconómicas; reproductivas; distancia de la vivienda durante la gestación a industrias y a cursos de agua. Resultados: la prevalencia de anomalías congénitas en recién nacidos fue de 1,93% (IC 95%: 1,64 - 2,25). Los factores de riesgo asociados a AC fueron enfermedades maternas agudas y consumo de medicamentos. Los casos presentaron peso y edad gestacional significativamente más bajos y mayor edad materna. No se encontró asociación entre bajo peso o prevalencia de AC con distancia de la vivienda durante el embarazo a industrias ni a los cursos de agua. Conclusión principal: este estudio es la primera investigación en el área de las AC con datos georreferenciados en nuestro país y ha mostrado la factibilidad de efectuar este tipo de investigaciones para evaluar factores de riesgo en la RENAC. Futuras investigaciones orientadas a evaluar AC específicas deberían realizarse a fin de corroborar los resultados del presente estudio.

Introducción: en la cuenca Matanza-Riachuelo viven aproximadamente 4.885.000 habitantes y es uno de los sitios más contaminados de Argentina. Este estudio evaluó factores de riesgo asociados a anomalías congénitas (AC) y bajo peso al nacimiento. Métodos: se realizó un estudio caso-control en tres hospitales de la cuenca pertenecientes la Red Nacional de Anomalías Congénitas (RENAC) durante un año. Se evaluó asociación de bajo peso y AC, con variables socioeconómicas; reproductivas; distancia de la vivienda durante la gestación a industrias y a cursos de agua. Resultados: la prevalencia de anomalías congénitas en recién nacidos fue de 1,93% (IC 95%: 1,64 - 2,25). Los factores de riesgo asociados a AC fueron enfermedades maternas agudas y consumo de medicamentos. Los casos presentaron peso y edad gestacional significativamente más bajos y mayor edad materna. No se encontró asociación entre bajo peso o prevalencia de AC con distancia de la vivienda durante el embarazo a industrias ni a los cursos de agua. Conclusión: este estudio es la primera investigación en el área de las AC con datos georreferenciados en nuestro país y ha mostrado la factibilidad de efectuar este tipo de investigaciones para evaluar factores de riesgo en la RENAC. Futuras investigaciones orientadas a evaluar AC específicas deberían realizarse a fin de corroborar los resultados del presente estudio.

Individual deprivation, regional deprivation, and risk for oral clefts in Argentina

Objective. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of individual low socioeconomic status (SES) and deprived geographical area (GA) on the occurrence of isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL±P) in Argentina. Methods. This case-control study included 577 newborns with isolated CL±P and 13 344 healthy controls, born between 1992 and 2001, from a total population of 546 129 births in 39 hospitals in Argentina. Census data on unsatisfied basic needs were used to establish the degree of geographical area deprivation. An SES index for each individual was established, using maternal age, gravidity, low paternal and maternal education, and low-level paternal occupation. Logistic regression was used to assess the effects of low SES and of deprived GA on CL±P. Results. A slightly increased risk of CL±P was observed in mothers with a low SES, while a deprived GA showed no effect. Native ancestry, acute maternal illnesses, and poor prenatal care were significant risk factors for CL±P for the mothers with low SES, after using propensity scores to adjust for the demographic characteristics in cases and controls. Conclusions. Low individual SES slightly increased the risk for CL±P, but a deprived GA did not have that effect. There was no interaction between individual SES and deprived GA. Factors related to low individual SES—including poor prenatal care, low parental education, lack of information, and lifestyle factors—should be primarily targeted as risk factors for CL±P rather than factors related to a deprived place of residence.

Objetivo. Analizar los efectos de un bajo nivel socioeconómico individual y una zona geográfica desfavorable en la aparición del labio leporino aislado con o sin paladar hendido (LL ± P) en Argentina. Métodos. En este estudio de casos y controles se incluyeron 577 recién nacidos con LL ± P aislado y 13 344 controles sanos nacidos entre 1992 y 2001, de un total de 546 129 nacimientos ocurridos en 39 hospitales de Argentina. Para identificar las zonas geográficas desfavorables se utilizaron datos del Índice de Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas. Se calculó un índice de nivel socioeconómico para cada participante usando la edad materna, el número de embarazos, el nivel de instrucción bajo del padre y la madre, y el nivel de ocupación bajo del padre. Se usó regresión logística para evaluar los efectos de un bajo nivel socioeconómico y una zona geográfica desfavorable en la ocurrencia de LL ± P. Resultados. Se observó un riesgo levemente mayor de LL ± P en madres con bajo nivel socioeconómico, mientras que una zona geográfica desfavorable no mostró ningún efecto. La ascendencia indígena, las enfermedades agudas maternas y una atención prenatal deficiente fueron factores de riesgo significativos para LL ± P en madres con bajo nivel socioeconómico, después de ajustar las características demográficas de casos y controles mediante análisis de propensión. Conclusiones. Un bajo nivel socioeconómico aumentó levemente el riesgo de LL ± P, pero una zona geográfica desfavorable no mostró ese efecto. No hubo interacción entre un bajo nivel socioeconómico individual y una zona geográfica desfavorable. Los factores relacionados con un bajo nivel socioeconómico individual —inclusive una atención prenatal deficiente, la baja educación de los padres, la falta de información y el estilo de vida— deben abordarse principalmente como factores de riesgo de LL ± P más que los factores relacionados con una zona de residencia desfavorable.

Objetivo. Examinar os efeitos do baixo nível socioeconômico individual e área geográfica em situação de carência na ocorrência de fissura labial isolada com ou sem fissura palatina (FL ± P) na Argentina. Métodos. Estudo de caso-controle que compreendeu 577 recém-nascidos com FL isolada ± P e 13 344 controles saudáveis, nascidos entre 1992 e 2001, de uma população total de 546 129 nascimentos em 39 hospitais na Argentina. Foram usados dados censitários sobre necessidades básicas existentes para estabelecer o grau de carência das áreas geográficas. Foi determinado um índice de nível socioeconômico para cada indivíduo baseado na idade materna, número de gestações, baixa escolaridade materna e paterna e ocupação paterna de baixo nível. Foi realizada uma regressão logística para avaliar os efeitos do baixo nível socioeconômico e área geográfica em situação de carência na ocorrência de FL ± P. Resultados. Observou-se um risco discretamente aumentado de FL ± P em mães com baixo nível socioeconômico, mas nenhum efeito foi verificado quanto à área geográfica em situação de carência. Descendência indígena, doença materna aguda e assistência pré-natal precária foram fatores de risco importantes para FL ± P nas mães com baixo nível socioeconômico, após o uso de escores de propensão para ajustar as características demográficas em casos e controles. Conclusões. O baixo nível socioeconômico individual foi associado a um discreto aumento do risco de FL ± P, mas este efeito não foi observado para área geográfica em situação de carência. Não houve interação entre nível socioeconômico individual e área geográfica em situação de carência. Fatores relacionados ao baixo nível socioeconômico individual, como assistência pré-natal precária, baixa escolaridade dos pais, falta de informação e fatores relacionados aos hábitos de vida, devem ser o foco principal porque eles são os fatores de risco para FL ± P, não fatores relacionados ao domicílio em área carente.

Individual deprivation, regional deprivation, and risk for oral clefts in Argentina / Privación económica individual y regional, y riesgo de hendiduras orofaciales en Argentina / Carência individual, carência regional e risco de fissuras orais na Argentina

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of individual low socioeconomic status (SES) and deprived geographical area (GA) on the occurrence of isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL±P) in Argentina. Methods This case-control study included 577 newborns with isolated CL±P and 13 344 healthy controls, born between 1992 and 2001, from a total population of 546 129 births in 39 hospitals in Argentina. Census data on unsatisfied basic needs were used to establish the degree of geographical area deprivation. An SES index for each individual was established, using maternal age, gravidity, low paternal and maternal education, and low-level paternal occupation. Logistic regression was used to assess the effects of low SES and of deprived GA on CL±P. Results A slightly increased risk of CL±P was observed in mothers with a low SES, while a deprived GA showed no effect. Native ancestry, acute maternal illnesses, and poor prenatal care were significant risk factors for CL±P for the mothers with low SES, after using propensity scores to adjust for the demographic characteristics in cases and controls. Conclusions Low individual SES slightly increased the risk for CL±P, but a deprived GA did not have that effect. There was no interaction between individual SES and deprived GA. Factors related to low individual SES—including poor prenatal care, low parental education, lack of information, and lifestyle factors—should be primarily targeted as risk factors for CL±P rather than factors related to a deprived place of residence.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar los efectos de un bajo nivel socioeconómico individual y una zona geográfica desfavorable en la aparición del labio leporino aislado con o sin paladar hendido (LL ± P) en Argentina. Métodos En este estudio de casos y controles se incluyeron 577 recién nacidos con LL ± P aislado y 13 344 controles sanos nacidos entre 1992 y 2001, de un total de 546 129 nacimientos ocurridos en 39 hospitales de Argentina. Para identificar las zonas geográficas desfavorables se utilizaron datos del Índice de Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas. Se calculó un índice de nivel socioeconómico para cada participante usando la edad materna, el número de embarazos, el nivel de instrucción bajo del padre y la madre, y el nivel de ocupación bajo del padre. Se usó regresión logística para evaluar los efectos de un bajo nivel socioeconómico y una zona geográfica desfavorable en la ocurrencia de LL ± P. Resultados Se observó un riesgo levemente mayor de LL ± P en madres con bajo nivel socioeconómico, mientras que una zona geográfica desfavorable no mostró ningún efecto. La ascendencia indígena, las enfermedades agudas maternas y una atención prenatal deficiente fueron factores de riesgo significativos para LL ± P en madres con bajo nivel socioeconómico, después de ajustar las características demográficas de casos y controles mediante análisis de propensión. Conclusiones Un bajo nivel socioeconómico aumentó levemente el riesgo de LL ± P, pero una zona geográfica desfavorable no mostró ese efecto. No hubo interacción entre un bajo nivel socioeconómico individual y una zona geográfica desfavorable. Los factores relacionados con un bajo nivel socioeconómico individual —inclusive una atención prenatal deficiente, la baja educación de los padres, la falta de información y el estilo de vida— deben abordarse principalmente como factores de riesgo de LL ± P más que los factores relacionados con una zona de residencia desfavorable.

RESUMO Objetivo Examinar os efeitos do baixo nível socioeconômico individual e área geográfica em situação de carência na ocorrência de fissura labial isolada com ou sem fissura palatina (FL ± P) na Argentina. Métodos Estudo de caso-controle que compreendeu 577 recém-nascidos com FL isolada ± P e 13 344 controles saudáveis, nascidos entre 1992 e 2001, de uma população total de 546 129 nascimentos em 39 hospitais na Argentina. Foram usados dados censitários sobre necessidades básicas existentes para estabelecer o grau de carência das áreas geográficas. Foi determinado um índice de nível socioeconômico para cada indivíduo baseado na idade materna, número de gestações, baixa escolaridade materna e paterna e ocupação paterna de baixo nível. Foi realizada uma regressão logística para avaliar os efeitos do baixo nível socioeconômico e área geográfica em situação de carência na ocorrência de FL ± P. Resultados Observou-se um risco discretamente aumentado de FL ± P em mães com baixo nível socioeconômico, mas nenhum efeito foi verificado quanto à área geográfica em situação de carência. Descendência indígena, doença materna aguda e assistência pré-natal precária foram fatores de risco importantes para FL ± P nas mães com baixo nível socioeconômico, após o uso de escores de propensão para ajustar as características demográficas em casos e controles. Conclusões O baixo nível socioeconômico individual foi associado a um discreto aumento do risco de FL ± P, mas este efeito não foi observado para área geográfica em situação de carência. Não houve interação entre nível socioeconômico individual e área geográfica em situação de carência. Fatores relacionados ao baixo nível socioeconômico individual, como assistência pré-natal precária, baixa escolaridade dos pais, falta de informação e fatores relacionados aos hábitos de vida, devem ser o foco principal porque eles são os fatores de risco para FL ± P, não fatores relacionados ao domicílio em área carente.

Cigarette smoking, dietary habits and genetic polymorphisms in GSTT1, GSTM1 and CYP1A1 metabolic genes: A case-control study in oncohematological diseases.

AIM: To analyze the association between oncohematological diseases and GSTT1/GSTM1/CYP1A1 polymorphisms, dietary habits and smoking, in an argentine hospital-based case-control study. METHODS: This hospital-based case-control study involved 125 patients with oncohematological diseases and 310 control subjects. A questionnaire was used to obtain sociodemographic data and information about habits. Blood samples were collected, and DNA was extracted using salting out methods. Deletions in GSTT1 and GSTM1 (null genotypes) were addressed by PCR. CYP1A1 MspI polymorphism was detected by PCR-RFLP. Odds ratio (OR) and 95%CI were calculated to estimate the association between each variable studied and oncohematological disease. RESULTS: Women showed lower risk of disease compared to men (OR 0.52, 95%CI: 0.34-0.82, P = 0.003). Higher levels of education (> 12 years) were significantly associated with an increased risk, compared to complete primary school or less (OR 3.68, 95%CI: 1.82-7.40, P < 0.001 adjusted for age and sex). With respect to tobacco, none of the smoking categories showed association with oncohematological diseases. Regarding dietary habits, consumption of grilled/barbecued meat 3 or more times per month showed significant association with an increased risk of disease (OR 1.72, 95%CI: 1.08-2.75, P = 0.02). Daily consumption of coffee also was associated with an increased risk (OR 1.77, 95%CI: 1.03-3.03, P = 0.03). Results for GSTT1, GSTM1 and CYP1A1 polymorphisms showed no significant association with oncohematological diseases. When analyzing the interaction between polymorphisms and tobacco smoking or dietary habits, no statistically significant associations that modify disease risk were found. CONCLUSION: We reported an increased risk of oncohematological diseases associated with meat and coffee intake. We did not find significant associations between genetic polymorphisms and blood cancer.

Sirenomelia in Argentina: Prevalence, geographic clusters and temporal trends analysis.

BACKGROUND: Sirenomelia is a severe malformation of the lower body characterized by a single medial lower limb and a variable combination of visceral abnormalities. Given that Sirenomelia is a very rare birth defect, epidemiological studies are scarce. The aim of this study is to evaluate prevalence, geographic clusters and time trends of sirenomelia in Argentina, using data from the National Network of Congenital Anomalies of Argentina (RENAC) from November 2009 until December 2014. METHODS: This is a descriptive study using data from the RENAC, a hospital-based surveillance system for newborns affected with major morphological congenital anomalies. We calculated sirenomelia prevalence throughout the period, searched for geographical clusters, and evaluated time trends. RESULTS: The prevalence of confirmed cases of sirenomelia throughout the period was 2.35 per 100,000 births. Cluster analysis showed no statistically significant geographical aggregates. Time-trends analysis showed that the prevalence was higher in years 2009 to 2010. CONCLUSION: The observed prevalence was higher than the observed in previous epidemiological studies in other geographic regions. We observed a likely real increase in the initial period of our study. We used strict diagnostic criteria, excluding cases that only had clinical diagnosis of sirenomelia. Therefore, real prevalence could be even higher. This study did not show any geographic clusters. Because etiology of sirenomelia has not yet been established, studies of epidemiological features of this defect may contribute to define its causes. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:604-611, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Descriptive analysis of high birth prevalence rate geographical clusters of congenital anomalies in South America.

BACKGROUND: The birth prevalence rate (BPR) of congenital anomalies (CAs) is heterogeneous and exhibits geographical and sociocultural variations throughout the world. In South America (SA), high birth prevalence regions of congenital anomalies have been observed. The aim of this study was to identify, describe, and characterize geographical clusters of congenital anomalies in SA. METHODS: This observational descriptive study is based on clinical epidemiological data registered by the Latin-American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations network. Between 1995 and 2012, a total of 25,082 malformed newborns were ascertained from 2,557,424 births at 129 hospitals in SA. The spatial scan statistic was used to determine geographical regions with high BPR of CAs. The BPR was obtained with a Poisson regression model. Odds ratios were estimated for several risk factors inside the geographical clusters. RESULTS: We confirmed the existence of high BPR regions of CAs in SA. Indicators of low socioeconomic conditions, such as a low maternal education, extreme age childbearing, infectious diseases, and medicine use during pregnancy were detected as risk factors inside these regions. Native and African ancestries with high frequency of consanguineous marriages could explain partially these high BPR clusters. CONCLUSION: The recognition of clusters could be a starting point in the identification of susceptibility genes associated with the occurrence of CA in high BPR regions.

Minor anomalies: can they predict specific major defects? A study based on 23 major and 14 minor anomalies in over 25,000 newborns with birth defects.

BACKGROUND: Minor anomalies (mAs) are morphological features with little clinical relevance that have been mentioned as possible predictors of major defects (MDs). OBJECTIVES: To identify the preferential associations between selected MDs and mAs and to establish if mAs can serve as predictors for specific MDs. STUDY DESIGN: Information of newborns with birth defects was obtained from the ECLAMC (Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations) database. The sample consisted of 27,247 live- and stillborn newborns with multiple malformations that included at least one of the selected MDs or mAs. The odds ratio and predictive values were calculated for significant associations, and concurrence rates in first degree relatives. RESULTS: A total of 33 significant minor-major associations were identified. Single umbilical artery (SUA) and preauricular tags were the most frequent mAs; the former was associated with 10 MDs, the latter only with microtia. The highest positive predictive value was shown by SUA for anal atresia. Newborns with preauricular tags had significantly more relatives with microtia than expected. CONCLUSIONS: No new relevant associations between MDs and mAs were identified and few mAs seem to serve as predictors for specific MDs in the same newborn. However, preauricular tags can predict the occurrence of microtia in other family members.

Strategies to achieve sustainability and quality in birth defects registries: the experience of the National Registry of Congenital Anomalies of Argentina.

In many low-and middle-income countries, birth defects are not considered a public health priority and are perceived by the medical community as rare, unpreventable events. In this context, a registry of birth defects should address not only the collection, analysis, and dissemination of information but also contribute to local interventions like prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. We describe the National Registry of Congenital Anomalies of Argentina (RENAC) in terms of case definition, data collection, quality assurance, and data sending, coding, analysis, and information dissemination and we present the strategies used to ensure its sustainability. We emphasize strategies for motivating the people collecting data, such as training activities, participation in research projects, returning the processed data, making useful clinical information available, giving non-monetary rewards, and linking cases to genetic services.

Is gravidity 4+ a risk factor for oral clefts? A case-control study in eight South american countries using structural equation modeling.

Background : There is disagreement about the association between cleft lip with or without cleft palate and multigravidity, which could be explained by differences of adjusting for maternal age, Amerindian ancestry, and socioeconomic status. Objective : The aim was to evaluate gravidity 4+ (four or more gestations) as a risk factor for cleft lip with or without cleft palate in South America. Design : We used a matched (1:1) case-control study with structural equation modeling for related causes. Data were obtained from 1,371,575 consecutive newborn infants weighing ≥500 g who were born in the hospitals of the Estudio Colaborativo Latinoamericano de Malformaciones Congénitas (ECLAMC) network between 1982 and 1999. There were a total of 1,271 cases with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (excluding midline and atypical cleft lip with or without cleft palate). A total of 1,227 case-control pairs were obtained, matched by maternal age, newborn gender, and year and place of birth. Potential confounders and intermediary variables were analyzed with structural equation modeling. Results : The crude risk of gravidity 4+ was 1.41 and the 95% confidence interval was 1.14 to 1.61. When applying structural equation modeling, the effect of multigravidity on the risk of cleft lip with or without cleft palate was 1.22 and the 95% confidence interval was 0.91 to 1.39. Conclusions : Multigravid mothers (more than four gestations) showed no greater risk of bearing children who had cleft lip with or without cleft palate than mothers with two or three births. Therefore, the often observed and reported association between multigravidity and oral clefts likely reflects the effect of other risk factors related to low socioeconomic status in South American populations.