Effects of dry heating on the progression of in vitro digestion of egg white proteins: contribution of multifactorial data analysis.

The impact of dry heating on the progression of in vitro digestion of egg white proteins was investigated through application of multiple factor analysis (MFA) to electrophoresis data. Dry heating (from 1 to 10 days between 60 and 90 °C) enhanced protein unfolding and aggregation, thus generating different SDS-PAGE patterns for each sample before digestion. The progression of in vitro digestion was then modified according to the degree of protein unfolding and/or aggregation. In vitro digestion tended to decrease the heterogeneity of sample electrophoretic patterns overall but it occurred either at the very beginning of the gastric stage or throughout the gastric stage or again during the duodenal stage, depending on the heat treatment to which the sample had been subjected. At the end of digestion, three groups of samples were obtained: all samples dry heated at 60 °C and one sample dry heated for 1 day at 70 °C that were more hydrolysed than the control, samples dry heated for more than 2 days at 80 °C or 90 °C that were less hydrolysed than the control, and samples dry heated for more than 2 days at 70 °C or 1 day at 80 or 90 °C that were as hydrolysed as the control.

Reliable ELISAs showing differences between resistant and susceptible lines in hens orally inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis.

Reliable ELISAs were investigated with the aim to select hen lines resistant to Salmonella Enteritidis and producing high levels of antibodies. In the first experiment, the relation between the humoral response and the bacteriological results was assessed on hens from the Y11 resistant line and the L2 susceptible line, orally inoculated with 10(8) CFU S. Enteritidis per animal. Anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) IgG titres were higher but the liver and spleen were less contaminated in hens from the Y11 line than in hens from the L2 line (p = 0.013, 0.031 and 0.026 respectively). In the second experiment, the hens were inoculated orally with 1.7 x 10(8) CFU S. Enteritidis per animal in order to select the ELISA methods showing the more significant differences. ELISAs were based on LPS, flagella, LPS from rough (LPS-R) and smooth strains (LPS-S) and detected IgG and IgM antibodies from sera and yolks. No between-line host response variation was observed in the yolk, with LPS-S and R antigens nor with anti-LPS IgM in the sera. Otherwise, significant differences were encountered between hen lines with the ELISAs performed on the sera detecting anti-LPS IgG, anti-flagella IgG or IgM (p = 0.017, 0.017 and p < 0.001 respectively). When comparing the kinetics of the selected ELISAs, the IgG antibodies against LPS detected between-line variations as early as 1 to 4 weeks pi, whereas with IgG against flagella, the differences were only detected at 1 and 2 weeks pi and with IgM against flagella, the differences were significant at 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks pi. In conclusion, resistant hen lines producing higher levels of antibodies than the susceptible hen lines may be selected with these ELISAs.