Using genomics, morphometrics, and environmental niche modeling to test the validity of a narrow-range endemic snail, Pateranantahala (Gastropoda, Polygyridae).

Terrestrial gastropods are among the most imperiled groups of organisms on Earth. Many species have a complex taxonomic history, often including poorly defined subspecies, most of which have not been the focus of modern systematics research. Genomic tools, geometric morphometrics, and environmental niche modeling were used to assess the taxonomic status of Pateraclarkiinantahala (Clench & Banks, 1932), a subspecies of high conservation concern with a restricted range of approximately 3.3 km2 in North Carolina, USA. A genome-scale dataset was generated that included individuals with morphologies matching P.c.nantahala, P.c.clarkii, and one individual with an intermediate form between P.c.nantahala and P.c.clarkii that was initially hypothesized as a potential hybrid. Mitochondrial phylogenetics, nuclear species tree inference, and phylogenetic networks were used to assess relationships and gene flow. Differences in shell shape via geometric morphometrics and whether the environmental niches of the two subspecies were significantly different were also examined. Molecular analyses indicated an absence of gene flow among lineages of P.clarkii sensu lato. Analyses rejected our hypothesis that the intermediate shelled form represented a hybrid, but instead indicated that it was a distinct lineage. Environmental niche models indicated significant differences in environmental niche between P.c.clarkii and P.c.nantahala, and geometric morphometrics indicated that P.c.nantahala had a significantly different shell shape. Given multiple lines of evidence, species-level recognition of P.nantahala is warranted.

Subterranean freshwater gastropod biodiversity and conservation in the United States and Mexico.

Many taxonomic groups successfully exploit groundwater environments and have adapted to a subterranean (stygobiotic) existence. Among these groups are freshwater gastropods (stygosnails), which represent a widespread and taxonomically diverse component of groundwater ecosystems in North America. However, owing to sampling difficulty and lack of targeted study, stygosnails remain among the most understudied of all subterranean groups. We conducted a literature review to assess the biodiversity and geographic associations of stygosnails, along with the threats, management activities, and policy considerations related to the groundwater systems they inhabit. We identified 39 stygosnail species known to occur in a range of groundwater habitats from karst regions in the United States and Mexico. Most stygosnails exhibit extreme narrow-range endemism, resulting in a high risk of extinction from a single catastrophic event. We found that anthropogenically driven changes to surface environments have led to changes in local hydrology and degradation of groundwater systems inhabited by stygosnails such as increased sedimentation, introduction of invasive species, groundwater extraction, or physical collapse of water-bearing passages. Consequently, 32 of the 39 described stygosnail species in the United States and Mexico have been assessed as imperiled under NatureServe criteria, and 10 species have been assessed as threatened under International Union for Conservation of Nature criteria. Compared with surface species of freshwater snails, stygosnail conservation is uniquely hindered by difficulties associated with accessing subterranean habitats for monitoring and management. Furthermore, only three species were found to have federal protection in either the United States or Mexico, and current laws regulating wildlife and water pollution at the state and federal level may be inadequate for protecting stygosnail habitats. As groundwater systems continue to be manipulated and relied on by humans, groundwater-restricted fauna such as stygosnails should be studied so unique biodiversity can be protected.

Diversidad y Conservación de Gasterópodos Subterráneos de Agua Dulce en los Estados Unidos y en México Resumen Muchos grupos taxonómicos aprovechan exitosamente los ambientes de aguas subterráneas y se han adaptado eficazmente a una existencia subterránea (estigobiótica). Entre estos grupos están los gasterópodos (estigocaracoles), los cuales representan un componente taxonómicamente diverso y de amplia distribución en los ecosistemas de aguas subterráneas en América del Norte. Sin embargo, debido a la dificultad del muestreo y a la falta de estudios enfocados, los estigocaracoles todavía son de los grupos menos estudiados de los taxones subterráneos. Realizamos una revisión de la literatura para evaluar las asociaciones geográficas y la biodiversidad de los estigocaracoles, junto con las amenazas, actividades de manejo y consideraciones políticas relacionadas con los sistemas de aguas subterráneas que habitan. Identificamos a 39 especies de estigocaracoles que se sabe se encuentran en una gama de hábitats de aguas subterráneas de las regiones kársticas en los Estados Unidos y en México. La mayoría de los estigocaracoles exhiben un endemismo extremo de extensión limitada, lo que resulta en un riesgo elevado de extinción a partir de un evento catastrófico único. Descubrimos que los cambios causados por el hombre en los ambientes superficiales han resultado en cambios en la hidrología local y en la degradación de los sistemas de aguas subterráneas habitadas por los estigocaracoles. Dichos cambios incluyen incremento de la sedimentación, la introducción de especies invasoras, la extracción de aguas subterráneas y el colapso físico de los pasos de agua. Como consecuencia, 32 de las 39 especies descritas de estigocaracoles en los Estados Unidos y en México han sido valoradas como en peligro bajo los criterios de NatureServe, y diez especies han sido valoradas como amenazadas bajo los criterios de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza. Comparada con las especies superficiales de caracoles de agua dulce, la conservación de los estigocaracoles está singularmente obstaculizada por las dificultades asociadas con el acceso a los hábitats subterráneos para su monitoreo y manejo. Además, se encontró que sólo tres especies cuentan con protección federal ya sea en Estados Unidos o en México, y puede que las leyes actuales que regulan la vida silvestre y la contaminación del agua a nivel estatal y federal sean inadecuadas para la protección de los hábitats de los estigocaracoles. Mientras los sistemas de aguas subterráneas sigan siendo manipulados y los humanos sigan dependiendo de ellos, la fauna restringida a las aguas subterráneas, como los estigocaracoles, debería ser estudiada para proteger a la biodiversidad tan única.

A new species of stygobitic snail in the genus Antrorbis Hershler & Thompson, 1990 (Gastropoda, Cochliopidae) from the Appalachian Valley and Ridge of eastern Tennessee, USA.

A new species of cave snail (Littorinimorpha: Cochliopidae) in the genus Antrorbis is described from the dark zone of two caves in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge province in eastern Tennessee, United States. The Tennessee Cavesnail, Antrorbis tennesseensis Perez, Shoobs, Gladstone, & Niemiller, sp. nov. is distinguished from its only known congener, Antrorbis breweri, by the absence of raised tubercles on its finely spirally striate protoconch, and its unique radular formula. Moreover, A. tennesseensis is genetically distinct from A. breweri based on substantial divergence at the mitochondrial CO1 locus. This is the first cavesnail to be described from the Appalachian Valley and Ridge (AVR) physiographic province in the state of Tennessee, which previously represented a substantial gap in the distribution of stygobitic (i.e., aquatic, subterranean-obligate) gastropods.

Land snail dispersal, abundance and diversity on green roofs.

We present the first major systematic study of land snail diversity on green roofs. We surveyed 27 green roofs and the adjacent ground habitat in six major cities in the southeastern United States. We found a total of 18 species of land snails, with three considered to be non-native or invasive species. The majority of land snails encountered in surveys are widespread, generalist species, typically adapted to open habitats. Twelve of the land snails encountered are "greenhouse" species that are very commonly transported via the horticultural trade. Therefore, we infer that at least some land snail species are introduced to green roofs via initial green roof installation and associated landscaping. The major determinants of snail species richness and abundance are the size of each roof and the quality of green roof maintenance regime.