Epicondylopathia humeri radialis. / Epicondylopathia humeri radialis (Epicondylitis radialis) ­ Diagnostik und Therapie unter Berücksichtigung der aktuellen S2k-Leitlinie.

BACKGROUND: Lateral epicondylitis is a common orthopaedic condition often massively restricting the quality of life of the affected patients. There are a wide variety of treatment options - with varying levels of evidence. METHOD: The following statements and recommendations are based on the current German S2k guideline Epicondylopathia radialis humeri (AWMF registry number: 033 - 2019). All major German specialist societies participated in this guideline, which is based on a systematic review of the literature and a structured consensus-building process. OUTCOMES: Lateral epicondylitis should be diagnosed clinically and can be confirmed by imaging modalities. The Guidelines Commission issues recommendations on clinical and radiological diagnostic workup. The clinical condition results from the accumulated effect of mechanical overload, neurologic irritation and metabolic changes. Differentiating between acute and chronic disorder is helpful. Prognosis of non-surgical regimens is favourable in most cases. Most cases spontaneously resolve within 12 months. In case of unsuccessful attempted non-surgical management for at least six months, surgery may be considered as an alternative, if there is a corresponding structural morphology and clinical manifestation. At present, it is not possible to recommend a specific surgical procedure. CONCLUSION: This paper provides a summary of the guideline with extracts of the recommendations and statements of its authors regarding the pathogenesis, prevention, diagnostic workup as well as non-surgical and surgical management.

Cost-utility analysis of total shoulder arthroplasty: a prospective health economic study using real-world data.

BACKGROUND: With increasing health care expenditures, knowledge about the benefit and costs of surgical interventions such as total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) becomes important for orthopedic surgeons, social insurance programs, and health policy decision makers. We examined the impact of TSA on quality of life (QOL), direct medical costs, and productivity losses and evaluated the cost-utility ratio of TSA compared with ongoing nonoperative management using real-world data. METHODS: Patients with shoulder osteoarthritis and/or rotator cuff tear arthropathy indicated for anatomic or reverse TSA were included in this prospective study. QOL (European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions 5-Level questionnaire) and shoulder function (Constant score; Shoulder Pain and Disability Index; short version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire; and Subjective Shoulder Value) were assessed preoperatively and up to 2 years postoperatively. Health insurance companies provided all-diagnosis direct medical costs for 2018 in Swiss francs (CHF), where 1 CHF was equivalent to US $1.02. Indirect costs were assessed using the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire. Baseline data at recruitment and the total costs of the preoperative year served as a proxy for nonoperative management. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated as the total costs to gain 1 extra quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) based on both the health care system perspective and societal perspective. The relationship between QOL and shoulder function was assessed by regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean preoperative utility index for the European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions 5-Level questionnaire of 0.68 for a total of 150 patients (mean age, 71 years; 21% working; 58% women) increased to 0.89 and 0.87 at 1 and 2 years postoperatively, respectively. Mean direct medical costs were 11,771 CHF (preoperatively), 34,176 CHF (1 year postoperatively), and 11,763 CHF (2 years postoperatively). The ICER was 63,299 CHF/QALY (95% confidence interval, 44,391-82,206 CHF/QALY). The mean productivity losses for 29 working patients decreased from 40,574 CHF per patient (preoperatively) to 26,114 CHF at 1 year postoperatively and 10,310 CHF at 2 years postoperatively. When considering these productivity losses, the ICER was 35,549 CHF/QALY (95% confidence interval, 12,076-59,016 CHF/QALY). QOL was significantly associated with shoulder function (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Using real-world direct medical cost data, we calculated a cost-utility ratio of 63,299 CHF/QALY for TSA in Switzerland, which clearly falls below the often-suggested 100,000-CHF/QALY threshold for acceptable cost-effectiveness. In view of productivity losses, TSA becomes highly cost-effective with an ICER of 35,546 CHF/QALY.

Impact of Sports Activity on Medium-Term Clinical and Radiological Outcome after Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty in Cuff Deficient Arthropathy; An Institutional Register-Based Analysis.

There is a lack of consensus on what physicians can recommend and what patients can expect concerning sports activity after reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). The purpose of this retrospective register-based observational study was to investigate the association between participation in sports or physical activity involving the upper extremity and 5-year clinical and radiological outcomes for primary RSA patients. We screened the institutional arthroplasty registry for patients reporting the type and level of sports postoperatively after primary, unilateral RSA due to rotator cuff deficiency. One hundred thirty-eight patients with clinical and radiological outcomes documented at a minimum 5-year follow-up were divided into three groups comprising those who participated regularly in: sports mainly involving the upper extremity (sports upper extremities, SUE, n = 49), sports mainly involving the lower extremities (sports lower extremities, SLE, n = 21), and those who did not participate in sports at all (no sports, NS, n = 68). The participants had a mean age of 72 years (standard deviation (SD) 8) and were overall predominantly female patients (62%). Primary clinical outcomes included the Constant Score (CS) and Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). Secondary radiographs were analyzed for radiolucent lines (RLL), signs of glenoid or humeral prosthesis loosening, bone resorption, bone formation, and scapular notching. A total number of 8 senior surgeons were involved in treatment of patients, and two types of prosthesis were used. The SUE group had non-significantly higher mean scores for CS (75 points) and SPADI (88 points) compared to SLE (71 and 78 points, respectively) and NS patients (66 and 78 points, respectively) (p ≥ 0.286). The incidence of RLL around the humeral diaphysis was higher in NS compared to SUE patients (32% versus 12%, respectively) (p = 0.025); all other radiological parameters were similar between the groups. There were no cases of loosening in the SUE group that led to revision surgery. Patients engaging in sports activities involving the upper extremity show similarly good functional scores 5 years post-RSA as the other groups, without additional signs of implant loosening as a result of increased shoulder use.

Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE). / Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE).

BACKGROUND: The Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation questionnaire (PRTEE) is a specific questionnaire available for assessing the health status of patients with lateral epicondylitis. An official German translation does not yet exist. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the English version of the PRTEE into German. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The translation and cross-cultural adaptation was completed by an expert committee comprising people of varying professional and linguistic backgrounds. According to international guidelines, the English original was first translated into German, then back-translated and the final version was pre-tested on patients. RESULTS: No major difficulties were encountered during the translation process and smaller linguistic discrepancies could be resolved in the expert committee. For the pre-validation testing, 11 patients with extensor repair due to persistent lateral epicondylitis were included. They rated the questionnaire as easy to understand and complete. The final version was approved by the developers of the original questionnaire as the official German translation. CONCLUSIONS: Although the measurement properties of the German version were not evaluated in this study, the original shows good reliability, validity and responsiveness. In summary, the PRTEE is a questionnaire quick and easy to complete for patients with lateral epicondylitis. Therefore, it is suitable for the clinical routine assessment of subjective health status or the outcome after an intervention.

The Schulthess local Shoulder Arthroplasty Registry (SAR): cohort profile.

PURPOSE: Clinical registries are essential for evaluation of surgical outcomes. The Schulthess Shoulder Arthroplasty Registry (SAR) was established in 2006 to evaluate safety, function, quality-of-life and patient satisfaction in patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty. PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients undergoing anatomic or reverse shoulder joint replacement at the Schulthess Klinik, a high-volume, leading orthopaedic surgery centre in Zürich, Switzerland. FINDINGS TO DATE: Between March 2006 and December 2019, the registry covered 98% of eligible operations. Overall, 2332 patients were enrolled with a total of 2796 operations and 11 147 person-years of follow-up. Mean age at baseline was 71 (range: 20-95), 65% were women. Most common indication was rotator cuff tears with osteoarthritis (42%) and the mean preoperative Constant Score was 31 (±15). The most frequent arthroplasty type was reverse, increasing from 61% in 2006-2010 to 86% in 2015-2019. Functional recovery peaked at 12-month postoperatively and did not show a clinically relevant deterioration during the first ten follow-up years. Since its establishment, the registry was used to address multiple pertinent clinical and methodological questions. Primary focus was on comparing different implant configurations (eg, glenosphere diameter) and surgical techniques (eg, latissimus dorsi transfer) to maximise functional recovery. Additionally, the cohort contributed to the determination of the clinical relevance and validity of radiological monitoring of cortical bone resorption and scapular notching. Finally, SAR data helped to demonstrate that returning to sports was among key patient expectations after reverse shoulder arthroplasty. FUTURE PLANS: As first patients are approaching the 15 years follow-up landmark, the registry will continue providing essential data on long-term functional outcomes, implant stability, revision rates and aetiologies as well as patient satisfaction and quality-of-life. In addition to research and quality-control, the cohort data will be brought back to the patients by bolstering real-time clinical decision support.

Re-intervention and revision rates following primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasty - review of a local shoulder arthroplasty registry.

PURPOSE: Our primary aim was to describe the re-intervention and revision rates after primary reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) documented in a local shoulder arthroplasty registry. We also identify the main indication for revision and re-intervention, which may be relevant for patient outcome post-RSA. METHODS: Since July 2006, RSAs are consecutively documented in our clinic registry and prospectively controlled with follow-ups. Any intervention after primary RSA requiring a return to the operating room for any shoulder-related indication was termed a re-intervention. Revisions were defined as surgeries involving any exchange, removal, or addition of at least one component. The study endpoints were survival rates at two, five and ten years follow-up for both definitions. RESULTS: Until July 2017, 63 from a total of 1480 primary RSAs required at least one re-intervention and 33 patients had a revision. Open reduction and internal fixation for fractures around the implant (n = 14) were the predominating indications for re-intervention. The re-intervention rate for instability was 0.5%. For re-interventions, survival rates were 97.7, 95.4 and 90.8% at two, five and ten years, respectively, and the respective rates for revisions were 98.7, 97.5 and 95.3%. CONCLUSION: The revision rate after primary RSA for our patient registry is low. A relevant number of additional interventions were noted that did not require any component revision but may impair the final outcome post-RSA. By only reporting revision rates, the number of post-RSA re-interventions is clearly underestimated. We recommend the documentation of all events leading to any re-intervention in arthroplasty registries.

[Ruptures of the Distal Biceps and Triceps Tendon]. / Distale Bizepssehnen- und Trizepssehnenrupturen.

Ruptures of the distal biceps and triceps tendon are rare. Most frequently these injuries occur in men, athletes and patients with physically demanding work activities. This review article describes aetiology and pathogenesis as well as diagnostics, treatment options, the expected outcome and provides insights in our own approach.

Surgical revision of radial head fractures: a multicenter retrospective analysis of 466 cases.

BACKGROUND: Radial head fractures lead to persisting disability in a considerable number of cases. This study aimed to investigate their most common revision causes and procedures. METHODS: This multicenter retrospective study reviewed the cases of 466 adult patients who had undergone surgical revision after operative or nonoperative treatment of a radial head fracture. The initial diagnosis was a Mason type I fracture in 13.0%, Mason type II fracture in 14.6%, Mason type III fracture in 22.8%, Mason type IV fracture in 20.9%, terrible-triad injury in 12.8%, Monteggia-like lesion in 13.1%, and Essex-Lopresti lesion in 2.0%. Initial treatment was nonoperative in 30.2%, open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) in 44.9%, radial head arthroplasty in 16.6%, radial head resection in 3.7%, sole treatment of concomitant injuries in 2.6%, and fragment excision in 2.0%. Up to 3 revision causes and procedures were recorded per case. RESULTS: The most common complications were stiffness (67.4%), instability (36.5%), painful osteoarthritis (29.2%), ORIF related (14.8%), nonunion or necrosis (9.2%), radial head arthroplasty related (7.5%), ulnar neuropathy (6.0%), and infection (2.6%). Revision procedures frequently included arthrolysis (42.1%), arthroplasty (24.9%), implant removal (23.6%), ligament repair or reconstruction (23.0%), débridement (14.2%), repeated ORIF (8.2%), and/or radial head resection (7.7%). Mason type I or II fractures were primarily revised because of stiffness and painful osteoarthritis. Complications after Mason type III fractures were predominantly ORIF related. Fracture-dislocations showed a wide range of complications, with instability and stiffness comprising the most common causes of revision. CONCLUSIONS: The complications of radial head fractures are characteristic to their classification. Knowledge of these findings might guide surgeons in treating these injuries and may help counsel patients accordingly.

Radiological and functional 24-month outcomes of resurfacing versus stemmed anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty.

PURPOSE: This study compared clinical and radiographic outcomes of patients undergoing resurfacing total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) with those treated with a stemmed TSA. METHODS: Patients with primary osteoarthritis who underwent humeral resurfacing (RES) or stemmed (STA) TSA were identified in our shoulder arthroplasty register for retrospective analysis. Standard radiographs and clinical/patient-rated assessments were made up to 24 months post-surgery. Implant revisions were assessed. Patients were frequency-matched in a 1:1 (RES:STA) ratio based on gender and age, and compared with regard to operation time and shoulder function (Constant, SPADI and Quick DASH scores). Mixed models with statistical adjustments were applied. RESULTS: From 2006 to 2014, 44 RES and 137 STA operations were performed in 157 patients; one and two revisions were recorded in the RES and STA group, respectively. The final matched cohort included a total of 69 patients and 37 operations per treatment group. Resurfacing TSA was 17 min shorter (95%CI: 5-28) compared to the stemmed procedure (p = 0.005). RES and STA patients showed significant functional improvement six months post-implantation, yet all measured scores did not differ between the groups at 2 years (p ≥ 0.131). The status of static centering of the humeral head, acromiohumeral distance, and a lack of signs of implant loosening were also similar between treatments. CONCLUSION: Similar 24-month post-operative radiological and functional outcome is achieved by RES and STA patients, even with a shorter RES surgery time. Larger cohorts and longer follow-up are required to better assess implant survival.

Conversion to hemiarthroplasty as a salvage procedure for failed reverse shoulder arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Optimal treatment of a failed reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) is unclear. In the case of poor glenoid bone stock, retaining a RSA may be infeasible. We report our experience with conversions to hemiarthroplasty. METHODS: Within 7 years, 16 patients underwent conversion to hemiarthroplasty after failed RSA. All patients had insufficient bone stock for reimplantation of another RSA. Standard radiographs and Constant, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index, and the 11-item version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand scores were assessed preoperatively and up to a minimum of 24 months after surgery. Postoperative superior migration and complications were also documented. RESULTS: Glenoid loosening was the primary reason for RSA failure in 11 patients. Three required revision surgery because of infection. Postoperative functional outcome was generally poor at the latest follow-up, with mean Constant, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index, and 11-item version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand scores of 25, 37, and 63 points, respectively. Baseline pain also did not improve. Medialization progressed beyond the coracoid in 6 patients, and complete anterosuperior escape was reported in 3 patients. Three postoperative complications were recorded by the final follow-up, including 2 periprosthetic humeral fractures treated conservatively and 1 patient with painful humeral component medialization leading to resection arthroplasty. CONCLUSION: With excessive bone stock loss, hemiarthroplasty remains an option, despite the associated risks of uncertain pain relief and poor functional outcome. This technique offers a lower likelihood of undertaking further surgical interventions within the short-term to midterm postoperative period. Nevertheless, resection arthroplasty may still be considered another valuable solution.

Platelet-rich plasma for chronic lateral epicondylitis: is one injection sufficient?

INTRODUCTION: Chronic lateral epicondylitis is generally treated using nonsurgical methods including physiotherapy and infiltrations of cortisone or platelet-rich plasma (PRP). The latter is known for its simple application as well as associated low risk of adverse events, which lend to its widespread use in treating various musculoskeletal conditions. There is limited evidence on the effectiveness of PRP injections to optimally treat chronic lateral epicondylitis. This study explored the effectiveness of single or repeated injections for patients with symptoms that spanned 6 months or more and were unresponsive to alternate conservative measures. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Patients with chronic lateral epicondylitis received PRP injections in 4-week intervals that were complemented with standardized physical therapy. Patient-reported outcomes based on the patient-rated elbow evaluation (PREE), quick disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (qDASH), and EuroQol (five dimensions) 3-level version (EQ5D3L) questionnaires were documented at each visit including 6 months after the first injection. These outcomes were compared between patients receiving 1 vs. 2 or 3 PRP injections. RESULTS: Sixty-two patients received one (n = 36) or more (n = 26) PRP injections. The mean baseline to 6-month follow-up scores of the PREE and qDASH questionnaires improved significantly from 54.0 to 23.0 and 50.3 to 20.7, respectively. The mean baseline EQ5D3L-visual analogue scale score improved from 62.5 to 82.9 by 6 months post-injection. These outcomes did not significantly differ between the patients who received varying numbers of injections. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with chronic lateral epicondylitis reported significant pain relief and gain in function as well as quality of life 6 months after localized PRP treatment. A single PRP injection may be sufficient.

Early results after modular non-cemented reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: a prospective single-centre study of 38 consecutive cases.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the outcome of a third generation modular non-cemented reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) in incongruent glenohumeral degeneration with severe rotator cuff deficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-eight consecutive RTSA with a mean age of 72 years (range 58-89 years) were prospectively enrolled. Mean follow-up was 24 months (range 21-29 months). Pain and standardized clinical functional scores were monitored. Radiographic and MRI findings have been scored and correlated to clinical outcome and complication rate. RESULTS: Preoperative pain decreased significantly from VAS 8 to 2 at 24 months postop., as ROM improved significantly, by at least doubling preoperative values of elevation, abduction, and external rotation. Nevertheless, internal rotation languished. The preoperative median constant was 18 points and 70 points 24 months postop. (p < 0.001). Initial median DASH was 95 vs. 50 2 years after surgery (p < 0.001). Median prospective ASES was 23 (IQR 8-33) vs. 70 points (p < 0.001) at final follow-up. Each outcome measurement improved significantly at 6, 12, and 24 months follow-up. There was no significant correlation between pre-operative radiographic findings of osseous and/or soft-tissue degeneration and short-term clinical outcome and/or complication rate (13 %). At final follow-up, 54 % showed radiographic signs of inferior scapular notching. There was no revision and/or loosening observed. CONCLUSION: RSTA with this modular system results in significant pain relief and improvement of functional clinical outcomes. However, longevity of the device is currently unknown.

Clinical and radiographical results after double flip button stabilization of acute grade III and IV acromioclavicular joint separations.

INTRODUCTION: Persistent horizontal instability after acute acromioclavicular (AC) joint separation may provoke unsatisfactory results of conservative treatment. HYPOTHESIS: the arthroscopically assisted double flip button stabilization of acute horizontally unstable grade III and IV AC joint disruptions results in full functional restoration and stable radiological reposition. MATERIALS: 21 patients treated for an acute grade III or IV AC joint separation were enrolled. Clinical assessment at least 2-year postoperative included the constant score (CS) and the simple shoulder test. A panorama stress view, bilateral axial view and an AC view were obtained for radiographic evaluation. RESULTS: 19 individuals (mean 37 years; 17 men) with 16 Rockwood type III and 3 type IV injuries were available for examination 24­51 months postoperatively. The mean CS was 90.2 points (SD 6.5) with no statistically significant difference between CS and age-adjusted normative values. The mean Simple Shoulder Test scored 11.5 points (range 8­12). Loss of reduction of more than 2 mm in the coronal plane stress views was present in 6 patients (32 %) with no associated loss of functional outcome. Two of four reported complications in four patients were treated surgically (one open revision with graft augmentation for coracoid implant break out, one arthroscopic capsular release for persistent glenohumeral stiffness). CONCLUSION: Arthroscopically assisted double flip button stabilization for acute grade III and IV AC joint separation restores fully horizontal stability and age-expected shoulder function, resulting in high patient satisfaction, despite a loss of reduction observed radiographically in approximately one-third of patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Osteoid osteoma of the shoulder and elbow: from diagnosis to minimally invasive removal.

PURPOSE: Musculoskeletal tumours are rare in the daily practice of an orthopaedic surgeon or even a shoulder and elbow specialist. Patient complaints are often related to secondary changes to the underlying disease making the correct diagnosis challenging. The goal of this study is to identify key symptoms and findings which should give rise to suspicion of an osteoid osteoma. METHODS: This retrospective study analyses the diagnostic pathway, surgical treatment and clinical outcome of six patients who underwent resection of an osteoid osteoma of the shoulder or elbow joint. RESULTS: Average follow-up was 24 months (range 16-36 months). The neoplasm was often associated with synovitis mimicking a frozen joint causing marked delay in tumour identification. Misdiagnosis led to surgery without addressing the tumour in two cases, making further surgical intervention necessary. Once the tumour was identified and removed the pain resolved rapidly. CONCLUSIONS: In cases of chronic shoulder or elbow pain without an adequate clinical history an underlying cause including rarities such as an osteoid osteoma or other musculoskeletal tumours should be taken into consideration. Particularly in young patients, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-proven hot spot of unknown origin should prompt a computed tomography examination to further clarify the source of pain and stiffness. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, case series.

Early clinical and structural results after autologous chondrocyte transplantation at the glenohumeral joint.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study was to report early functional and radiographic results of a small series of patients who underwent autologous chondrocyte transplantation-collagen membrane seeding (ACT-Cs) for focal chondral defects of the shoulder. METHODS: The outcome of 4 consecutive male patients (mean age, 29.3 ± 6.2 years; range, 21-36 years) who underwent ACT-Cs for treatment of large symptomatic glenohumeral cartilage defects was retrospectively evaluated with clinical and radiographic measures at a mean of 41.3 ± 24.9 months (range, 11-71 months) after surgery. The evaluation included a visual analog scale for pain, the Constant score, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons shoulder index, the Rowe score, and a satisfaction scale. Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation was performed according to the Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue scoring system. RESULTS: There were 3 humeral full-thickness cartilage defects (each 6.0 cm(2)) and 1 glenoid full-thickness cartilage defect (2.0 cm(2)). The mean postoperative visual analog scale score (0.3 of 10), the mean unweighted Constant score (83.3 ± 9.9), and the mean American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons index (95.3 ± 8.1) were representative of satisfactory shoulder function. The Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue score was indicative of satisfactory defect coverage with signs of fibrocartilaginous repair tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Autologous chondrocyte transplantation at the glenohumeral joint is a remote option for young adults with symptomatic, isolated, large-diameter cartilage lesions. Potential complications as a result of the open approach and 2-step procedure have to be considered carefully. Long-term data, larger patient populations, and randomized studies are required to determine the potential for chondrocyte transplantation techniques to be standard procedure for treatment of symptomatic, large-diameter, full-thickness cartilage defects in the glenohumeral joint.

Deltoid flap reconstruction for massive rotator cuff tears: mid- and long-term functional and structural results.

BACKGROUND: Various open and arthroscopic techniques for irreparable massive rotator cuff tears have been described. Muscle-tendon transfers may be considered in order to improve range of motion and strength. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed retrospectively the functional and structural results of 31 deltoid flap transfers for massive postero-superior rotator cuff tears at 2 time points: Mid- and long-term follow-up exams were performed after a mean of 53 and 175 months, respectively. RESULTS: Functional gains were minor, but improvement in pain and patient satisfaction was high. The mean Constant score improved from 31 preoperatively to 46 points at mid-term follow-up. At long-term follow-up, 16 shoulders were still available for exam and presented with a mean Constant score of 66 points. Survival rates of the deltoid flap, confirmed by ultrasound, were 16.5% at mid-term and 12.5% at long-term follow-up, and correlated with better clinical outcome. Cranial migration of the humeral head progressed in all cases and could not be prevented by the interposition of a deltoid flap. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this series, we no longer use nor recommend this technique.

Arthroscopic subtalar arthrodesis for symptomatic osteoarthritis of the hindfoot: a prospective study of 41 cases.

BACKGROUND: This prospective study evaluated the results of arthroscopic subtalar arthrodesis for painful hindfoot osteoarthritis. METHODS: The hypotheses were that (1) the arthroscopic technique results in a reliable fusion rate, (2) the clinical outcome is better than the open procedure and (3) complication rates are lower. Forty-one arthroscopic subtalar fusions were done in 37 consecutive symptomatic patients without hindfoot deformity between December, 1997, and May, 2003. Indications for fusion were persistent pain with reduced range of motion and impaired daily activities. RESULTS: The average modified AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score improved from 53 (range 22 to 69) points preoperatively to 84 (range 41 to 94) points at final follow-up (average 55 months, range 24 to 89 months). Union was achieved in all cases. Radiographic progression of degeneration in the adjacent joints was observed in three patients. CONCLUSIONS: In painful hindfoot osteoarthritis the arthroscopic technique provides reliable fusion and high patient satisfaction with the advantages of a minimally invasive procedure.

Flexible intramedullary nailing for unicameral cysts in children's long bones : Level of evidence: lV, case series.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of flexible intramedullary nailing for unicameral bone cysts in terms of function and osseous consolidation. METHODS: Twenty-two unicameral bone cysts in children's long bones were treated by flexible intramedullary nailing. In 13 cases the bone cyst was diagnosed in a traumatic event leading to a pathologic fracture. Fifteen patients were referred to our clinic after failed conservative treatment. In 16 patients the cyst was located in the humerus, and in 6 patients in the femur. Mean duration of follow-up after surgery was 24 months. RESULTS: According to Capanna's criteria healing was obtained in 20 cases with a mean time of 16 months. Sixteen cysts healed completely. Four lesions were classified as grade 2, meaning that residual radiolucencies were radiographically visible at the latest follow-up. Two recurrences of humeral cysts were seen at 16 and 18 months postoperatively. The complication rate was minimal. CONCLUSION: Due to the immediate stabilization of the lesion aftercare becomes facile. This method allows prompt mobilization and early weight bearing without the necessity of a plaster cast. Further it prevents effectively the most common complication, a re-fracture or a pathologic fracture. Therefore we propose this surgical procedure as the treatment of choice for unicameral bone cysts in children's long bones.