Perfil Neurocognitivo de una cohorte de menores de edad con vivencias de maltrato infantil / Neuropsychological profile of a cohort of children victims of child abuse

El maltrato infantil (MI) es un problema multidimensional. El estrés crónico producido por dicho fenómeno afecta el desarrollo cerebral de niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA), incidiendo negativamente en la evolución de diversos aspectos del desarrollo, condicionando su vida futura. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el desempeño sociocognitivo de NNA que han vivenciado MI, mediante el análisis de las funciones del neurodesarrollo, evaluado con subpruebas de la NEPSY II. Se analizan funciones ejecutivas y percepción social, bases del razonamiento y adaptación social. Se estudia el desempeño de 14 de NNA pertenecientes a un Programa de la Fundación Súmate, cuya Misión es la recuperación de la escolaridad NNA que han visto alterado el curso de su desarrollo por MI. Los resultados dan cuenta de alteraciones cerebrales asociadas al MI, las que se evidencian en un deficitario desarrollo funcional de las variables estudiadas. Existe grave descenso en los procesos y subprocesos del funcionamiento ejecutivo. En relación con la percepción social, la muestra estudiada presenta un mejor desarrollo, el que desciende a medida que aumenta la edad. Las funciones estudiadas tienen directa relación con el razonamiento cognitivo y desarrollo socio adaptativo, bases sobre las que se estructura el desarrollo académico. Los hallazgos, refuerzan la urgencia de abordar esta sensible realidad desde la práctica médica en la atención primaria y especializada. Los resultados también son de utilidad para orientar el desarrollo de políticas públicas que efectivamente contribuyan al progreso de nuestro país.

Abstract. Child maltreatment (MI) is a multidimensional problem. The chronic stress produced by this phenomenon affects the brain development of children and adolescents (NNA), negatively affecting the evolution of various aspects of development, conditioning their future life. The objective of this study is to analyze the sociocognitive performance of children and adolescents who have experienced IM, through the analysis of the performance of neurodevelopmental functions, evaluated through subtests of the NEPSY II. Executive functions and social perception, reasoning bases and social adaptation are studied. The performance of 14 NNA belonging to a Fundación Súmate Program is studied, whose mission is the recovery of NNA schooling that has seen the course of their development altered by IM. The results show brain alterations associated with MI, evidenced in a deficient functional development of the variables studied. There is a serious decline in the processes and threads of executive functioning. In relation to social perception, the studied sample presents a better development, which decreases as age increases. The functions studied are directly related to cognitive reasoning and socio-adaptive development, based on which academic development is structured. The findings reinforce the urgency of addressing this sensitive reality from medical practice in primary and specialized care. The results are also useful to guide the development of public policies that effectively contribute to the progress of our country.

Polymorphisms in IMPDH2, UGT2B7, and CES2 genes influence the risk of graft rejection in kidney transplant recipients taking mycophenolate mofetil.

The immunosuppressant mycophenolic acid (MPA), derived from the prodrug mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), is a drug used widely by kidney transplant recipients. This drug selectively inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase that controls the proliferation of lymphocytes, aiding in the prevention of rejection of the transplanted organ. Polymorphisms in key genes involved in MMF metabolism may alter the function of the enzymes encoded by them and contribute to interindividual variability in the response to the drug and its efficacy. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of nine polymorphic variants of eight genes involved in MMF pharmacokinetics, with rejection and adverse effects exhibited by kidney transplant recipients who use this drug. Our sample comprised 145 kidney transplant recipients undergoing post-transplant treatment whose immunosuppressive therapy consisted of MMF and corticosteroid combined or not with a calcineurin inhibitor or mTOR inhibitor. The average age of the patients was 46.9 ±â€¯12.5 years, and they underwent transplantation 7 ±â€¯5.71 years ago. The combination of the T/C and C/C genotypes of the polymorphism rs11706052 (IMPDH2) was associated with a 4.2-fold protection, and the combination of the genotypes A/G and G/G of the polymorphism rs7438135 (UGT2B7) showed a 2.4-fold protection, against rejection. The association of T/C and C/C genotypes in the SNP rs11706052 (IMPDH2) with the occurrence of rejection episodes considering only patients who received immunosuppressive drug MMF associated with cyclosporine or tacrolimus and corticoids, demonstrated association with a protection against rejection 15.6-fold. The T/T genotype of the polymorphism rs2241409 (CES2) was associated with a 7.2-fold increased risk of rejection. Therefore, these polymorphisms that showed a strong association with rejection episodes should be considered in future studies on new prognostic markers for rejection in patients treated with MMF.

Intervenciones de niños, niñas y adolescentes con vulneración de derechos: Evaluación de funciones ejecutivas y habilidades parentales / Interventions for infringement on rights of children and adolescents: Executive functions and parental skills evaluation

La interacción con los padres o adultos significativos (P/AS) en los primeros años de vida, afecta el desarrollo de las funciones ejecutivas (FE), y éstas a su vez, en el rendimiento escolar de niños y niñas (NN). El maltrato se asocia a trastornos en el desarrollo de las FE. En Chile, 173000 NN se encuentran judicializados por algún tipo de maltrato y han sido derivados al SENAME. Pruebas estandarizadas miden FE y Habilidades Parentales (HP). Se busca explorar las FE en NN judicializados (NNj) y las HP de sus P/AS. Objetivo. Medición de FE en NNj y de HP en sus P/AS y establecer la relación entre sus resultados y compararlas con un grupo control. Metodología: NN de 2° ciclo escolar básico y uno de sus P/AS: Estudio 25 NNM (promedio 10,3 años) del Programa de Prevención Focalizada San José de Peñalolén; Control 24 NN no judicializados (NNn) (10,6 años) de dos colegios (de Ñuñoa y Peñalolén). Consentimiento informado firmado de cada participante. El estudio ingresó al Comité de ética de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC). Enero-Julio/2017, se aplicó el Test ENFEN© a los NN (mide FE) y la Prueba E2P© (mide HP) a sus P/AS. Se calcula promedio ± DE a cada prueba y se realiza prueba t y de Levene para comparar grupos. Resultados: (NNM; NNn) ENFEN 3.09 ±1.66; 6.45 ±0.75; IC: [-4,1- -2,1] α: 0,005. E2P©: 76.3 ±12.06; 81.8±5. IC [-10,1- -0,06] α 0,001. Discusión: Los resultados demuestran que existe relación entre HP y FE en el contexto del maltrato. Palabras Clave: Funciones ejecutivas, maltrato infantil, habilidades parentales, vulneración de derechos

Summary. Introduction. Interaction with parents or significant adults (P/AS) in early childhood affects the development of executive functions (FE), and these in turn, in school performance of boys and girls (NN). Child abuse is associated with disorders in the development of the FE. In Chile, there are 173000 NN involved in legal cases prosecuted for child abuse, who have been referred to SENAME. There are standardized tests that measure FE and parental skills (HP). This study seeks to explore the FE in these NN (NNM) and the HP of their P/AS. Goal. Measurement of FE in NNM and HP on their P/AS to establish a relationship between its results and compared to a control group. Methodology: NN of 2nd cycle basic school and one of their P/AS: study of 25 NNM (average 10.3 years) of the Focused Prevention Program San Jose of Peñalolén; control group are 24 NN not involved in child abuse cases (NNn) from two schools (in Ñuñoa and Peñalolén) (10.6 years). A signed informed consent of each participant was obtained. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of PUC. From January to July / 2017, the Test ENFEN © was applied to NN (measured on FE) and the E2P © test (measures HP) to their P/AS. The average ±SD to each test, t and Levene tests were calculated to compare the groups. Results: (NNM; NNn) ENFEN 3.09 ±1. 66; 6.45 ±0. 75; CI: [- 4.1-2.1] Α: 0.005. E2P ©: 76.3 ±12. 06; 81. 8±5. IC [- 10.1-0.06] Α 0.001. Discussion: The results show that there is a relationship between HP and FE in the context of child abuse. Key words: Executive functions, parenting skills, child abuse, violation of rights, focused prevention.

Pulp and Jam of Gabiroba (Campomanesia xanthocarpa Berg): Characterization and Rheological Properties.

This study evaluated the physicochemical characterization and rheological behavior of gabiroba pulp, and a gabiroba jam formulation. Gabiroba pulp presented a heterogeneous ultrastructure with a denser area formed by a compact mesh and a porous interface containing fibers. The fibers' presence promoted a slip effect when the gabiroba pulp was subjected to shear. Gabiroba pulp showed a gel behavior with thermal stability. Gabiroba jam, developed using pulp as the raw material, had shear thinning behavior exhibiting yield stress described by the Herschel-Bulkley model. The dynamic oscillatory analysis showed that gabiroba jam typically behaved like a gel, i.e., G' values higher than the G″ in all frequency ranges evaluated. The results showed that gabiroba pulp is suitable for use as a raw material in the development of food products such as jam, encouraging the preservation of this native Brazilian species.

Extraction, purification and structural characterization of a galactoglucomannan from the gabiroba fruit (Campomanesia xanthocarpa Berg), Myrtaceae family.

In this study, we isolated and structurally characterized, for the first time, a galactoglucomannan (GGM) from the pulp of gabiroba, a Myrtaceae family species. The HPSEC-MALLS-RI analysis showed a homogeneous polysaccharide with molar mass of 25,340gmol-1. The monosaccharide composition showed that the GGM consisted of Man:Glc:Gal in a molar ratio of 1:1:0.6. Methylation and 1D and 2D NMR analyses suggested that the main chain of the GGM consisted of ß-d-Glcp and ß-d-Manp units (1→4)-linked. The α-d-Galp substitutions occur mainly at O-6 position of ß-d-Manp units. The glycosidic linkages of the GGM were evident by the presence of the characteristic signals of 4-O-substituted residues at δ 78.6/3.69 for both ß-d-Glcp and ß-d-Manp. Furthermore, the O-6 substitutions for both ß-d-Glcp and ß-d-Manp units were confirmed by signals at δ 67.1/4.00 and 3.93. The interglycosidic correlations, obtained through the analysis of the HMBC spectrum, further confirm the structure.

Association of UGT2B7, UGT1A9, ABCG2, and IL23R polymorphisms with rejection risk in kidney transplant patients.

Despite advances in testing compatibility between donor and recipient, graft rejection remains a current concern. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that codify altered enzymes of metabolism, drug transport, and the immune system may contribute to graft rejection in transplant patients. This study examined the association between SNPs present in genes of these processes and occurrence of graft rejection episodes in 246 kidney transplant patients, 35% of which were diagnosed with rejection. Genotype-gene expression associations were also assessed. Peripheral blood samples were used for genotyping of 24 SNPs on the following genes: CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2E1, POR, UGT2B7, UGT1A9, ABCB1, ABCC2, ABCG2, SLCO1B1, TNF, IL2, IRF5, TGFB1, NFKBIA, IL10, IL23R, NFAT, and CCR5 by real-time PCR. The analysis of gene expression was performed by RT-qPCR. The association between graft rejection episodes and polymorphic variants was assessed using odds ratios. Polymorphisms rs7662029 (UGT2B7) and rs6714486 (UGT1A9) were associated with occurrence of graft rejection episodes, rs7662029 (UGT2B7) exhibited a protective effect (1.85-fold), and rs6714486 (UGT1A9) an increased 1.6-fold increased risk of graft rejection. Among drug transporter genes, only rs2231142 (ABCG2) demonstrated an association with a 1.92-fold decrease in the risk of graft rejection. The immunological SNP rs10889677 (IL23R) was associated with a 1.9-fold enhanced risk of graft rejection. Association between genotypes and gene expression was not detected. Therefore, SNPs of UGT2B7, UGT1A9, ABCG2, and IL23R genes may be useful as candidate markers for screening of risk graft rejection in renal transplant patients. These markers may improve medical decisions, avoiding adverse effects.

Influence of Extrusion Cooking on In Vitro Digestibility, Physical and Sensory Properties of Brazilian Pine Seeds Flour (Araucaria Angustifolia).

Brazilian pine seeds (pinhão) are gluten-free products derived from Araucaria angustifolia. The commercialization of these seeds is essentially associated with a low level of industrialization. In this context, extrusion cooking is a potential alternative for preparing extrudates of pinhão as a food product, which can be easily digested and is ready for human consumption. Brazilian pine seeds flour was processed in a single-screw extruder following a central composite rotatable design. Three factors (independent parameters) were considered: moisture content (14 to 22 g/100 g), screw speed (100 to 250 rpm), and temperature in the 3rd heating zone (120 to 200 °C). The structural characteristics, in vitro digestibility and sensory acceptance were also evaluated. The resistant starch contents is almost reduced to zero after extrusion cooking while the slowly digestible starch content is increased. An increase in moisture positively affected the hardness and the luminosity (L* ), although it negatively affected the volumetric expansion index, crispness, and color parameters (a* , b* , and ΔE). The experimental conditions of this study allowed the production of expanded extrudates from Brazilian pine seeds with good expansion, texture properties, and acceptance qualities. Thus, extrusion cooking was found to be a potential method for the industrialization of Brazilian pine seeds as a food product.

Physico-chemical characterization of banana varieties resistant to black leaf streak disease for industrial purposes / Caracterização físico-química de variedades de banana resistentes à sigatoka negra para fins industriais

ABSTRACT: Cultivated bananas have very low genetic diversity making them vulnerable to diseases such as black-Sigatoka leaf spot. However, the decision to adopt a new banana variety needs to be based on a robust evaluation of agronomical and physical-chemical characteristics. Here, we characterize new banana varieties resistant to black-Sigatoka leaf spot and compare them to the most widely used traditional variety (Grand Naine). Each variety was evaluated for a range of physic-chemical attributes associated with industrial processing and flavor: pH, TTA, TSS/TTA, total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars, humidity, total solids and yield. The Thap Maeo variety had the highest potential as a substitute for the Grand Naine variety, having higher levels of total soluble solids, reducing sugars, total sugars and humidity. The Caipira and FHIA 2 varieties also performed well in comparison with the Grand Naine variety. Cluster analysis indicated that the Grand Naine variety was closely associated with varieties from the Gross Michel subgroup (Bucaneiro, Ambrosia and Calipso) and the Caipira variety, all of which come from the same AAA genomic group. It was concluded that several of the new resistant varieties could potentially substitute the traditional variety in areas affected by black-Sigatoka leaf spot disease.

RESUMO: A cultura da banana tem baixa diversidade genética, tornando a espécie susceptível a doenças dizimadoras como a Sigatoka negra. No entanto, a adoção de novas variedades necessita de avaliações agronômicas e físico-químicas. Neste estudo, as variedades de banana, resistentes à Sigatoka negra, foram caracterizadas e comparadas com a variedade tradicional (Grand Naine). Cada variedade foi avaliada considerando-se critérios relevantes para a agroindústria, como pH, sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável, relação SST/ATT, açúcares totais, açúcares redutores e não redutores, umidade, sólidos totais e rendimento no processamento. A variedade Thap Maeo apresentou-se como a variedade mais potencial para substituição da Gran Naine na indústria, com altos teores de sólidos solúveis totais, açúcares redutores, açúcares totais e umidade. As variedades Caipira e FHIA 2 também podem substituir a Grand Naine. Na análise de agrupamentos, verificou-se que a variedade Grand Naine esteve muito próxima das variedades do subgrupo Gros Michel (Bucaneiro, Ambroisa e Calipso) e também da variedade Caipira, apresentando no seu genoma o grupo AAA. Conclui-se que há opções de variedades resistentes para substituição da variedade tradicional, nas regiões afetadas pela Sigatoka-negra.

Long-term genotoxic effects of immunosuppressive drugs on lymphocytes of kidney transplant recipients.

Immunosuppressive therapy can prevent rejection after organ transplantation. However, increased cancer risk is a serious complication among patients undergoing such therapy. We have evaluated whether prolonged use of immunosuppressive drugs is genotoxic. DNA instability was assessed, using the comet and micronucleus assays, in blood lymphocytes of 76 kidney transplant patients. DNA damage detected by the comet assay increased with time after transplantation. The estimated glomerular filtration rate of the patients did not influence the incidence of DNA damage. No association between micronucleated mononucleated cells and time elapsed after transplantation was observed. Our results suggest that prolonged use of immunosuppressive drugs in kidney transplant patients can induce genetic instability.

Estabilidade físico-química e microbiológica de banana passa orgânica / Stability physical-chemical and microbiological of organic dehydrated banana

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a estabilidade física, físico-química e microbiológica da banana passa orgânica das variedades Caipira, Pacovan Ken e Prata Anã, durante 180 dias de armazenamento, bem como ajustar as curvas de secagem. As bananas foram desidratadas em estufa de circulação de ar forçada a 65°C, até umidade final entre 20-25% (b.u.). A variedade Pacovan Ken atingiu a umidade final após 37h de desidratação. O valor da atividade de água, para as três variedades, manteve-se estável aos 180 dias e caracteriza o produto como de umidade intermediária. Não se observou, em nenhum tratamento, variação significativa dos parâmetros físico-químicos pela análise de variância. Houve escurecimento do produto nas três variedades, com perda significativa do brilho (L*) e da intensidade da cor amarela (b*) e aumento da intensidade da cor vermelha (a*) durante o armazenamento. Houve estabilidade microbiológica do produto, com baixa contagem de bolores e leveduras e ausência de Salmonella e coliformes totais a 35°C em todas as variedades, conforme Legislação vigente. A banana passa orgânica apresentou estabilidade comercial nos meses de estudo.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical, physico-chemical and microbiological stability of dried organic banana varieties Caipira, Pacovan Ken and Prata Anã, 180 days of storage, as well as adjust the drying curves . The bananas were dried in an oven with forced air circulation at 65 ° C until final humidity of 20-25 % ( wb). The variety Pacovan Ken reached the final moisture after 37h of dehydration . The value of water activity for the three varieties, remained stable at 180 days and features the product as intermediate moisture. Not observed in any treatment, significant variation of physico-chemical analysis of variance parameters. There darkening of the product in all three varieties, with a significant loss of brightness (L*) and the intensity of the yellow color (b*) and increased intensity of red color (a*) during storage. There was microbiological stability of the product, with low count of yeasts and molds and Salmonella and coliforms at 35°C in all varieties, according to current legislation. The dried organic banana trade showed stability in the months of study.

Avaliação microbiológica da polpa de cajá conservada por métodos combinados / Microbiological evaluation of the yellow mombin pulp preserved by combined methods

Neste estudo foi avaliada a estabilidade microbiológica da polpa de cajá conservada por métodos combinados e armazenada em temperatura ambiente por um período de 90 dias. A análise foi realizada por meio de determinações do número mais provável (NMP) de coliformes termotolerantes, contagem de bolores eleveduras e pesquisa de Salmonella spp. O delineamento foi inteiramente randomizado em esquema fatorial de 4 x 2 x 4 (tratamentos x processamento x tempo) com cinco repetições. Os processamentos de polpa sem pasteurização e polpa pasteurizada (90-93ºC/15min) foram combinados aos tratamentos: controle, metabissulfito de sódio (200 ppm), benzoato de sódio (500 ppm) e metabissulfito (200 ppm) + benzoato(500 ppm). O produto mostrou estar de acordo com a regulamentação técnica da legislação brasileira, que estabelece os padrões de identidade e qualidade para polpa de cajá, quanto aos limites microbiológicos. Com exceção das polpas sem pasteurizar, controle e combinada com benzoato de sódio, os demais tratamentos combinados promoveram o controle de bolores e leveduras da polpa durante o período avaliado. Entre estes,a formulação da polpa pasteurizada combinada com metabissulfito de sódio, apresentou maior eficácia no controle da carga fúngica com manutenção do produto apto ao consumo aos 90 dias.

This work assessed the microbiological stability of the yellow mombin pulp preserved by combined methodsstored at room temperature for a storage period of 90 days. The most probable number of thermotolerantcoliforms, mould and yeast counting and Salmonella spp isolation were carried out. The experiment wasin a completely randomized factorial scheme in 4 x 2 x 4 (treatments x processing x time) design withfive replicates. Pulp processed without pasteurization and those pasteurized pulps (90-93ºC/15 min) werecombined to the treatments: control, sodium metabisulfite (200 ppm), sodium benzoate (500 ppm), sodiumand metabisulfite (200 ppm) + sodium benzoate (500 ppm). The analyzed product was in agreement withthe technical regulation of Brazilian Laws, which establishes the identity and quality standards for yellowmombin pulp regarding to the microbiological limits. Excluding the pulps without pasteurization, the controland the combined with sodium benzoate, all of the other combined treatments promoted the control ofmould and yeast in the pulp during the evaluation period. Among them, the formulation of pasteurizedpulp combined with sodium metabisulfite showed highest efficacy in controlling fungal loads, maintainingthe product for proper consumption at 90 days.

Estudo da composição físico-química e aceitação de bananadas comerciais por meio de análise multivariada / Study on physical-chemical composition and acceptance of marketed banana jams by means of multivariate analysis

Dentre os vários produtos originários da banana, a produção de doces é um dos segmentos mais importantes com abrangência de pequenas e grandes agroindústrias, o que resulta em produtos com grande variabilidade. Com o objetivo de conhecer as principais características de doze marcas de bananadas foi feito levantamento dos principais componentes informados nos rótulos, sua composição físico-química e aceitação. Os dados foram avaliados por análises uni e multivariadas. Algumas marcas de bananadas vendidas no mercado brasileiro não estão em conformidade com a legislação que regulamenta a rotulagem de alimentos. Os produtos apresentaram diferenças significativas em todos os componentes avaliados, pH, sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável, vitamina C, açúcares redutores, açúcares totais, textura e cor. A acidez total titulável e os sólidos solúveis totais foram os principais responsáveis pela divergência dos doces analisados. Com relação à aceitação foi constatada diferença significativa quanto às características de textura e desabor entre as amostras comerciais analisadas. Na análise de cluster houve a formação de dois grupos, com tendência de agrupamentos entre os doces produzidos nas mesmas regiões. O estudo mostrou a necessidadede estabelecer a regularização e padronização desses produtos.

Avaliação de genótipos e variedades de acerola para consumo in natura e para elaboração de doces / Evaluation genotypes and varieties of acerola for fresh comsumption and marmalade elaboration

Os frutos de acerola diferem quanto à sua composição devido à variabilidade genética, podendo ser classificados em doces, semi-doces e ácidos. O objetivo desse estudo foi a caracterização físico-química e sensorial de frutos de tres genótipos de acerola in natura e processados na forma de doces. Os frutos avaliados foram menos ácidos do que os relatados pela literatura, apresentando valores intermediários de vitamina C. A variedade Rubra alcançou maior aceitação para consumo in natura por ser menos ácida e por apresentar teores mais elevados de sólidos solúveis totais. Os doces diferirasm significativamente quanto aos parâmetros analisados, conforme o genótipo utilizado na sua confecção, sendo que os frutos do genótipo CMF-017 proporcionaram qualidade superior ao produto.

Avaliação físico-química de cafés torrados e moídos comercializados no mercado de Curitiba, PR / Physicochemical evaluation of coffees ground traded in the market of Curitiba, PR

O Paraná industrializa cerca de 220 marcas de café, na maioria café torrado e moído que , devido ao seu aspecto escuro e granuloso, é um produto que se presta a fraudes. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a avaliação físico-química de 23 marcas comercializadas em Curitiba-PR. Os resultados foram comparados com a legislação vigente indicando que todas as marcas, de maneira geral, mostraram suas características dentro dos parâmetros estabelecidos.