Beneficial effects of the probiotics and synbiotics supplementation on anthropometric indices and body composition in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Studies have suggested that probiotics and synbiotics can improve body weight and composition. However, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) demonstrated mixed results. Hence, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of probiotics and synbiotics on body weight and composition in adults. We searched PubMed/Medline, Ovid/Medline, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane library up to April 2023 using related keywords. We included all RCTs investigating the effectiveness of probiotics and/or synbiotics supplementation on anthropometric indices and body composition among adults. Random-effects models were applied for performing meta-analyses. In addition, we conducted subgroup analyses and meta-regression to explore the non-linear and linear relationship between the length of follow-up and the changes in each outcome. We included a total of 200 trials with 12,603 participants in the present meta-analysis. Probiotics or synbiotics intake led to a significant decrease in body weight (weighted mean difference [WMD]: -0.91 kg; 95% CI: -1.08, -0.75; p < 0.001), body mass index (BMI) (WMD: -0.28 kg/m2 ; 95% CI: -0.36, -0.21; p < 0.001), waist circumference (WC) (WMD: -1.14 cm; 95% CI: -1.42, -0.87; p < 0.001), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (WMD: -0.01; 95% CI: -0.01, -0.00; p < 0.001), fat mass (FM) (WMD: -0.92 kg; 95% CI: -1.05, -0.79; p < 0.001), and percentage of body fat (%BF) (WMD: -0.68%; 95% CI: -0.94, -0.42; p < 0.001) compared to controls. There was no difference in fat-free mass (FFM) and lean body mass (LBM). Subgroup analyses indicated that probiotics or synbiotics administered as food or supplement resulted in significant changes in anthropometric indices and body composition. However, compared to controls, FM and %BF values were only reduced after probiotic consumption. Our results showed that probiotics or synbiotics have beneficial effects on body weight, central obesity, and body composition in adults and could be useful as an add on to weight loss products and medications.

Lived experience caring for a child with Covid-19 disease: A phenomenological study.

Background: Caregivers of COVID-19 patients, including mothers with an infected child, are affected by adverse physical and psychological effects. Since mothers perform an important role in caring for a child with Covid-19, explaining their challenges and experiences positively affects the health conditions of children and society, in general. Aim: This study aimed to explain mothers' experiences with children diagnosed with COVID-19, who were referred to Bandar Abbas Children's Hospital. Method: The present study was qualitative and used the Van-Manen method. The statistical population included 13 mothers with children hospitalized for coronary heart disease and COVID-19, who were selected by purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews were implemented to collect data until saturation. Data analysis was performed using MAXQDA 10 software. Lincoln and Guba's criteria were used to evaluate the data's accuracy and strength. Results: The mean age of mothers participating in the study was 37.92 ± 4.87. On the other hand, the mean age of children was 5.15 ± 2.07 years. Three main themes and 13 sub-themes were extracted from the data analysis. The main themes were "Inability to Caring", "Mental and Physical drain" and "Conflict of Roles and Responsibilities". In this study, when a child develops COVID-19 disease, the mother experiences a series of negative emotions, which lead to feelings of helplessness and inability to care for the child. Conclusion: Mental and physical manifestations strains were the most important issues that the mothers experienced. The majority of the participants need psychological support to cope with the disease. Therefore, it is recommended to make a proper design to psychologically and socially support these mothers, while alleviating the physical manifestations of their children's disease.

The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on inflammatory cytokines and adipokines in adults: A GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.

Background and aims: Many studies have investigated the effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on inflammatory cytokines and adipokines. However, the results of these studies are not consistent. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis were designed to comprehensively evaluate the effect of CLA supplementation on inflammatory cytokines and adipokines. Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effects of CLA supplementation on C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), adiponectin, and leptin, published up to March 2022, were identified through PubMed, SCOPUS, and ISI Web of Science databases. A random-effects model was used to calculate weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for 42 studies that included 1,109 participants. Results: Findings from 42 studies with 58 arms indicated that CLA supplementation significantly decreased IL-6 and TNF-α levels and also slightly increased CRP levels. However, adiponectin and leptin levels did not change after CLA supplementation. A subgroup analysis found that CLA supplementation reduced adiponectin and leptin in women. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that CLA supplementation increased CRP levels and decreased TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Therefore, it seems that CLA can have both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory roles. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier (CRD42022331110).

The effects of guar gum supplementation on glycemic control, body mass and blood pressure in adults: A GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to evaluate the effects ofguar gum supplementation on glycemic control, blood pressure, and body mass in adults. METHODS: Relevant studies were obtained by searching the PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase, and Web of Science databases (from inception to January 2022). Weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias were reported using standard methods. RESULTS: Pooled analysis of 14 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) revealed that guar gum supplementation led to significant reductions in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (WMD: -0.47 mg/dL, 95% CI: -0.75, -0.18, p = 0.001). However, there was no effect on fasting blood sugar (FBS), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and body mass among adults in comparison with the control group. A subgroup analysis demonstrated that intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and high supplementation dosages (>15 g/d) significantly decreased FBS concentrations, but not in other subgroups. CONCLUSION: Guar gum supplementation may yield a beneficial effect on glycemic control in T2DM patients. However, the extant clinical trials, thus far, are not sufficient enough to form guidelines for clinical practice.

The effects of folic acid supplementation on endothelial function in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Endothelial dysfunction serves as an early marker for the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD); therefore, it is an attractive site of therapeutic interventions to reduce the risk of CVD. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of folic acid supplementation on endothelial function markers in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS: PubMed, ISI web of science, and Scopus databases were searched up to July 2022 for detecting eligible studies. A random-effects model was used for meta-analysis, and linear Meta-regression and non-linear dose-response analysis were performed to assess whether the effect of folic acid supplementation was affected by the dose and duration of intervention. Cochrane tools were also used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. RESULTS: Twenty-one studies, including 2025 participants (1010 cases and 1015 controls), were included in the present meta-analysis. Folic acid supplementation significantly affected the percentage of flow-mediated dilation (FMD%) (WMD: 2.59%; 95% CI: 1.51, 3.67; P < 0.001) and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) (WMD: 24.38 µm; 95% CI: 3.08, 45.68; P = 0.025), but not end-diastolic diameter (EDD) (WMD: 0.21 mm; 95% CI: - 0.09, 0.52; P = 0.176), and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) (WMD: 0.18 ng/ml; 95% CI: - 10.02, 13.81; P = 0.755). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that folic acid supplementation may improve endothelial function by increasing FMD and FMD% levels. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration cod: CRD42021289744.

The Effects of an Empathic Communication Workshop on Internal Medicine Residents' Self-Perceived Empathy and Their Patients' Perception of Physician's Empathy: A Single-Group Experimental Study.

Background: Empathetic communication improves the physician-patient relationship and enhances patient and physician satisfaction. This study aims to evaluate the impact of empathic communication skills training on physicians' self-perceived performance and patient satisfaction regarding the empathetic quality of their relationship with their physicians. Methods: In this single-group before-after experimental study, we recruited 50 internal medicine residents at a large teaching hospital. We assessed the residents' empathy using the Jefferson Scale of Empathy before and 3 weeks after an 8-hour workshop on empathic communication skills. We also recruited 50 of their patients before and another 50 patients 3 weeks after the training to assess the patient's perceptions of their physician's empathy using the Consultation and Relational Empathy scale. Physicians' and patients' mean scores on empathetic care at the beginning of the study were then compared using paired t-tests with their scores after the workshop. Results: The residents' mean score on Jefferson Empathy Scale increased from 81.1(95%CI:78.8-83.3) at baseline to 96.8(95%CI:93.6-100) following the workshop (p < 0.001). Before the empathetic communication skills training, patients assessed their doctors' empathy at 68.3(95%CI:63.5-73.2). After the intervention, this improved to 84.9(95%CI:82.2-87.5) (p < 0.001). Conclusion: In this study, both the residents and their patients stated that the residents' empathy skills had significantly improved after an empathetic communication workshop for internal medicine residents.

COVID-19 related stigma among the general population in Iran.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 related stigma has been identified as a critical issue since the beginning of the pandemic. We developed a valid and reliable questionnaire to measure COVID-19 related enacted stigma, inflicted by the non-infected general population. We applied the questionnaire to measure COVID-19 related enacted stigma among Tehran citizens from 27 to 30 September 2020. METHODS: A preliminary questionnaire with 18 items was developed. The total score ranged from 18 to 54; a higher score indicated a higher level of COVID-19 related stigma. An expert panel assessed the face and content validity. Of 1637 randomly recruited Tehran citizens without a history of COVID-19 infection, 1064 participants consented and were interviewed by trained interviewers by phone. RESULTS: Item content validity index (I-CVI), Item content validity ratio (I-CVR), and Item face validity index (I-FVI) were higher than 0.78 for all 18 items. The content and face validity were established with a scale content validity index (S-CVI) of 0.90 and a scale face validity index (S-CVI) of 93.9%, respectively. Internal consistency of the questionnaire with 18 items was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha of 0.625. Exploratory factor analysis revealed five latent variables, including "blaming", "social discrimination", "dishonor label", "interpersonal contact", and "retribution and requital attitude". The median of the stigma score was 24 [25th percentile: 22, 75the percentile: 28]. A large majority (86.8%) of participants reported a low level of stigma with a score below 31. None of the participants showed a high level of stigma with a score above 43. We found that the higher the educational level the lower the participant's stigma score. CONCLUSION: We found a low level of stigmatizing thoughts and behavior among the non-infected general population in Tehran, which may be due to the social desirability effect, to the widespread nature of COVID-19, or to the adaptation to sociocultural diversity of the large city.

Alterations of the giant pyramidal neurons (Betz cells) in brain cortex of rat offspring born from gestational diabetic dams: a morphometric study / Alteraciones de las neuronas piramidales gigantes de la corteza cerebral en crías de ratas nacidas de hembras con diabetes gestacional: un estudio morfométrico

A few studies reported the adverse effects of gestational diabetes on hippocampus and spinal cord of rat offspring. Giant pyramidal neurons are giant pyramidal neurons located in fifth layers of the gray matter in the primary motor cortex. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of gestational diabetes on the giant pyramidal neurons and the thickness of internal pyramidal layer in the brain cortex of rat offspring. On day 1 of gestation, 10 Wistar rat dams were randomly allocated into two control and diabetic groups. Five animals in diabetic group received 40 mg/kg/BW of Streptozotocin (intraperitoneally) and control animals received normal saline. We randomly selected six offspring of every subject in both groups at day 28, 56 and 84. Rat offspring were scarified and then coronal sections were taken from the right brain cortex and sections were stained with Cresyl violet. The density of giant pyramidal neurons in brain cortex and thickness of internal pyramidal layer of brain cortex were evaluated. In P28, P56, P84 the Betz cells density of brain cortex were significantly reduced from 107.6±6.2, 131.6±4.6 and 143.5±4.0 in controls to 84.96±2.1, 109.8±7.3 and 121.05±5.6 in cases (p<0.05), respectively. The thickness of the internal pyramidal layer of brain cortex in P28, 56 and P84 was significantly higher in gestational diabetic group in comparison with the control group (p<0.05). This study showed that uncontrolled gestational diabetes reduces the giant pyramidal neurons density and internal pyramidal layer thickness in brain cortex of rat offspring.

Pocos estudios han informado de los efectos adversos de la diabetes gestacional sobre las células del hipocampo y médula espinal. Este estudio, se realizó para determinar el efecto de la diabetes gestacional sobre las neuronas piramidales gigantes ubicadas en la quinta capas de la sustancia gris en la corteza motora primaria y el espesor de la capa piramidal interna en la corteza cerebral en crías de ratas. En el día 1 de la gestación, 10 ratas Wistar se asignaron aleatoriamente en dos grupos: control y diabéticos. Cinco animales del grupo diabético, fueron inyectados con 40 mg/kg de peso corporal de estreptozotocina (por vía intraperitoneal), y los de el grupo control, con solución salina. Aleatoriamente, se seleccionaron seis crías de cada hembra de ambos grupos los días 28, 56 y 84. Las crías fueron sacrificadas, se tomaron secciones coronales de la corteza cerebral derecha y se tiñeron con violeta de cresilo. Se evaluó la densidad de las neuronas piramidales gigantes en la corteza cerebral y el espesor de la capa piramidal interna de la corteza cerebral. En los días 28, 56, 84 la densidad de las neuronas piramidales gigantes en corteza cerebral se redujo significativamente al comparar los controles (107,6±6,2, 131,6±4,6 y 143,5±4,0 respectivamente) con los casos (84,96±2,1, 109,8±7,3 y 121,05±5,6 respectivamente) (p<0,05). El espesor de la capa piramidal interna de la corteza cerebral en los días 28, 84 y 56 fue significativamente mayor en el grupo diabético gestacional en comparación con el grupo control (p<0,05). Este estudio muestra que la diabetes gestacional no controlada reduce la densidad de neuronas piramidales gigantesy el espesor interno de la capa piramidal en la corteza cerebral de las crías de rata.