Profiling of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Integron from Escherichia coli Isolates Using Whole Genome Sequencing.

This study is designed to investigate Escherichia coli for the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and integrons from healthy as well as diarrhoeic/diseased animals/birds' faecal samples. A total of eight samples were selected for the study; from each animal, two samples were taken, one from healthy animals/birds and one from diarrhoeic/diseased animals/birds. Antibiotic sensitivity testing (AST) and whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed for selected isolates. The E. coli isolates showed resistance to moxifloxacin, followed by erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, tetracycline, levofloxacin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, and sulfadiazine (4/8, 50.00% each). The E. coli isolates were 100% sensitive to amikacin, followed by chloramphenicol, cefixime, cefoperazone, and cephalothin. A total of 47 ARGs from 12 different antibiotic classes were detected among the eight isolates by WGS. The different classes of antibiotics included aminoglycoside, sulphonamide, tetracycline, trimethoprim, quinolone, fosfomycin, phenicol, macrolide, colistin, fosmidomycin, and multidrug efflux. The class 1 integrons were detected in 6/8 (75.00%) isolates with 14 different gene cassettes.

RNA-sequencing attest increased sperm motility in bovine spermatozoa treated with ethanolic extract of Putranjiva roxburghii.

In the course of time, scientific communities have a growing interest in understanding ethano medicines. The Putranjiva roxburghii, a native plant of the Indian Subcontinent is described as a "Child amulet tree" in Ayurveda. Based on the fact that this herbal medicine has an indispensable component of integrative medicine, the present study was planned to assess the effect of ethanolic dried extract of Putranjiva seeds on the motility of X and Y-bearing bovine spermatozoa. The in-vitro effect of seed extract diluted in S-TALP medium on bull semen has been evaluated by Computer Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA) shows a marked increase in the motility of spermatozoa. Motile and non-motile spermatozoa have been separated by glass wool column from the control as well as treated group. The X and Y-bearing sperm quantification have been carried out by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR). The extract didn't exert any differential effect on the motility and viability of X and Y chromosome-bearing spermatozoa. The transcriptome profiling (RNA-Seq) identified 93 differentially expressed genes between the extract treated and control group. It unveils the up-regulation of CATSPER, AKAP3, SPAG, ADAM1B, ADAM2 and ADAM32 genes that are involved in increasing sperm motility. Transcriptome profile also unveil the expression of ZAR1, CYP17A1, APPL2, HOXB4 and SP9 genes involved with embryonic development processes in Putranjiva extract-treated motile spermatozoa. The results envisaged the medicinal value of Putranjiva herb on increased fertility due to combinatory effect like increased sperm motility and favourableness on embryogenesis. The study ruled out the possibility of herbs having any biased effect on the selection of either male or female-bearing spermatozoa in the bull. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03452-4.

Understanding of molecular basis of histological graded horn cancer by transcriptome profiling.

Horn cancer is most devastating and prominent cancer in Indian zebu cattle that affects socio-economic condition of small-scale farmers who depends on their cattle for farm work. Development in the field for genomics through next generation sequencing and bioinformatics advancement have helped to identify genes which have a role in horn cancer development. Histopathological examination of cancerous tissues of horn revealed myxomatous changes, well, moderate and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Differential gene expression analysis showed 40, 11, 66 and 29 upregulated genes and 10, 14, 08 and 07 down-regulated genes in myxomatous, well, moderate and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma as compared to normal. Significant differentially expressed genes are related to cell development, cell proliferation, cell-cell communication, cell signaling and angiogenesis which are linked to Akt pathway, mTOR pathway and Wnt pathway. Activity of these genes and related pathways have already been established about their role in development of cancer. Among the candidate genes; keratin family, keratin family related gene, chemokine signaling and cytokines signaling associated genes could be a prominent target for the development of stage specific prognosis marker after further detailed study at large sample population level. CSTA, PTN, SPP1 genes have upregulation in all stages of cancer and they have enrolled as biomarkers for horn cancer.