Sodium Tetraphenylborate Displays Selective Bactericidal Activity against Neisseria meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae and Is Effective at Reducing Bacterial Infection Load.

Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, two highly related species that might have emerged from a common commensal ancestor, constitute major human threats. Vaccines are available to prevent N. meningitidis infection, whereas there are only a limited number of antibiotics available for N. gonorrhoeae Unfortunately, some strains of these species are rapidly evolving and capable of escaping human interventions. Thus, it is now urgent to develop new avenues to fight these bacteria. This study reports that a boron-based salt, sodium tetraphenylborate (NaBPh4), displays high bactericidal activity and remarkable specificity against N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae Other closely related commensal species such as Neisseria lactamica, which is found in the normal flora of healthy individuals, were found to be less affected even at 5-fold higher doses of NaBPh4 This specificity was further observed when much lower sensitivity was found for more distant Neisseriaceae species (such as Neisseria elongata or Kingella oralis) and completely unrelated species. Significant boron uptake by N. meningitidis cells was observed after incubation with 5 µM NaBPh4, as measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, suggesting that this drug candidate's target(s) could be located intracellularly or within the cell envelope. Furthermore, mutants with slightly decreased susceptibility displayed alterations in genes coding for cell envelope elements, which reduced their virulence in an animal model of infection. Finally, a single dose of NaBPh4 resulted in a significant reduction in bacterial burden in a mouse model of N. meningitidis bacteremia. Although numerous boron-containing species were previously reported for their complex biological activities, the observation of this narrow selectivity is unprecedented and of potential importance from a therapeutic standpoint.

Cationic RuII Cyclopentadienyl Complexes with Antifungal Activity against Several Candida Species.

Fungal infections, including those caused by antifungal-resistant Candida, are a very challenging health problem worldwide. Whereas different ruthenium complexes were previously studied for their anti-Candida potential, Ru-cyclopentadienyl complexes were overlooked. Here, we report an antifungal activity assessment of three Ru-cyclopentadienyl complexes with some insights into their potential mode of action. Among these complexes, only the cationic species [Ru-ACN]+ and [Ru-ATZ]+ displayed a significant antifungal activity against different Candida strains, notably against the ones that did not respond to one of the most currently used antifungal drugs fluconazole (FCZ). However, no apparent activity was observed for the neutral species, Ru-Cl, thus indicating the important role of the cationic backbone of these complexes in their biological activity. We suggest that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation might be involved in the mechanism of action of these complexes as, unlike neutral Ru-Cl, [Ru-ACN]+ and [Ru-ATZ]+ could generate intracellular concentration-dependent ROS. We also observed a correlation between the ruthenium cellular uptake, ROS generation and fungal growth inhibitory activity of the compounds. Furthermore, docking simulations showed that the CYP51 enzyme can form more energetically favorable complexes with [Ru-ATZ]+ than fluconazole (FCZ); this suggests that CYP51 inhibition could also be considered as a potential mode of action.

Synthesis and biological assessment of a ruthenium(II) cyclopentadienyl complex in breast cancer cells and on the development of zebrafish embryos.

Ruthenium-based complexes currently attract great attention as they hold promise to replace platinum-based drugs as a first line cancer treatment. Whereas ruthenium arene complexes are some of the most studied species for their potential anticancer properties, other types of ruthenium complexes have been overlooked for this purpose. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of Ru(II) cyclopentadienyl (Cp), Ru(II) cyclooctadienyl (COD) and Ru(III) complexes bearing anastrozole or letrozole ligands, third-generation aromatase inhibitors currently used for the treatment of estrogen receptor positive (ER +) breast cancer. Among these complexes, Ru(II)Cp 2 was the only one that displayed a high stability in DMSO and in cell culture media and consequently, the only complex for which the in vitro and in vivo biological activities were investigated. Unlike anastrozole alone, complex 2 was considerably cytotoxic in vitro (IC50 values < 1 µM) in human ER + breast cancer (T47D and MCF7), triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) (MBA-MB-231), and in adrenocortical carcinoma (H295R) cells. Theoretical (docking simulation) and experimental (aromatase catalytic activity) studies suggested that an interaction between 2 and the aromatase enzyme was not likely to occur and that the bulkiness of the PPh3 ligands could be an important factor preventing the complex to reach the active site of the enzyme. Exposure of zebrafish embryos to complex 2 at concentrations around its in vitro cytotoxicity IC50 value (0.1-1 µM) did not lead to noticeable signs of toxicity over 96 h, making it a suitable candidate for further in vivo investigations. This study confirms the potential of Ru(II)Cp complexes for breast cancer therapy, more specifically against TNBCs that are usually not responsive to currently used chemotherapeutic agents.

Rationally Designed Ruthenium Complexes for Breast Cancer Therapy.

Since the discovery of the anticancer potential of ruthenium-based complexes, several species were reported as promising candidates for the treatment of breast cancer, which accounts for the greatest number of new cases in women every year worldwide. Among these ruthenium complexes, species containing bioactive ligand(s) have attracted increasing attention due to their potential multitargeting properties, leading to anticancer drug candidates with a broader range of cellular targets/modes of action. This review of the literature aims at providing an overview of the rationally designed ruthenium-based complexes that have been reported to date for which ligands were carefully selected for the treatment of hormone receptor positive breast cancers (estrogen receptor (ER+) or progesterone receptor (PR+)). In addition, this brief survey highlights some of the most successful examples of ruthenium complexes reported for the treatment of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), a highly aggressive type of cancer, regardless of if their ligands are known to have the ability to achieve a specific biological function.

Organoruthenium(II) Complexes Bearing an Aromatase Inhibitor: Synthesis, Characterization, in Vitro Biological Activity and in Vivo Toxicity in Zebrafish Embryos.

Third-generation aromatase inhibitors such as anastrozole (ATZ) and letrozole (LTZ) are widely used to treat estrogen receptor-positive ER+ breast cancers in postmenopausal women. Investigating their ability to coordinate metals could lead to the emergence of a new category of anticancer drug candidates with a broader spectrum of pharmacological activities. In this study, a series of ruthenium (II) arene complexes bearing the aromatase inhibitor anastrozole was synthesized and characterized. Among these complexes, [Ru(η 6 -C6H6)(PPh3)(η 1 -ATZ)Cl]BPh4 (3) was found to be the most stable in cell culture media, to lead to the highest cellular uptake and in vitro cytotoxicity in two ER+ human breast cancer cell lines (MCF7 and T47D), and to induce a decrease in aromatase activity in H295R cells. Exposure of zebrafish embryos to complex 3 (12.5 µM) did not lead to noticeable signs of toxicity over 96 h, making it a suitable candidate for further in vivo investigations.

Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of cationic organoruthenium(ii) fluorene complexes: influence of the nature of the counteranion.

In this study, five ruthenium arene complexes with fluorene-bearing N,N-(1) and N,O-(2) donor Schiff base ligands were synthesized and fully characterized. Cationic ruthenium complexes 3[X], ([Ru(η6-C6H6)(Cl)(fluorene-N[double bond, length as m-dash]CH-pyridine)][X] (where X = BF4, PF6, BPh4), were obtained by reacting ligand 1 with [Ru(η6-C6H6)Cl2]2 in the presence of NH4X salts, whereas neutral complex 4, Ru(η6-C6H6)(Cl)(fluorene-N[double bond, length as m-dash]CH-naphtholate), was isolated by reacting ligand 2 with the same precursor. It was possible to obtain a cationic version of the latter, 5[BF4], by reacting 4 with AgBF4 in the presence of pyridine. All compounds were fully characterized by NMR and HR-ESI-MS whereas some of them were also analyzed by single crystal X-ray analysis. Their in vitro antiproliferative activity was also assessed in human breast cancer cell lines, notably MCF-7 and T47D. Complex 4 and its cationic counterpart 5[BF4] were found to be the most cytotoxic compounds of the series (IC50 = 6.2-16.2 µM) and displayed higher antiproliferative activities than cisplatin in both cell lines. It was found that 5[BF4] undergoes a ligand exchange reaction and readily converts to 4 in the presence of 0.1 M NaCl, explaining the similarity in their observed cytotoxicities. Whereas 3[BF4] and 3[PF6] were found inactive at the tested concentrations, 3[BPh4] displayed a considerable cytotoxicity (IC50 = 16.7-27.8 µM). Notably, 3[BPh4], 4 (and 5[BF4]) were active against T47D, a cisplatin resistant cell line. Interestingly, 4 (16.4 µM) was found to be less cytotoxic than 3[BPh4] and cisplatin (6.6 and 7.9 µM, respectively) in breast healthy cells (MCF-12A). However, in comparison to 4 and cisplatin (at 10 µM), a lower in vivo toxicity was observed for complex 3[BPh4] on the development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos.

Anticancer Activity and Catalytic Potential of Ruthenium(II)-Arene Complexes with N,O-Donor Ligands.

The special ability of organometallic complexes to catalyze various transformations might offer new effective mechanisms for the treatment of cancer. Studies that report both the biological properties and the ability of metallic complexes to promote therapeutically relevant catalytic reactions are limited. Herein, we report the anticancer activity and catalytic potential of some ruthenium(II)-arene complexes bearing bidentate Schiff base ligands (2a and 2b) and their reduced analogues (5a and 5b, respectively). In comparison to their Schiff base counterparts 2a and 2b, we demonstrate that amine complexes 5a and 5b display (i) a higher in vitro antiproliferative activity on different human cancer cell lines, (ii) a lower rate of hydrolysis, and (iii) an improved initial catalytic rate for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH. In contrast to their imine analogues 2a and 2b, we also show that amine complexes 5a and 5b induce the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Our results highlight the impact that a simple ligand modification such as the reduction of an imine moiety can have on both the catalytic and biological activities of metal complexes. Moreover, the ruthenium complexes reported here display some antiproliferative activity against T47D breast cancer cells, known for their cis-platin resistance.

Lipophilicity-antiproliferative activity relationship study leads to the preparation of a ruthenium(II) arene complex with considerable in vitro cytotoxicity against cancer cells and a lower in vivo toxicity in zebrafish embryos than clinically approved cis-platin.

Ru(II)-arene complexes are attracting increasing attention due to their considerable antitumoral activity. However, it is difficult to clearly establish a direct relationship between their structure and antiproliferative activity, as substantial structural changes might not only affect their anticancer activity but also tightly control their activation site(s) and/or their biological target(s). Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of four ruthenium(II) arene complexes bearing bidentate N,O-donor Schiff-base ligands ([Ru(η6-benzene)(N-O)Cl]) that display a significantly distinct antiproliferative activity against cancer cells, despite their close structural similarity. Furthermore, we suggest there is a link between their respective antiproliferative activity and their lipophilicity, as the latter affects their ability to accumulate into cancer cells. This lipophilicity-cytotoxicity relationship was exploited to design another structurally related ruthenium complex with a much higher antiproliferative activity (IC50 > 25.0 µM) against three different human cancer cell lines. Whereas this complex shows a slightly lower activity than that of clinically approved cis-platin against the same human cancer cell lines, it displays a lower toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos at concentrations up to 20 µM.

Pseudo-five-component reaction between 3-formylchromones, meldrum's acid, isocyanides and primary arylamines: diversity-oriented synthesis of novel chromone-containing peptidomimetics.

An efficient and practical method has been developed for the diversity-oriented synthesis of chromone-containing tripeptides via pseudo-five-component reaction between 3-formylchromones, Meldrum's acid, isocyanides and primary aromatic amines for the generation of a wide range of structurally interesting and pharmacologically significant compounds at ambient temperature. It is worth mentioning that in the course of this reaction, five new bonds (two C-C bonds, two C-N bonds and one C═O bond) are formed. In the present reaction three amide bonds are newly formed.