[Risk factors for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or cervical cancer in chronic inflammatory bowel disease]. / Facteurs de risque de lésions malpighiennes intra-épithéliale de haut grade ou de cancer du col de l'utérus en cas de maladie inflammatoire chronique de l'intestin.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is thought to increase the risk of high-grade histological intraepithelial lesions (HGIL) and cervical cancer. The risk factors for developing these lesions are poorly understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a single-center retrospective case-control study including IBD patients followed at our University Hospital Center from 2011 to 2021 who presented with HGIL or cervical cancer. Four controls were case-matched according to IBD type, age, active smoking and multiparity. RESULTS: Eighteen cases and 72 controls were included. We found no significant differences between the 2 groups with regard to mean age at IBD diagnosis, mean duration of IBD, IBD location, history of IBD-related surgery or even association with another chronic inflammatory disease. In our study, the use of immunosuppressants/biotherapies in these patients [50% (9/18) for cases vs. 56% (40/72) for controls; P=0.9] was not a risk factor for IGRA or cervical cancer. Similarly, neither the total duration of exposure to immunosuppressants/biotherapies (9.9±8years for cases vs. 6.6±5.3years for controls; P=0.1), nor combined therapies [11% (2/18) for cases vs. 6% (4/72) for controls; P=0.3], nor azathioprine or methotrexate use [22% (4/18) for cases vs. 11% (8/72) for controls; P=0.3] were found to be risk factors. CONCLUSION: In our study, we found no risk factors for patients with IBD to develop IGRA or cervical cancer.

How to make a LLETZ simulator: LLETZ Simulator.

Large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) of the uterine cervix is a surgical procedure very frequently performed. Simulation of LLETZ under colposcopic guidance has a major role in training practitioners. The objective was to present an ex vivo model of LLETZ.

Late cervical and vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma in women exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol: Evaluation and screening.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the risk of cervical and vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma (CCA) in women, aged 50 years or more, exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol (DES) and contribute to a reevaluation of the recommendations for cervical and vaginal cancer and pre-cancer screening for these women. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective review for patients received in a cancer institute. Two cohorts were consecutively studied, the first from 1970 to 2003 and the second from 2004 to 2021, and then linked. RESULTS: During the first period, we observed 61 CCA cases, with a mean age at diagnosis of 23 years (7-42), 36 (59%) following DES exposure in utero. During the second period, we found 27 cases, with one case of DES exposure (4%) for a women diagnosed at the age of 40 years. The mean age of the second cohort was 38 years (14-79). For the seven women aged 50 years or more at the time of CCA diagnosis, DES exposure was excluded for five and considered unlikely for the other two. CONCLUSION: In total, 88 cases of cervical or vaginal CCA were observed over a period of 51 years in a cancer center. The 37 cases associated with DES exposure represented approximatively one third of the CCA related to DES expected in France. DES exposure was improbable for the seven cases of CCA for women aged 50 years or more. These results do not support the hypothesis of late cervical or vaginal CCA in women exposed to DES in utero and indicate the need for larger multicentric studies. For the present, we propose specific screening for women exposed to DES in utero in terms of : 1) methods: association of cytology and hrHPV testing, with cervical and vaginal sampling, 2) timing : annual, or without exceeding a three-year interval, continuing after 65 years of age and after hysterectomy.

Transperineal ultrasound in routine uterine cervix measurement.

PURPOSE: Transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) is used in routine practice to evaluate cervical length (CL). This technique is nevertheless invasive and often viewed as uncomfortable, which is less the case with transperineal ultrasound (TPUS). This study was conducted in light of recent technological improvements in the ultrasound field to evaluate whether TPUS could be used as an alternative to TVUS in CL assessment. METHODS: This was a prospective single-blind study. Pregnant women requiring CL measurement during their emergency consultation were offered a second assessment by TPUS after an initial TVUS. TPUS was performed by a third-year OBGYN resident, unaware of the CL measurement obtained via TVUS. RESULTS: Seventy-three women were included. The mean ∂ was 0.59 mm. The interclass Pearson correlation coefficient between the two techniques was 0.8987 (95% CI [0.8429; 0.9353]). None of the tested factors were found to be associated with a difference between TPUS and TVUS CL measurements. ROC curve analysis indicated that a transperineal CL cut-off measurement of 24.9 mm was predictive of a transvaginal CL measurement below 25 mm. This threshold enabled a 95% sensitivity [75.1-99.9%] and a 100% specificity [93.3-100%] for the TPUS CL measurement technique. CONCLUSION: TPUS should be acknowledged as a reliable alternative to TVUS for CL assessment in routine every day practice.

The frontal sharp transient in newborns: An endogenous neurobiomarker concomitant to the physiological and critical transitional period around delivery?

The frontal sharp transient (FST) consists of transient electrical activity recorded around the transitional period from the in to ex utero environment. Although its positive predictive value is assumed, nothing is known about its functionality or origin. The objectives were (i) to define its characteristics and (ii) to develop functional hypothesis. The 128-channels high-resolution electroencephalograms of 20 healthy newborns (37.1-41.6 weeks) were studied. The morphological and time-frequency characteristics of 418 FSTs were analyzed. The source localization of the FSTs was obtained using a finite element head model (5 layers and fontanels) and various source localization methods (distributed and dipolar). The characteristics (duration, slopes, and amplitude) and the localization of FSTs were not modulated by the huge developmental neuronal processes that occur during the very last period of gestation. The sources were located beneath the ventral median part of the frontal lobe around the interhemispheric fissure, suggesting that the olfactory bulbs and orbitofrontal cortex, essential in olfaction and the mother-infant attachment relationship, are likely candidates for the generation of FSTs. FSTs may contribute to the implementation of the functionalities of brain structures involved in the higher-order processing necessary for survival ahead of delivery, with a genetic fingerprint.

Practice and expectations regarding simulation for residents in obstetrics and gynecology.

BACKGROUND: Simulation now has an important role in theoretical and practical aspects of medical education and training. METHODS: We performed an epidemiological, observational, multicenter study based on nationwide data collection. French obstetrics and gynecologic residents were invited to complete an anonymous survey. RESULTS: We received 305 answers. The most frequently offered gynecology sessions were laparoscopy on pelvitrainer (76%) and pelvic ultrasound (60%) while the most frequently offered obstetric sessions were breech delivery (61%), shoulder dystocia (62%) and postpartum hemorrhage (68%) managements. Regarding session frequency, 29.1% of residents thought that one session per month would be ideal. Two hundred and sixty three residents (96%) considered that simulation-training sessions were beneficial. One hundred and thirty-six residents (49%) had an opportunity to repeat sessions and a majority of them (96%) found a daily benefit following a training simulation session. CONCLUSION: Simulation programs were extremely popular among the surveyed residents. To improve OBGYN resident training, simulation should be an integral part of residency programs.

Risk factors for failed chorionic villus sampling: results of a 4-year retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) allows for earlier results for aneuploidy or genomic abnormalities compared to amniocentesis. Nevertheless, the inability to provide complete results has been described as being more frequent with CVS. This study was conducted in order to identify risk factors for such failures. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective single-center study was performed from January 2014 to December 2018. Participants were divided into two groups depending on whether complete CVS results were issued ("successful CVS group") or not ("failed CVS group"). Failure affected preliminary short-term cultures, long-term cultures, or both. RESULTS: During the study period, 214 CVS were performed, 73 (34%) of which were classified in the failed CVS group. We observed significant intergroup differences between the successful and failed CVS groups for four variables: BMI (respectively 23.9 [±5.88] and 25.9 [±6.13] kg/m2), term at sampling (12.9 [±1.35] and 12.6 [±1.09] weeks gestation), trophoblastic location (posterior in 49 [40%] and 37 [66%] cases), and sampling approach (transcervical in 54 [43%] and 36 [64%] cases) (p < .05). In a stepwise binary logistic regression analysis, higher BMI, posterior trophoblastic location, and transcervical sampling approach were the only variables negatively influencing CVS success, with respective aOR [95% CI] of 0.947 [0.898; 0.996], 0.322 [0.160; 0.634], and 0.466 [0.238; 0.900]. CONCLUSIONS: In the presence of CVS failure risk factors, a discussion could be initiated regarding a deferred amniocentesis as a first option.

Dynamics of cortical oxygenation during immediate adaptation to extrauterine life.

The neonatal transition involves physiological modifications as a consequence of the complexity of the perinatal period. Various strategies can be used to attain the same level of postnatal cerebral oxygenation, depending on the status of the infant at birth. We evaluated such strategies by recording 20 full-term newborns by near-infrared spectroscopy during the first 10 min of life. The acid-base status at birth revealed two clustered profiles of cerebral oxygenation dynamics. Lower pH and base excess and higher lactate levels were associated with more rapid attainment of the 95% maximal tissue oxygenation index value. These results suggest that metabolic mechanisms drive initial cerebral oxygenation dynamics during this critical period. These results confirm the capacity of newborns to develop multiple strategies to protect the brain.

Deep infiltrating endometriosis with sacral plexus involvement: Improving knowledge through human cadaver dissection.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess a human cadaver model of sacral plexus dissection for learning about deep innervation in the female pelvis, and the latter's relationship with deep infiltrating endometriosis. METHODS: This was a prospective, observational study. Eight residents in obstetrics and gynecology were tested before and after a lecture on innervation of the female pelvis and a cadaver dissection class. Standardized cadaver dissection was used to identify the sacral nerve roots S2 to S4, superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses, hypogastric nerve, and splanchnic nerves. RESULTS: The residents' level of knowledge improved significantly after a one-hour lecture (p = 0.9.10-5) and after a cadaver dissection class (p = 0.6.10-6). The improvement was significantly greater for the dissection class (p = 0.0003). All the pelvic nerve structures were identified in all but one of the cadavers and had similar measurements. A vascular anatomical variant was observed in one case. CONCLUSION: A human cadaver model is of value for learning about deep pelvic innervation and the latter's relationship with deep infiltrating endometriosis. The reproducibility and safety of cadaver dissection might improve surgical skills.

Amniotic fluid peptides predict postnatal kidney survival in developmental kidney disease.

Although a rare disease, bilateral congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are the leading cause of end stage kidney disease in children. Ultrasound-based prenatal prediction of postnatal kidney survival in CAKUT pregnancies is far from accurate. To improve prediction, we conducted a prospective multicenter peptidome analysis of amniotic fluid spanning 140 evaluable fetuses with CAKUT. We identified a signature of 98 endogenous amniotic fluid peptides, mainly composed of fragments from extracellular matrix proteins and from the actin binding protein thymosin-ß4. The peptide signature predicted postnatal kidney outcome with an area under the curve of 0.96 in the holdout validation set of patients with CAKUT with definite endpoint data. Additionally, this peptide signature was validated in a geographically independent sub-cohort of 12 patients (area under the curve 1.00) and displayed high specificity in non-CAKUT pregnancies (82 and 94% in 22 healthy fetuses and in 47 fetuses with congenital cytomegalovirus infection respectively). Change in amniotic fluid thymosin-ß4 abundance was confirmed with ELISA. Knockout of thymosin-ß4 in zebrafish altered proximal and distal tubule pronephros growth suggesting a possible role of thymosin ß4 in fetal kidney development. Thus, recognition of the 98-peptide signature in amniotic fluid during diagnostic workup of prenatally detected fetuses with CAKUT can provide a long-sought evidence base for accurate management of the CAKUT disorder that is currently unavailable.

Pregnancy after oocyte donation in a patient with NLRP7 gene mutations and recurrent molar hydatidiform pregnancies.

Molar pregnancies are benign trophoblastic diseases associated with a risk of malignant transformation. If aetiology remains mostly unknown, the risk of recurrent molar pregnancy is around 1.5% after one molar pregnancy and around 25% after 2 molar pregnancies. In the later situation, genetic mutations have been described, increasing hugely this risk. In case of mutations, probability to obtain a normal pregnancy is estimated around 1.8%. We report the case of a Caucasian 30-year-old woman whose previous five spontaneous pregnancies had a negative outcome: a spontaneous miscarriage and then 4 complete hydatidiform moles. Genetic testing revealed that the patient carried two heterozygous mutations in the NLRP7 gene (c.2982-2A > G and Y318CfsX7). According to this, counselling was conducted to advocate for oocyte donation in order to obtain a normal pregnancy. This technique enabled a complication-free, singleton pregnancy that resulted in a healthy term live birth of a 2900 g female. Few months after delivery, the patient presented a new complete hydatidiform mole. Women presented with mutations in the NLRP7, KHDC3L or PADI6 genes are unlikely to obtain normal pregnancies, with a major risk of reproductive failure. In such a context, oocyte donation may be the best option. Only 4 normal pregnancies and deliveries have been published in this situation through this technique to our knowledge.

Can certain factors for recurrence of placenta-mediated pregnancy complications be identified after an initial small-for-gestational-age birth?

Introduction: After a small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth, recurrence of placenta-mediated pregnancy complications (PMPCs) is a cause for anxiety when contemplating another pregnancy. We sought to identify factors potentially associated with this recurrence.Material and methods: This retrospective single-center observational study was conducted in a tertiary maternity unit between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2017. We included all women having experienced a non-syndromic SGA birth and who were subsequently monitored for at least one other pregnancy in our institution. PMPCs were defined as recurrent SGA births, three consecutive first-trimester miscarriages, or preeclampsia.Results: Ninety-four women were included over a 7-year study period. Recurrent PMPCs were recorded in 30 (32%) cases, of which 29 featured recurrent SGA births. None of the following characteristics were significantly associated with recurrence: presence of preeclampsia during the initial pregnancy (six [20%] versus 25 [39%] cases in the recurrent PMPCs and non-recurrent PMPCs groups, respectively; p = .11), results of the histopathologic placental examination or thrombophilia screen, or implemented treatment during subsequent pregnancies.Conclusions: PMPCs recur frequently. No risk factor for recurrence was identified in our study. Results of etiologic assessments and treatments implemented after an initial SGA birth should therefore not modify level of clinical and ultrasound monitoring provided during subsequent pregnancies.Rationale: Recurrence of placenta-mediated pregnancy complications is a cause for anxiety when contemplating another pregnancy. We did not identify any risk factor after an initial small-for-gestational-age birth in our study; surveillance should therefore not be modified by the etiologic assessments' results.

Value of large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) without histological proof of high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesion: Results of a two-year continuous retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: Large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) conization has been associated with adverse obstetrical outcomes. In an approach to reduce the number of performed LLETZ procedures, we conducted this study to evaluate whether "diagnostic" LLETZ should still be performed, by analyzing their yield in terms of detection (and treatment) of real high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). METHODS: During a two-year study period, all patients who underwent a LLETZ procedure in our institution were retrospectively included. Study participants were divided into two groups according to LLETZ indication: a biopsy-proven HSIL group, and a non-biopsy-proven HSIL group. The results of the final histological examination were recorded, as well as excision margin status and specimen dimensions. RESULTS: During the two-year study period, 396 LLETZs were performed, 283 (71%) of which were indicated by biopsy-proven HSIL. In the non-biopsy-proven group, final histology showed 50 cases of HSIL (44%) and 4 cases of carcinoma (3.6%), versus respectively, in the biopsy-proven group, 221 (78%) HSIL and 28 (9.9%) carcinoma (p<0.001). Regarding margin status and specimen dimensions, no intergroup difference was observed between the two groups. CONCLUSION: So called "diagnostic" LLETZ allowed the detection of severe cervical lesions in almost half of cases, without increasing specimen dimensions in comparison with classical conization indications. Moreover, they also allowed an efficient treatment as showed by similar margins status. Our results therefore strengthen the idea that "diagnostic" LLETZ, when specific indications are respected, should not be overlooked as a major part of our therapeutic arsenal.

Risk factors for unsatisfactory colposcopy after large loop excision of the transformation zone: The results of a four-year multicenter prospective study.

OBJECTIVES: Not being able to completely examine the cervical squamocolummar junction (SCJ) in colposcopy after large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) is an important issue regarding surveillance, as high-grade cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia recurrence risk is high. This study was conducted in order to identify risk factors for post-LLETZ unsatisfactory colposcopy. METHODS: This prospective multicenter observational study was performed in nine French University hospitals, with inclusions running from December 2013 to December 2017. All patients scheduled for LLETZ were included and were divided into two groups after the two to four months post-procedure colposcopic examination: a satisfactory and an unsatisfactory post-LLETZ colposcopy group. RESULTS: In total, 601 cases were analyzed and 71 post-LLETZ colposcopies (12%) were described as unsatisfactory (including 19 cervical stenosis). In a univariate analysis, we only observed a statistically significant increase of the following parameters in the unsatisfactory post-LLETZ group in comparison with the satisfactory post-LLETZ group: parity (2.11 [±1.55] and 1.49 [±1.24] respectively, p < .01), depth of the LLETZ specimen (10.9 mm [±3.37] and 9.76 [±3.79] respectively, p < .01), age (45.9 years [±11.7] and 37.9 [±9.42] respectively, p < .001) and an unsatisfactory pre-LLETZ colposcopy (43 satisfactory pre-LLETZ colposcopies [61%] and 456 [86%] respectively, p < .001). In a stepwise binary logistic regression analysis, only the two latter parameters were found to be independently associated with unsatisfactory post-LLETZ colposcopies. CONCLUSIONS: Surgeons should consider other therapeutic strategies when contemplating iterative diagnosis-LLETZ in older women with initially invisible SCJ, as an appropriate post-LLETZ surveillance is at higher risk of being impossible to achieve.

A predictive neonatal mortality score for women with premature rupture of membranes after 22-27 weeks of gestation.

OBJECTIVE: Premature rupture of the membranes (PROM) remains a leading cause of neonatal morbidity. The objectives of the present study were to analyze the outcomes of pregnancies complicated by PROM between 22 and 27+6 weeks of gestation (WG) and to study antepartum risk factors that might predict neonatal death. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and seven pregnancies were analyzed over a 3-year period in a tertiary maternity hospital. The collected maternal and neonatal data were used to model and predict the outcome of PROM. RESULTS: Prevalence of PROM (for live births) was 1.08%, and the overall survival rate was 59.8%. From preselected candidate variables, gestational age (GA) at PROM (p = .0002), a positive vaginal culture for pathogenic bacteria (p = .01), primiparity (p = .02), and the quantity of amniotic fluid (p = .03) were included in a multivariable logistic regression analysis. The corresponding adjusted odds ratios [95% confidence interval] were, respectively, 0.91 [0.87-0.96], 11.08 [1.65-74.42], 0.55 [0.33-0.91], and 0.97 [0.95-0.99]. These parameters were used to build a predictive score for neonatal death. CONCLUSIONS: The survival rate after PROM at 22-27+6 weeks of gestation was 59.8%. Our predictive model (built using multivariable logistic regression) may be of value for obstetricians and neonatologists counseling couples after PROM.

Risk Factors of Post-Large Loop Excision of the Transformation Zone Recurrent High-Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Lesion: A Prospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to identify the risk factors of post-large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) recurrent disease and the impact of colposcopic guidance at the time of LLETZ on that risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From December 2013 to July 2014, 204 patients who had undergone LLETZ for the treatment of high-grade intraepithelial lesion with fully visible cervical squamocolumnar junction were included. The use of colposcopy during each procedure was systematically documented. The dimensions and volume of LLETZ specimens were measured at the time of the procedure before formaldehyde fixation. All participants were invited for a follow-up. The primary endpoint was the diagnosis of post-LLETZ recurrent disease defined as the histologic diagnosis of a high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesion. RESULTS: The median duration of post-LLETZ follow-up was 25.8 months. Recurrent disease was diagnosed in 8 (3.6%) patients. Older than 38 years (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 11.9, 95% CI = 1.6-86.0), history of excisional therapy (aHR = 21.6, 95% CI = 3.5-135.3), and the absence of colposcopy for the guidance of LLETZ (aHR = 6.4, 95% CI = 1.1-37.7) were found to significantly increase the risk of post-LLETZ recurrent disease. The dimensions and volume of the specimen were not found to have any impact. Only positive endocervical margins were identified to significantly increase the risk of post-LLETZ recurrent disease (aHR = 14.4, 95% CI = 2.0-101.1). CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors of post-LLETZ recurrent disease are older than 38 years, history of excisional therapy, positive endocervical margins, and lack of colposcopic guidance at the time of LLETZ.

Management of labor during registrarship: A prospective study during a two-year registrarship program.

AIM: Labor management is often considered to be stressful. Increases in cesarean section (CSD) and assisted vaginal (AVD) deliveries rates have been ascribed to inexperience. To address this issue, we observed the obstetric management activity of four obstetrics and gynecology registrars throughout their 2-year registrarship program. METHODS: We performed a prospective, observational study of urgent and semi-/nonurgent CSD and AVD in a tertiary maternity unit. The registrars' obstetric management was compared with that of a referral group. Changes over time in the registrars' practice were also monitored. RESULTS: A total of 4328 deliveries (including 670 CSD and 736 AVD) were analyzed. The registrars and the experienced obstetricians managed 2930 and 1398 deliveries, respectively, with similar neonatal outcomes. There were no intergroup differences in either total CSD percentage (455 [15.5%] and 215 [15.4%] for registrars and experienced practitioners, respectively, P = 0.90) or AVD percentage (478 [16.3%] and 258 [18.5%], respectively, P = 0.08), or according to degree of urgency. Rates did not change over the course of the registrarship program, regardless of degree of urgency. CONCLUSION: Lower degree of experience was not associated with elevated CSD or AVD rates. Skills required to appropriately manage an obstetric ward seemed to have been acquired at the end of residency.

Impact of establishment of a color code in emergency caesareans in secondary health care maternity.

In 2008, a tertiary health care maternity set up a colour code organization for emergency caesarean to reduce the delay between decision and birth to thirty minutes. The aim of this study is to determine the feasibility of the implementation in secondary health care maternity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted in secondary health care maternity and it was divided in two phases: phase I corresponding to the period before the implementation of colour code and phase II, to the period after the implementation of colour code. All patients who had an emergency caesarean were included. Then, we compared the decision to birth delay between the two phases and the neonatal state. RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty patients were included (one hundred and thirteen for the first phase and one hundred and seven for the second). The rate of caesarean sections realized within thirty minutes was no different between two groups. Decision to birth delay is variable and tends to decrease between two phases (-7 min for orange code, p = 0.91; and -15 min for red code, p = 0.0769). The medium pH is the same in both groups (7.30, p = 0.22) and the rate of transfer in neonatology is 29% for the first group and 13% in the second (p = 0.004) CONCLUSION: This protocol has resulted in better care for patients who had an emergency caesarean section. Two elements are to be noticed as follows: a reduction of decision to birth delay for extremely emergency caesarean (p = 0.0769) and less transfer in neonatology (p = 0.004).

Factors associated with removal difficulties of etonogestrel-containing contraceptive implants (Nexplanon®).

OBJECTIVES: Nexplanon®'s new applicator system was designed to limit deep implant placements, known to lead to difficult removals. However, removal difficulties still exist and induce specific and potentially severe complications. Our objective was to identify risk factors associated with difficult removals. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective single-center study was performed from January 2015 to December 2016. Participants were divided into two groups depending on whether implant was removed during a standard ("standard removal" group) or difficult consultation ("difficult removal" group) after an initial failed removal attempt. RESULTS: The difficult and standard removal groups comprised 63 and 660 women, respectively. In a univariate analysis, significant intergroup differences were found for weight gain (3.7 ±â€¯7.3 kg in the difficult removal group vs. 1.3 ±â€¯5.1 in the standard removal group), proportion of placements performed in private practice (66.7% vs. 19.8%, respectively), and duration of Nexplanon® placement (29.4 ±â€¯11.3 months versus 26 ±â€¯13.6, respectively). We also reported more frequent sub-brachial fascia placements when Nexplanon® was implanted by a private practitioner (7.5% cases versus 0.4% in hospital implantations, p < 0.001). In a stepwise binary logistic regression analysis, placement by a private practitioner, weight gain >1 kg since placement, and duration of implant placement >25 months were confirmed as independent risk factors for removal difficulties (respective risk ratios 7.63 [95% IC 4.35-13.33], 2.10 [1.18-3.70], and 1.91 [1.06-3.44], p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Awareness of these three simple parameters might help physicians to identify "at risk-patients", and suggest a specific consultation before risking a potentially hazardous removal (with its associated, specific morbidity). Our results also emphasize importance of training in implant insertion.

Should isolated fetal ventriculomegaly measured below 12 mm be viewed as a variant of the norm? Results of a 5-year experience in a prenatal referral center.

BACKGROUND: Fetal ventriculomegaly (VM) is defined as lateral ventricles measured above 10 mm. Some authors believe VM <12 mm are variants of the norm and need not be addressed for referral ultrasound. METHODS: A retrospective continuous cohort study of 127 confirmed fetal VM was divided into three groups after initial referral sonographic assessment: isolated VM <12 mm (group A), isolated VM ≥12 mm (group B), and VM associated with other malformations (group C). We reviewed obstetric outcome and neonate evolution after 1 month with the aim of defining a pertinent prenatal workup. RESULTS: We reported fetal infections in all groups (p = .24) and chromosomal abnormalities only in group C (p = .41). Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) found initially undiagnosed brain abnormalities in groups B and C (12.5 and 14.1%, p < .05). Ratios of healthy children after 1 month stemming, respectively, from groups A, B, and C were 66.7, 62.5, and 20.2% (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results are in favor of a systematic referral ultrasound for every fetal VM, regardless of size, as soon as definition criterion is met. Additional paraclinical assessment (maternal serologic status for toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus, amniocentesis, fetal cerebral MRI) should be discussed depending on the situation.