Solar Radiation as an Isolated Environmental Factor in an Experimental Mesocosm Approach for Studying Photosynthetic Acclimation of Macrocystis pyrifera (Ochrophyta).

Solar radiation effects on the ecophysiology and biochemical responses of the brown macroalga Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh were evaluated using a mesocosm approach in Southern Chile. Treatments with different radiation attenuations were simulated with three vertical attenuation coefficients: (1) total (Kd = 0.8 m-1), (2) attenuated (Kd = 1.2 m-1), and (3) low (Kd = 1.6 m-1) radiation levels. Nutrient concentration and temperature did not show differences under the three light conditions. Photosynthetic activity was estimated by in vivo chlorophyll a (Chla) fluorescence under the three light treatments as an isolated physical factor in both in situ solar radiation in the field. This was achieved using a pulse amplitude-modulated (PAM) fluorometera-Diving PAM (in situ). Photosynthetic activity and biochemical composition were measured in winter during two daily cycles (1DC and 2DC) in different parts of the thalli of the plant: (1) canopy zone, (2) middle zone, and (3) down zone, associated with different depths in the mesocosm system. Nevertheless, the in situ electron transport rate (ETR in situ ) was higher in the exposed thalli of the canopy zone, independent of the light treatment conditions. The concentration of phenolic compounds (PC) increases in the down zone in the first daily cycle, and it was higher in the middle zone in the second daily cycle. The Chla increased in the morning time under total and attenuated radiation in the first daily cycle. Solar radiation increasing at midday prompted the photoinhibition of photosynthesis in the canopy zone but also an increase in productivity and phenol content. Therefore, light attenuation in the water column drove key differences in the photo-physiological responses of M. pyrifera, with the highest productivity occurring in thalli positioned in the canopy zone when exposed to solar irradiance.

Photosynthesis and nitrogen uptake of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (Ochrophyta) grown close to salmon farms.

Finfish aquaculture is an activity that has experienced an explosive global development, but presents several environmental risks, such as high nitrogen outputs with potential eutrophication consequences. Therefore, the integration of seaweed aquaculture with the aim of decreasing nitrogen emissions associated with intensive salmon farming has been proposed as a bioremediation solution. Ecophysiological knowledge about seaweeds cultured close to farming cages is, however, still rudimentary. We experimentally studied the growth and physiological responses of Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) C. Agardh in a suspended culture system near a commercial salmon farm at three culture depths in order to understand its productivity performance. The results showed maximum growth responses at intermediate depths (3 m) as opposed to near the surface (1 m) or at a deeper culture level (6 m). At 6 m depth, light limitations were detected, whereas the sporophytes growing at 1 m depth responded to high irradiances, especially in late spring and summer, where they were more intensely exposed to decay of photosynthesis than individuals from other depths. Accordingly, photosynthetic pigment concentrations (chlorophyll a and c, and fucoxonthin) were higher during low-light seasons (winter and early spring) but decreased during the summer. On the other hand, although both nitrogen uptake and Nitrate Reductase (NR) activity varied seasonally, increasing significantly in spring and summer, these variables were not affected by culture depth. Therefore, the optimal culture depth of M. pyrifera near salmon farms appears to be a physiological integration between nitrogen supply and demand, which is modulated by plant acclimation to the seasonal change in light and temperature. The results allow to discuss about the environmental constrains of M. pyrifera in an ecophysiological context to improve the understanding of its aquaculture, and to contribute relevant information on the use of this species in bioremediation.

Hábitos bucales deformantes y maloclusiones dentarias en niños de 5-11 años, Matanzas, 2006 / Deforming buccal habits and dental malocclusions in children aged 5-11 years

Introducción: los hábitos bucales pueden alterar el normal desarrollo del sistema estomatognático, provocar un desequilibrio entre las fuerzas musculares y provocar la aparición de una deformación. Estos hábitos modifican la posición de los dientes, la relación y la forma que guardan las arcadas dentarias entre sí, interfiriendo en el crecimiento normal y en la función de la musculatura bucofacial. El propósito de este trabajo es identificar los niños afectados por prácticas de hábitos no nutritivos y su relación con la presencia de maloclusiones dentarias.Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal en niños de 6 a 11 años, pertenecientes a las escuelas primarias del área de salud Policlínico de Milanés, en la ciudad de Matanzas. El universo estuvo integrado por 2 300 niños de los cuales fue seleccionada una muestra de tipo no aleatoria estratificada según edades, constituida por 506 escolares de ambos sexos matriculados en las escuelas primarias José A Echeverría y Manuel Ascunce, curso 2005-2006, que reciben atención en la Clínica Estomatológica Docente III Congreso del PCC. Se identificaron los hábitos: respiración bucal, succión digital y deglución atípica, y fue determinada su relación con las maloclusiones dentarias.Resultados: el 58,7 por ciento de niños fue identificado con hábitos bucales deformantes. La mayor prevalencia detectada estuvo en la deglución atípica (25,3 por ciento), seguidos por la respiración bucal (19,4 por ciento) y la succión digital (14,0 por ciento). Las maloclusiones de Clase II división 1 predominaron en los identificados con hábitos, cuyos valores fueron: 34,7 por ciento, 39,4 por ciento y 32 por ciento en los que presentaron respiración bucal, succión digital y deglución atípica, en ese orden. Hubo una disminución progresiva de los hábitos a medida que se incrementaron las edades...(AU)

Introduction: buccal habits may alter the stomatognathic system normal development; provoke disequilibrium among the muscular forces and cause deformation. These habits modify teeth position, the relation and form the dental arches keep between them, interfering in the normal grow and function of the buccal-facial muscles. The purpose of this term is identifying children affected by non-nutritive habits practices and their relation with dental malocclusion presence. Method: we carried out a cross sectional descriptive research in children aged 5-11 years, assisting to primary schools located in the health area of the Milanes policlinic, in Matanzas. The universe was formed by 2 300 children from which we selected an age-stratified, non-randomized sample of 506 male and female students assisting to Jose A. Echeverría and Manuel Ascunce Domenech primary schools, 2005-2006 school years, treated at the Teaching Stomatologic Clinic III Congreso del PCC. We identified the following habits: buccal breathing, digital suction and atypical swallowing, and we determined their relation with dental malocclusions.Results: 58,7 per cent of the children practiced deforming buccal habits. Atypical swallowing showed the highest prevalence (25,3 per cent), followed by buccal breathing (19, 4 per cent) and digital suction (14,0 per cent). Class II, division 1 malocclusions predominated in the children identified with deforming habits, and their values were: 34,7 per cent. 39,4 per cent and 32 per cent in those practicing buccal breathing, digital suction and atypical swallowing, in that order. There it was a progressive habit decrease proportional to age increase...(AU)

Hábitos bucales deformantes y maloclusiones dentarias en niños de 5-11 años. Matanzas, 2006 / Deforming buccal habits and dental malocclusions in children aged 5-11 years

Introducción: los hábitos bucales pueden alterar el normal desarrollo del sistema estomatognático, provocar un desequilibrio entre las fuerzas musculares y provocar la aparición de una deformación. Estos hábitos modifican la posición de los dientes, la relación y la forma que guardan las arcadas dentarias entre sí, interfiriendo en el crecimiento normal y en la función de la musculatura bucofacial. El propósito de este trabajo es identificar los niños afectados por prácticas de hábitos no nutritivos y su relación con la presencia de maloclusiones dentarias. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal en niños de 6 a 11 años, pertenecientes a las escuelas primarias del área de salud Policlínico de Milanés, en la ciudad de Matanzas. El universo estuvo integrado por 2 300 niños de los cuales fue seleccionada una muestra de tipo no aleatoria estratificada según edades, constituida por 506 escolares de ambos sexos matriculados en las escuelas primarias José A Echeverría y Manuel Ascunce, curso 2005-2006, que reciben atención en la Clínica Estomatológica Docente III Congreso del PCC. Se identificaron los hábitos: respiración bucal, succión digital y deglución atípica, y fue determinada su relación con las maloclusiones dentarias. Resultados: el 58,7 % de niños fue identificado con hábitos bucales deformantes. La mayor prevalencia detectada estuvo en la deglución atípica (25,3 %), seguidos por la respiración bucal (19,4 %) y la succión digital (14,0 %). Las maloclusiones de Clase II división 1 predominaron en los identificados con hábitos, cuyos valores fueron: 34,7 %, 39,4 % y 32 % en los que presentaron respiración bucal, succión digital y deglución atípica, en ese orden. Hubo una disminución progresiva de los hábitos a medida que se incrementaron las edades. Conclusiones: la mayoría de los niños identificados con hábitos bucales deformantes, estuvieron relacionados con la presencia de maloclusiones dentarias. En ellos, las anomalías se incrementaron conjuntamente con la edad. Prevalecieron las maloclusiones de Clase II división 1, por sobre las restantes entidades clínicas estudiadas, hecho que alerta sobre la necesidad de interceptar estas prácticas nocivas en edades tempranas y exigir el cumplimiento de los programas de prevención e intercepción de anomalías dentofaciales en el nivel primario de atención.

Introduction: buccal habits may alter the stomatognathic system normal development; provoke disequilibrium among the muscular forces and cause deformation. These habits modify teeth position, the relation and form the dental arches keep between them, interfering in the normal grow and function of the buccal-facial muscles. The purpose of this term is identifying children affected by non-nutritive habits practices and their relation with dental malocclusion presence. Method: we carried out a cross sectional descriptive research in children aged 5-11 years, assisting to primary schools located in the health area of the Milanes policlinic, in Matanzas. The universe was formed by 2 300 children from which we selected an age-stratified, non-randomized sample of 506 male and female students assisting to Jose A. Echeverría and Manuel Ascunce Domenech primary schools, 2005-2006 school years, treated at the Teaching Stomatologic Clinic “III Congreso del PCC”. We identified the following habits: buccal breathing, digital suction and atypical swallowing, and we determined their relation with dental malocclusions. Results: 58,7 % of the children practiced deforming buccal habits. Atypical swallowing showed the highest prevalence (25,3 %), followed by buccal breathing (19, 4 %) and digital suction (14,0 %). Class II, division 1 malocclusions predominated in the children identified with deforming habits, and their values were: 34,7 %. 39,4 % and 32 % in those practicing buccal breathing, digital suction and atypical swallowing, in that order. There it was a progressive habit decrease proportional to age increase. Conclusions: most of the children identified with buccal deforming habits were related with the presence of dental malocclusions. In them, the anomalies increased with age. Class II, division 1 malocclusions prevailed over the rest of the studied clinical entities. This fact warns us about the necessity of preventing these harmful practices in early ages, and demanding the fulfillment of the dental-facial anomalies prevention and interception program at the primary health care level.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de las afecciones palpebrales en pacientes adultos mayores / Surgical treatment of palpebral diseases in the elderly

Objetivo: describir los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico aplicado a los pacientes adultos mayores con diagnóstico de afecciones palpebrales seniles. Métodos: estudio descriptivo en pacientes atendidos en el Servicio de Cirugía Plástica Ocular en el Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer, entre enero y julio de 2011. La muestra estuvo constituida por 174 pacientes operados con diagnóstico de afecciones palpebrales de causa involutiva durante ese periodo. Estos fueron evaluados a las 24 horas de la cirugía, a los 7 días, luego a los 15 días, al mes y por último, a los 3 meses. En estas consultas de seguimiento se les realizó examen ocular minucioso en dependencia de la afección palpebral. Las variables que se utilizaron fueron: edad, sexo, color de piel, afección palpebral degenerativa, complicaciones posoperatorias y corrección de la afección después de la cirugía. Resultados: la dermatochalasis fue la entidad más frecuente (n= 62; 36 por ciento) seguida del ectropión senil (n= 40; 23 por ciento). El sexo femenino predominó (n= 127; 73 por ciento), así como el grupo de edad de 60-69 años (n= 92; 52 por ciento). En la mayoría de los pacientes la cirugía logró la corrección del defecto palpebral. Conclusiones: el tratamiento quirúrgico constituye una buena opción para los pacientes adultos mayores con afecciones palpebrales degenerativas(AU)

Objective: to describe the surgical outcomes in elderly patients diagnosed with senile palpebral diseases. Methods: Aadescriptive study conducted in patients treated in the Ocular Plastic Surgery in the period of January to July 2011. The sample included 174 patients with palpebral involutional diseases during this period. The surgical patients were evaluated at 24 hours, 7 days, 15 days, one month and 3 months after the surgery. In these follow-up visits, thorough ocular examination was performed depending on the eyelid condition. The analyzed variables were age, sex, race, degenerative palpebral disease, postoperative complications and defect correction. Results: dermatochalasis was the most common condition (n=62; 36 percent) followed by senile ectropion (n=40; 23 percent). Females predominated (n=127; 73 percent) as well as the 60-69 years age group (92 patients; 52 percent). In most patients, the surgery achieved palpebral defect correction.Conclusions: the surgical treatment is a good option for elderly patients with degenerative palpebral conditions(AU)

Tratamiento quirúrgico de las afecciones palpebrales en pacientes adultos mayores / Surgical treatment of palpebral diseases in the elderly

Objetivo: describir los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico aplicado a los pacientes adultos mayores con diagnóstico de afecciones palpebrales seniles. Métodos: estudio descriptivo en pacientes atendidos en el Servicio de Cirugía Plástica Ocular en el Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer, entre enero y julio de 2011. La muestra estuvo constituida por 174 pacientes operados con diagnóstico de afecciones palpebrales de causa involutiva durante ese periodo. Estos fueron evaluados a las 24 horas de la cirugía, a los 7 días, luego a los 15 días, al mes y por último, a los 3 meses. En estas consultas de seguimiento se les realizó examen ocular minucioso en dependencia de la afección palpebral. Las variables que se utilizaron fueron: edad, sexo, color de piel, afección palpebral degenerativa, complicaciones posoperatorias y corrección de la afección después de la cirugía. Resultados: la dermatochalasis fue la entidad más frecuente (n= 62; 36 por ciento) seguida del ectropión senil (n= 40; 23 por ciento). El sexo femenino predominó (n= 127; 73 por ciento), así como el grupo de edad de 60-69 años (n= 92; 52 por ciento). En la mayoría de los pacientes la cirugía logró la corrección del defecto palpebral. Conclusiones: el tratamiento quirúrgico constituye una buena opción para los pacientes adultos mayores con afecciones palpebrales degenerativas

Objective: to describe the surgical outcomes in elderly patients diagnosed with senile palpebral diseases. Methods: Aadescriptive study conducted in patients treated in the Ocular Plastic Surgery in the period of January to July 2011. The sample included 174 patients with palpebral involutional diseases during this period. The surgical patients were evaluated at 24 hours, 7 days, 15 days, one month and 3 months after the surgery. In these follow-up visits, thorough ocular examination was performed depending on the eyelid condition. The analyzed variables were age, sex, race, degenerative palpebral disease, postoperative complications and defect correction. Results: dermatochalasis was the most common condition (n=62; 36 percent) followed by senile ectropion (n=40; 23 percent). Females predominated (n=127; 73 percent) as well as the 60-69 years age group (92 patients; 52 percent). In most patients, the surgery achieved palpebral defect correction.Conclusions: the surgical treatment is a good option for elderly patients with degenerative palpebral conditions

GRAZING ON GIANT KELP MICROSCOPIC PHASES AND THE RECRUITMENT SUCCESS OF ANNUAL POPULATIONS OF MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA (LAMINARIALES, PHAEOPHYTA) IN SOUTHERN CHILE(1).

The giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere, yet it exhibits distinct population dynamics at local to regional spatial scales. Giant kelp populations are typically perennial with the potential for year-round reproduction and recruitment. In southern Chile, however, annual giant kelp populations exist and often persist entirely on secondary substrata (e.g., shells of the slipper limpet Crepipatella fecunda [Gastropoda, Calyptraeidae]) that can cover up to 90% of the rocky bottom. In these populations, the macroscopic sporophyte phase disappears annually during winter and early spring, leaving a 3-4 month period in which a persistent microscopic phase remains to support the subsequent year's recruitment. We tested the effects of a suite of grazers on the recruitment success of this critical microscopic phase at two sites in southern Chile. Field experiments indicated that the snail Tegula atra negatively impacted M. pyrifera sporophyte recruitment, but that recruitment was highest in the presence of sessile female limpets, C. fecunda. Conversely, small male C. fecunda (biofilm grazers) did not regulate kelp recruitment. Laboratory observations showed that C. fecunda males only grazed on microscopic kelp gametophytes and small (<250 µm) sporophytes, rejecting larger sporophytes, whereas T. atra grazed on all the kelp stages. Recruitment to the C. fecunda treatments far exceeded that to bare rock in the absence of grazers but was not due to the physical presence of C. fecunda shells. We concluded that the key to M. pyrifera recruitment success in southern Chile is its capacity to colonize secondary substrates provided by the slipper limpet C. fecunda.