Prognostic Factors of Children Admitted to a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit After an Episode of Drowning.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic factors of patients admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) after drowning. METHODS: Retrospective observational study from January 1992 to December 2004 and prospective study from January 2005 to December 2015 were conducted in a tertiary children's hospital PICU. The data analyzed refer to the patient, event, type of resuscitation performed, and clinical situation after resuscitation and at arrival to the PICU; results of additional tests; and clinical evolution and neurological status at discharge from the PICU (categorized as death, severe encephalopathy, or normal). The considered potential prognostic factors were whether drowning was witnessed, the type of initial resuscitation, Glasgow Coma Scale score at admission, pupil status and reactivity, and pH. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-one patients were registered. Mortality was 16.7%, and 8.3% had significant neurological sequelae. The clearest factor associated with poor outcome was the type of initial resuscitation performed. All patients who did not require cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), or only basic CPR, had good outcomes; 96.3% of those who required advanced CPR with epinephrine administration had poor outcomes. Patients who needed advanced resuscitation with administration of epinephrine had lower temperature, Glasgow Coma Scale score, pH, and bicarbonate at admission and higher level of glucose. In this group, there was also a higher incidence of seizures, acute respiratory distress syndrome, hemodynamic compromise, and acute renal failure. CONCLUSIONS: The need for advanced CPR with epinephrine administration on the scene predicts poor neurological outcome (severe encephalopathy or death) in drowned children.

Estudio piloto sobre la utilidad de la determinación de paracetamol urinario en la sospecha de intoxicación del paciente pediátrico / Usefulness of testing for paracetamol concentration in urine when poisoning is suspected in children

Objetivo: Analizar el rendimiento de un punto de corte de 3 μg/mL en la determinación de paracetamol urinario (PCTo) como método de cribado para detectar paracetamol en posibles sobreingestas en población pediátrica. Método: Estudio de caso-control, observacional, analítico y prospectivo realizado en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP). Se seleccionó una muestra compuesta por aquellos pacientes ingresados en UCIP, considerando el grupo de casos aquellos con administración pautada de una dosis terapéutica endovenosa de paracetamol y un grupo control sin administración del fármaco. Se recogió una muestra de orina dentro de la primera hora y una segunda muestra pasadas 4 horas de la dosis del fármaco. En todos se determinó PCTo cuantitativamente. Se comparó la proporción de pacientes con PCTo _ 3 μg/mL. Se calcularon sensibilidad, especificidad y valores predictivos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 40 niños de edades entre 1 mes y 19 años (20 en cada grupo). No se obtuvo ningún paciente de control con PCTo positiva. La sensibilidad de la prueba en la primera orina recogida fue del 95% (IC 95%: 85,5-100%) y su especificidad del 100%. El valor predictivo positivo fue 100%, y el negativo del 95,2% (IC 95%: 86,1-100%). En las segundas orinas recogidas todos los valores de rendimiento del test fueron del 100%. Conclusión: La detección de PCTo antes de las 4 horas es útil para descartar la ingesta de paracetamol en población pediátrica. Se requieren estudios que permitan validar el nuevo punto de corte de 3 μg/mL para su posible inclusión en el algoritmo de sospecha de intoxicación aguda (AU)

Objective: To analyze the diagnostic yield of a cut-point of 3 μg/mL for paracetamol in urine to screen for poisoning in children. Methods: Prospective case–control observational study in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). All enrolled patients had been admitted to the PICU. Cases were children receiving a therapeutic dose of intravenous paracetamol. Controls were not receiving paracetamol. Urine samples were collected early in the morning and 4 hours after a dose of paracetamol was received by case patients. Paracetamol concentration was measured in all samples. We compared the percentages of cases and controls who had a concentration of 3 μg/mL or more. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of the cut-point were calculated. Results: Forty children aged between 1 month and 19 years (20 per matched group) were enrolled. Paracetamol was not detected in any of the control samples. The sensitivity of the test in early morning urine was 95% (95% CI, 85.5%–100%); specificity was 100%. The positive predictive value was 100%; the negative predictive value was 95.2% (95% CI, 86.1%–100%). Paracetamol was detected in all of the second samples collected from cases. Conclusions: Measuring the paracetamol concentration in urine within 4 hours of dosing is useful to rule out prior intake of paracetamol and overdosing in PICU patients. Studies to validate the new cut-point of 3 μg/mL for paracetamol in urine are required with a view to possibly including it in a diagnostic protocol for suspected acute poisoning (AU)

[Usefulness of testing for paracetamol concentration in urine when poisoning is suspected in children]. / Estudio piloto sobre la utilidad de la determinación de paracetamol urinario en la sospecha de intoxicación del paciente pediátrico.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the diagnostic yield of a cut-point of 3 µg/mL for paracetamol in urine to screen for poisoning in children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective case-control observational study in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). All enrolled patients had been admitted to the PICU. Cases were children receiving a therapeutic dose of intravenous paracetamol. Controls were not receiving paracetamol. Urine samples were collected early in the morning and 4 hours after a dose of paracetamol was received by case patients. Paracetamol concentration was measured in all samples. We compared the percentages of cases and controls who had a concentration of 3 µg/mL or more. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of the cut-point were calculated. RESULTS: Forty children aged between 1 month and 19 years (20 per matched group) were enrolled. Paracetamol was not detected in any of the control samples. The sensitivity of the test in early morning urine was 95% (95% CI, 85.5%-100%); specificity was 100%. The positive predictive value was 100%; the negative predictive value was 95.2% (95% CI, 86.1%-100%). Paracetamol was detected in all of the second samples collected from cases. CONCLUSION: Measuring the paracetamol concentration in urine within 4 hours of dosing is useful to rule out prior intake of paracetamol and overdosing in PICU patients. Studies to validate the new cut-point of 3 µg/mL for paracetamol in urine are required with a view to possibly including it in a diagnostic protocol for suspected acute poisoning.

OBJETIVO: Analizar el rendimiento de un punto de corte de 3 µg/mL en la determinación de paracetamol urinario (PCTo) como método de cribado para detectar paracetamol en posibles sobreingestas en población pediátrica. METODO: Estudio de caso-control, observacional, analítico y prospectivo realizado en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP). Se seleccionó una muestra compuesta por aquellos pacientes ingresados en UCIP, considerando el grupo de casos aquellos con administración pautada de una dosis terapéutica endovenosa de paracetamol y un grupo control sin administración del fármaco. Se recogió una muestra de orina dentro de la primera hora y una segunda muestra pasadas 4 horas de la dosis del fármaco. En todos se determinó PCTo cuantitativamente. Se comparó la proporción de pacientes con PCTo STX 3 µg/mL. Se calcularon sensibilidad, especificidad y valores predictivos. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 40 niños de edades entre 1 mes y 19 años (20 en cada grupo). No se obtuvo ningún paciente de control con PCTo positiva. La sensibilidad de la prueba en la primera orina recogida fue del 95% (IC 95%: 85,5-100%) y su especificidad del 100%. El valor predictivo positivo fue 100%, y el negativo del 95,2% (IC 95%: 86,1-100%). En las segundas orinas recogidas todos los valores de rendimiento del test fueron del 100%. CONCLUSIONES: La detección de PCTo antes de las 4 horas es útil para descartar la ingesta de paracetamol en población pediátrica. Se requieren estudios que permitan validar el nuevo punto de corte de 3 µg/mL para su posible inclusión en el algoritmo de sospecha de intoxicación aguda.

Predicting non-invasive ventilation failure in children from the SpO2/FiO2 (SF) ratio.

PURPOSE: Our objective was to assess whether SpO2/FiO2 (SF) ratio could be a useful NIV outcome predictor in children with acute respiratory failure (ARF) and tried to develop a predictive model of NIV failure. METHODS: Prospective, observational, multicenter study. Episodes of ARF-fulfilling inclusion criteria from 15 January 2010 to 14 January 2011 were treated with NIV according to a pre-established protocol. Clinical variables were collected at baseline and at 1, 2, 6, 12 and 24 h. Failure criterion was the need for endotracheal intubation. Failures were considered as "early" if occurring ≤6 h after NIV initiation, "intermediate" if occurring between 6 and 24 h, and "late" if occurring after 24 h. Variables with a p < 0.1 in univariate analysis corrected by age were included in multivariate analysis. Models were calculated based on multivariate analysis. RESULTS: During the study period, 390 episodes were included. NIV success rate was 81.3 %. Among ARF causes, failure occurred most frequently in ARDS episodes. The failure predictive model for the whole sample included SF ratio at 1 h, age and PRISM III-24 (area under the curve AUC of 0.755). For early NIV failures, SF ratio at 1 h was the only variable within model (AUC 0.748). The analysis of intermediate NIV failures identified 3 variables independently linked to NIV outcome: PRISM III-24, RR decrease at 6 h, and SF ratio at 6 h (AUC 0.895). No model was identified for late NIV failure. CONCLUSIONS: SF ratio is a reliable predictor of early NIV failure in children.