Incidence and progression of erosive tooth wear according to tooth type in schoolchildren of Mexico City.

This study aimed to estimate the cumulative incidence and the progression of erosive tooth wear (ETW) according to tooth type over a follow-up period of 18 months in adolescents living in Mexico City. We examined 10,776 teeth from 424 participants and used the Basic Erosive Wear Examination index (BEWE) to assess ETW. Our results showed that the overall cumulative incidence rate of ETW was 5.9% (587 from 9933 teeth), and the progression of ETW was 10% (85 from 843 teeth). Notably, the cumulative incidence of initial texture loss (BEWE = 1) was 29.1% for maxillary central incisors, and 30.4% of mandibular first molars progressed to loss of hard tissues (BEWE ≥2).

Association Between Self-Reported Health and Education with Past-year Dental Visits among Older Mexican Adults: Results of the Mexican Health and Aging Study 2018.

PURPOSE: To explore the relationship between of self-reported health (SRH) and educational attainment with pastyear dental visits in older adults in México. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this cross-sectional study, data were derived from the Mexican Health and Aging Study 2018 (MHAS-2018), which used a nationally-representative sample of older adults (50 years or older) in Mexico (n = 14,085). Variables taken from the MHAS questionnaire included residence (rural/urban), years of education, SRH, multimorbidity, pain severity, and past-year dental visits. A logistic regression model was used to identify the association between the variables and past-year dental visits. RESULTS: While the percentage of past-year dental visits reported was 39.8%, this number declined with age [OR=0.76, p < 0.001], with older adults living in rural areas 34% less likely to report past-year dental visits than older adults living in urban areas. Older adults with no formal education were 73% less likely (OR=0.27; p < 0.001) to report past-year dental visits than older adults ≥10 years education. Older adults with poor SRH were 32% less likely (OR=0.68; p < 0.001) to report past-year dental visits than older adults with good/very good/excellent SRH. Sex, degree of multimorbidity, and pain level ([OR=1.37; p < 0.001] [OR=1.37; p < 0.001] and [OR=1.17; p < 0.001]) were all found to be positively associated with past-year dental visits in the study population. CONCLUSION: The present study highlights the association between poor SRH, a low level of educational attainment, and less frequent past-year dental visits, as well as the finding that past-year dental visits declined with age in the older adults sampled.

Prevalence and factors associated with the depressive symptoms in rural and urban Mexican older adults: evidence from the Mexican Health and Aging Study 2018.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and factors related to depressive symptoms in older Mexican adults in urban and rural areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study. We examined older adults from a sample taken from the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS-2018). 14 230 older Mexicans were screened for self-reported depressive symptoms. RESULTS: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 29.8% (33.4% rural vs. 28.9% urban). In the rural and urban population, the probability of a high prevalence of depressive symptoms was higher in older adults with multimorbidity ≥3, severe pain, and fair/poor SRH. Only in the urban population the prevalence of depressive symptoms increased with lower schooling. CONCLUSION: Identification of the factors related to depressive symptoms may help healthcare professionals provide better treatment for specific groups in the population.

Caries experience in adolescents 13-14 years with and without erosive tooth wear: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Erosive tooth wear (ETW) and dental caries have common etiological factors, such as unhealthy eating habits, and reduced salivary flow rate. AIM: To analyze the association between caries experience (CE) and ETW in adolescents 13-14 years. STUDY DESIGNS: Ninety-seven cases with distinctive ETW were identified and then sex-matched with a group of 97 controls and a group of 97 cases with initial ETW. The variables included were CE, presence of debris/dental calculus, salivary parameters, food and beverage consumption, chewable vitamin C tablet consumption, gastroesophageal reflux, frequent vomiting, and tooth brushing. Multinomial logistic regression models were adjusted. RESULTS: An association was found between cases with a distinctive ETW defect and CE (OR = 1.09 (95% CI: 1.01-1.17); p = 0.020), sweet carbonated drinks consumption (OR = 1.16 (95% CI: 1.03-1.31); p = 0.012), and frequent vomiting (OR = 3.19 (95% CI: 1.02-10.01); p = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS: The preventive management of both ETW and dental caries should aim to reduce exposure to foods and beverages with high acid and sugar content. Given the association between ETW and acid attack by gastric juice, this would be an indicator of the need for referral to a specialist for treatment.

Asociación entre estrés laboral y dependencia nicotínica en trabajadores de la salud / Association between occupational stress and nicotine dependence in in health workers

Introducción: el estrés es el resultado del desequilibrio entre las exigencias y presiones a las que se enfrenta el individuo. El estrés pone a prueba la capacidad del individuo para afrontar su actividad y esto supone un problema de salud para el trabajador. Objetivo: explorar la asociación entre el estrés laboral y la dependencia a la nicotina en una población de trabajadores de la salud de la Unidad de Medicina Familiar No. 92 del IMSS. Material y métodos: estudio transversal que incluyó a 180 trabajadores fumadores activos, el estrés laboral fue evaluado con el cuestionario de Problemas Psicosomáticos para Estrés Ocupacional adaptado por el IMSS y la dependencia a la nicotina con el cuestionario de Fagerström. Se utilizaron pruebas de t de Student y prueba exacta de Fisher, el análisis estadístico fue realizado con el programa Stata 15. Resultados: la prevalencia de estrés laboral fue de 72.2% (leve, 42.8%; moderada, 20.6%, y severa, 8.9%). Las mujeres presentaron mayor estrés laboral en comparación con los hombres (76.1% frente a 56.0%; p = 0.008). La dependencia a la nicotina fue leve, 49.4%; moderada, 35.6%, y severa, 15.0%. El promedio de la prueba de Fagerström fue mayor en mujeres en comparación con hombres (3.75 frente a 2.83; p = 0.025), además se encontró una asociación entre el estrés laboral y la dependencia a la nicotina (p = 0.011). Conclusiones: el 72% de los trabajadores presentaron estrés laboral, de igual modo se encontró la asociación entre el estrés laboral y la dependencia a la nicotina. Identificar las principales causas de estrés laboral junto con el apoyo de programas para dejar de fumar, ayudarían en el bienestar del personal de salud en las UMF.

Background: Stress is the result of the imbalance between the demands and pressures that the individual faces. Stress tests the individual's ability to cope with her activity, and this is a health problem for the worker. Objective: To explore the association between occupational stress and nicotine dependence in healthcare workers from the Family Medicine Unit No. 92 of the IMSS. Material and methods: Cross-sectional study that included 180 active smoking workers, occupational stress was evaluated with the Psychosomatic Problems for Occupational Stress questionnaire adapted by IMSS and nicotine dependence with the Fagerström questionnaire. Student's t tests and Fisher's Exact test were used. The statistical analysis was performed with the Stata 15 program. Results: The prevalence of occupational stress was 72.2% (42.8% mild, 20.6% moderate and 8.9% severe). Women presented greater work stress compared to men (76.1% vs. 56.0%; p = 0.008). Nicotine dependence was 49.4% mild, 35.6% moderate and 15.0% severe, the average of the Fagerström test was higher in women compared to men (3.75 vs. 2.83; p = 0.025), in addition an association was found between the work stress and nicotine dependence (p = 0.011). Conclusions: 72% of the workers presented work stress, in the same way the association between work stress and nicotine dependence was found. Identifying the main causes of work stress, together with the support of smoking cessation programs, would help in the well-being of health personnel in FMUs.

Oral health-related quality-of-life scores differ by socioeconomic status, mother's level of education, dental visits and severity of malocclusion in mixed dentition of eight-to-ten-year-old schoolchildren.

OBJECTIVE: To determinate the association among socioeconomic status subject's mother's level of educational attainment, dental visits, and malocclusion in mixed dentition with on the OHRQoL of eight-to-ten-year-old children. METHODS: A cross-sectional study conducted, in 2019, on Mexican children from households of different socioeconomic status (SES). The prevalence of malocclusion was evaluated using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI), while the SES of the participants' households was evaluated using the three categories (corresponding to a high, middle, or low-income household) stipulated by the Consejo Nacional de Población (CONAPO or National Population Council). Oral Health-related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) was evaluated using the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ8-10). Poisson regression models were performed for the analysis of the data obtained. RESULTS: A total of 79.4% of the subjects presented some type of malocclusion in mixed dentition, which was, by severity, as follows: definite (31.3%); severe (25.6%); and, very severe (22.5%). The Poisson regression model revealed a greater negative impact on the following four CPQ8-10domains for children with severe/very severe malocclusion [RR]: oral symptoms [2.78]; functional limitations [2.72]; emotional well-being [2.59]; and, social well-being [3.99]. A greater impact on the four CPQ8-10domains was found for children from a low-income household than for children from a high-income (p < 0.001) household. Furthermore, poor oral hygiene, lack of dental visits, and the mother's level of educational attainment (<9 years) were found to have a negative impact on OHRQoL. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study demonstrated that the severity of malocclusion was associated with a greater negative impact on the OHRQoL of children, while those children who face greater health inequalities are likely to report a greater negative impact on their OHRQoL.

Stem Cells as a Model of Study of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: The SARS-CoV-2 virus is the cause of the latest pandemic of the 21st century; it is responsible for the development of COVID-19. Within the multiple study models for both the biology and the treatment of SARS-CoV-2, the use of stem cells has been proposed because of their ability to increase the immune response and to repair tissue. Therefore, the objective of this review is to evaluate the role of stem cells against SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 in order to identify their potential as a study model and as a possible therapeutic source against tissue damage caused by this virus. Therefore, the following research question was established: What is the role of stem cells in the study of SARS-CoV-2 and the treatment of COVID-19? MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search was carried out in the electronic databases of PUBMED, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. The following keywords were used: "SARS-CoV-2," "COVID-19," and "STEM CELL," plus independent search strategies with the Boolean operators "OR" and "AND." The identified reports were those whose main objective was the study of stem cells in relation to SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19. For the development of this study, the following inclusion criteria were taken into account: studies whose main objective was the study of stem cells in relation to SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 and clinical case studies, case reports, clinical trials, pilot studies, in vitro, or in vivo studies. For assessment of the risk of bias for in vitro studies, the SciRAP tool was used. The data collected for each type of study, clinical or in vitro, were analyzed with descriptive statistics using the SPSS V.22 program. RESULTS: Of the total of studies included (n = 39), 22 corresponded to in vitro investigations and 17 to human studies (clinical cases (n = 9), case series (n = 2), pilot clinical trials (n = 5), clinical trials (n = 1)). In vitro studies that induced pluripotent stem cells were the most used (n = 12), and in clinical studies, the umbilical stem cells derived were the most reported (n = 11). The mean age of the study subjects was 58.3 years. After the application of stem cell therapy, the follow-up period was 8 days minimum and 90 days maximum. Discussion. The mechanism by which the virus enters the cell is through protein "S," located on the surface of the membrane, by recognizing the ACE2 receptor located on the target cell. The evidence that the expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in stem cells indicates that stem cells from bone marrow and amniotic fluid have very little expression. This shows that stem cell has a low risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSION: The use of stem cells is a highly relevant therapeutic option. It has been shown in both in vitro studies and clinical trials that it counteracts the excessive secretion of cytokines. There are even more studies that focus on long-term follow-up; thus, the potential for major side effects can be analyzed more clearly. Finally, the ethical use of stem cells from fetal or infant origin needs to be regulated. The study was registered in PROSPERO (no. CRD42021229038). The limitations of the study were because of the methodology employed, the sample was not very large, and the follow-up period of the clinical studies was relatively short.

Association between sociodemographic factors and noncavitated and cavitated caries lesions in 8- to 12-year-old Mexican schoolchildren.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between sociodemographic factors and noncavitated and cavitated caries lesions in Mexican schoolchildren.This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020 on 8-to-12-year-old schoolchildren of different socioeconomic status (SES). The caries was evaluated using ICDAS II, SES was evaluated using three categories---a high, middle, or low-income level---of the CONAPO. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed in order to ascertain the associations between socioeconomic factors and noncavitated and cavitated caries lesions.The prevalence of noncavitated lesions was 38.0% and cavitated lesions was 43.4% in permanent dentition. In all the samples, 50.6% of schoolchildren had poor oral hygiene. About 52.5% of the mothers and 64.7% of the fathers had less than 9 years of education. Schoolchildren with a low-income level have more cavitated lesions (ICDAS II 4-6) than schoolchildren with high-income level (56.3% vs 15.8%, P = .009). The multinomial logistic regression models showed that mother's level of education <9 years and low-income level were significantly associated with cavitated caries lesions (ICDAS II 4-6), [odds ratio = 1.79 (1.17 - 2.75); P = .007], [OR = 2.21 (1.23 - 3.97); P = .008], respectively. The socioeconomic level was not associated with noncavitated caries lesions (ICDAS II 1-3).An association was found between the presence of cavitated caries lesions and the subject's mother's level of education and a low-income level. Socioeconomic factors were found to be associated with inequalities in caries distribution in the age group studied.

Relationship between the Normative Need for Orthodontic Treatment and Oral Health in Mexican Adolescents Aged 13-15 Years Old.

This cross-sectional study aimed to establish a relationship between the Normative Need for Orthodontic Treatment (NNOT) and oral health among Mexican adolescents aged 13-15 years old. A convenience sample of 424 subjects in Mexico City participated in the study. The dependent variable used was NNOT, which was determined via the dental health component (grades 4 and 5) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). The variables for oral health were as follows: caries experience, oral hygiene, self-reported temporomandibular joint pain, and self-reported bruxism. Logistic regression models were fitted to determine the association between NNOT and oral health. The prevalence of NNOT was 66.0% (280/424), and the crowding was the most prevalent occlusal anomaly with 36.1% (n = 135). Multivariate models showed that subjects with NNOT were more than twice as likely to present poor hygiene (OR = 2.56; p = 0.001) as subjects presenting crowding (>4 mm) (OR = 1.99; p = 0.004) and increased overjet (>6 mm) (OR = 1.74; p = 0.046). Those schoolchildren who presented anterior guidance were 72% less likely to present NNOT (OR = 0.28; p < 0.001). In conclusion, the risk of presenting NNOT in Mexican adolescents is high, with a prevalence of over 50% of which the most prevalent occlusal anomaly was crowding. On the other hand, poor oral hygiene was associated with crowding and increased overjet.

Prevalence, Incidence, and Progression of Erosive Tooth Wear and Their Respective Risk Factors Among Schoolchildren in Mexico City.

Purpose: To evaluate the cumulative incidence and progression of erosive tooth wear (ETW) and identify risk factors over 18 months in a cohort of 11- to 14-year-old schoolchildren in Mexico. Methods: The study was conducted in public schools located in northern Mexico City. Permanent teeth of 424 schoolchildren were examined using the basic erosive wear examination. The possible risk factors were included in the logistic models: the consumption of acidic food and beverages; habits related to the consumption of beverages; medication; gastroesophageal reflux; frequent vomiting; and characteristics of the saliva. Results: The prevalence of ETW was 62.5 percent (265 out of 424). The cumulative incidence was 35.2 percent (56 out of 159) and the progression was 72.8 percent (193 out of 265). The consumption of acidic beverages increased the relative risk (RR) of both the cumulative incidence (RR equals 1.09; 95 percent confidence interval [95% CI] 1.02 to 1.18; P=0.005) and the progression (RR equals 1.16; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.34; P=0.003). Conclusions: This population has a high risk of the development and progression of ETW, found in approximately one-third and approximately two-thirds of the schoolchildren, respectively. The most important risk factor was the consumption of acidic beverages.

Relationship between erosive tooth wear and beverage consumption among a group of schoolchildren in Mexico City.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between erosive tooth wear (ETW) and consumption of different kinds of beverages in a group of schoolchildren 11-14 years old in Mexico City. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in a sample of students (n = 512) in Mexico City. The Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE) was used to quantify ETW. Beverage consumption (BC) was determined using a frequency questionnaire; beverages included pure water, natural fruit juices, milk, hot beverages, and soft drinks. Ordinal logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between the presence of ETW and BC. RESULTS: In total, 45.7% of the schoolchildren showed an initial loss of surface texture (BEWE = 1) and 18.2% a distinct defect involving loss of dental tissue (BEWE ≥ 2) in at least one tooth. For each glass (350 ml) of milk/week, the odds of not having erosive wear (BEWE = 0) versus having an initial loss of surface texture (BEWE = 1) or of having an initial loss of surface texture versus the presence of a defect involving the loss of dental tissue (BEWE ≥ 2) decreased 4% (OR = 0.96, 95% CI 0.93-0.99, p = 0.008); for each portion of sweet carbonated beverage consumed (350 ml), the odds increased 3% (OR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.001-1.07, p = 0.046). CONCLUSION: The intake of milk and milk-based products could be a dietary means of helping prevent ETW, especially if their consumption could replace sweet carbonated drink consumption. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Knowing the impact of beverage consumption on ETW helps to provide suitable recommendations for the prevention and control of ETW in order to promote tooth longevity.

Relationship between Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) severity and cavitated carious lesions in schoolchildren.

The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) severity and cavitated carious lesions in schoolchildren. This crosssectional study included 506 schoolchildren selected from public schools. The prevalence and severity of MIH was evaluated using the European Academy of Pediatric Dentistry criteria (EAPD), while the prevalence and severity of caries was evaluated by applying the ICDAS (International Caries Detection and Assessment System). The prevalence of MIH was 42.4%, with a severity of 21.7% mild, 7.7% moderate, and 13.0% severe. Prevalence was 61.6% for incipient lesions and 34.0% for cavitated lesions. The prevalence of ICDAS II ≥4 lesions was higher in schoolchildren with MIH than in those without MIH (55.8% vs. 44.2%, p<0.001). In the multinomial model, children with MIH in the moderate/ severe category were more likely (OR=3.28; CI95% 1.01 - 10.6, p<0.048) to present cavitated lesions. The presence of MIH at mild levels was not associated with cavitated carious lesions. A high prevalence of MIH was observed. Moderate and severe levels of MIH were associated with cavitated carious lesions. To prevent dental caries, it is important to identify MIH in children, particularly in the moderate and severe categories.

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la asociación entre la severidad de la Hipomineralización IncisivoMolar (HIM) y las lesiones cavitadas de caries en escolares. Estudio transversal que incluyó a 506 escolares seleccionados de escuelas públicas. La prevalencia y la severidad de HIM se evaluó utilizando los criterios de la European Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (EAPD), mientras que la prevalencia y severidad de caries se evaluó mediante los criterios del ICDAS (International Caries Detection and Assessment System). La prevalencia de HIM fue del 42.4%, por severidad: 21.7% leve; 7.7% moderado y 13.0% severo. La prevalencia de lesiones incipientes fue de 61.6% y 34.0% para lesiones cavitadas de caries. La prevalencia de ICDAS II ≥4 lesiones fue mayor en escolares con HIM que en aquellos sin HIM (55.8% vs 44.2%, p<0.001). En el modelo multinomial, los niños con HIM en la categoría moderada / severa tienen mayor probabilidad (RM = 3.28; IC95% 1.0110.6, p<0.048) de presentar lesiones cavitadas de caries. La presencia de HIM en niveles leves no se asoció con la presencia de lesiones cavitadas de caries. Se observó una alta prevalencia de HIM. Los niveles moderados y severos de HIM se asociaron con lesiones cavitadas de caries. Para prevenir la caries dental, es importante identificar la HIM en los niños, particularmente en las categorías moderada y severa.

Prevalence of erosive tooth wear and associated factors in a group of Mexican adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Erosive tooth wear is the irreversible loss of dental hard tissue as a result of chemical processes. When the surface of a tooth is attacked by acids, the resulting loss of structural integrity leaves a softened layer on the tooth's surface, which renders it vulnerable to abrasive forces. The authors' objective was to estimate the prevalence of erosive tooth wear and to identify associated factors in a sample of 14- to 19-year-old adolescents in Mexico. METHODS: The authors performed a cross-sectional study on a convenience sample (N = 417) of adolescents in a school in Mexico City, Mexico. The authors used a questionnaire and an oral examination performed according to the Lussi index. RESULTS: The prevalence of erosive tooth wear was 31.7% (10.8% with exposed dentin). The final logistic regression model included age (P < .01; odds ratio [OR], 1.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26-2.13), high intake of sweet carbonated drinks (P = .03; OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.06-3.07), and xerostomia (P = .04; OR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.05-5.09). CONCLUSIONS: Erosive tooth wear, mainly on the mandibular first molars, was associated with age, high intake of sweet carbonated drinks, and xerostomia. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Knowledge regarding erosive tooth wear in adolescents with relatively few years of exposure to causal factors will increase the focus on effective preventive measures, the identification of people at high risk, and early treatment.