[Relationship of preoperative PSA velocity to histopathological findings in the surgical specimen and survival after radical prostatectomy]. / Relación de la velocidad preoperatoria de PSA con los hallazgos histopatológicos de la pieza quirúrgica y la supervivencia tras prostatectomía radical.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether PSA velocity (PSV) is related to pathological findings in surgical specimen, biochemical recurrence-free survival (BRFS), cancer-related survival (CRS), and overall survival (OS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective and prospective observational cohort study on 265 patients with prostate cancer (PCa) who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) from 2000 to 2008. PSAV was calculated arithmetically and by linear regression analysis, using PSA values in the year prior to diagnosis. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to detect variables associated to extracapsular disease (ECD). Variables related to BRFS, CRS, and OS were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier methodology (PSAV 3 ng/mL/year) and a multivariate Cox regression analysis. The ability of PSA velociy to predict BRFS, CRS, and OS was evaluated by c-index. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 56.16 months (9.14-106.75). Median PSAV was 0.65 and 0.63 ng/ml/year using the arithmetic and regression methods respectively. ECD was detected in 74 specimens (27.92%), and biochemical recurrence in 50 patients (18.87%). Cancer-related mortality was seen in 4 patients (1.52%) and overall mortality in 16 (6.08%). In the multivariate analysis, PSAV was not related to ECD. PSAV was an independent predictor for BRFS (RR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.02-1.13, p=0.008), CRS (RR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.00-1.50, p=0.048), and OS (RR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.18-1.55, p<0.001) in the multivariate Cox regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: PSAV is a preoperative parameter that predicts for BFRS, CRS, and OS in patients undergoing RP. No association was found between PSA velocity and presence of ECD.

Relación de la velocidad preoperatoria de PSA con los hallazgos histopatológicos de la pieza quirúrgica y la supervivencia tras prostatectomía radical / Relationship of preoperative PSA velocity to histopathological findings in the surgical specimen and survival after radical prostatectomy

Objetivo: Determinar si la velocidad de antígeno prostático específico (PSAV) se relaciona con los hallazgos histopatológicos de la pieza, la supervivencia libre de recidiva bioquímica (SLRB), la supervivencia cáncer-relacionada (SCR) y la supervivencia global (SG). Material y métodos: Estudio observacional de cohorte retrospectivo y prospectivo formado por 265 pacientes con cáncer de próstata a los que se practicó prostatectomía radical (PR) entre 2000–2008. La PSAV fue calculada de forma aritmética y mediante regresión lineal, utilizando valores de antígeno prostático específico del año previo al diagnóstico. Se realizó un análisis multivariado de regresión logística para detectar variables asociadas a enfermedad extracapsular (EEC). Las variables asociadas a SLRB, SCR y SG fueron estudiadas mediante análisis de Kaplan-Meier (PSAV≤3 vs. >3ng/ml/año) y multivariado de regresión de Cox. La capacidad de PSAV para predecir SLRB, SCR y SG fue determinada mediante c-index. Resultados: La mediana de seguimiento fue 56,16 meses (9,14–106,75). La mediana de PSAV fue 0,65 y 0,63ng/ml/año con los métodos aritmético y de regresión, respectivamente. Se detectó EEC en 74 casos (27,92%) y recidiva bioquímica en 50 (18,87%). Se observó mortalidad cáncer-relacionada en 4 pacientes (1,52%) y mortalidad global en 16 (6,08%). En el análisis multivariado, la PSAV no se relacionó con EEC, asociándose de forma independiente con la SLRB (RR: 1,06; IC 95%: 1,02–1,13; p:=0,008), SCR (RR: 1,22; IC 95%: 1,00–1,50; p=0,048) y SG (RR: 1,35; IC 95%: 1,18–1,55; p<0,001). Conclusiones: La PSAV es una variable preoperatoria que predice SLRB, SCR y SG en los pacientes tratados mediante PR. No se observa asociación entre PSAV y la presencia de EEC (AU)

Objective: To assess whether PSA velocity (PSV) is related to pathological findings in surgical specimen, biochemical recurrence-free survival (BRFS), cancer-related survival (CRS), and overall survival (OS). Materials and methods: A retrospective and prospective observational cohort study on 265 patients with prostate cancer (PCa) who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) from 2000 to 2008. PSAV was calculated arithmetically and by linear regression analysis, using PSA values in the year prior to diagnosis. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to detect variables associated to extracapsular disease (ECD). Variables related to BRFS, CRS, and OS were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier methodology (PSAV ≤3 vs. >3ng/mL/year) and a multivariate Cox regression analysis. The ability of PSA velociy to predict BRFS, CRS, and OS was evaluated by c-index. Results: Median follow-up was 56.16 months (9.14–106.75). Median PSAV was 0.65 and 0.63ng/ml/year using the arithmetic and regression methods respectively. ECD was detected in 74 specimens (27.92%), and biochemical recurrence in 50 patients (18.87%). Cancer-related mortality was seen in 4 patients (1.52%) and overall mortality in 16 (6.08%). In the multivariate analysis, PSAV was not related to ECD. PSAV was an independent predictor for BRFS (RR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.02–1.13, p=0.008), CRS (RR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.00–1.50, p=0.048), and OS (RR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.18–1.55, p<0.001) in the multivariate Cox regression analysis. Conclusions: PSAV is a preoperative parameter that predicts for BFRS, CRS, and OS in patients undergoing RP. No association was found between PSA velocity and presence of ECD (AU)

[Importance of PSA velocity and PSA density in the prediction of prostate cancer in TURP or open prostatectomy specimen of patients with previous negative prostate biopsy]. / Importancia de la velocidad y la densidad de PSA en la predicción de cáncer de próstata en la pieza de RTU o adenomectomía de pacientes con biopsia prostática previa negativa.

PURPOSE: To determine variables related to the finding of prostate cancer (PC) in patients who underwent surgery following at least one negative prostate biopsy (PB). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 170 patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) or open prostatectomy between 1999 and 2007, following one or more negative PB sets. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out in order to determine variables related to the finding of PC. The predictive capacity of PSA, PSA-density and PSA-velocity was assessed by means of ROC curves and the area under the curve (AUC). Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were determined for several PSA-density and PSA-velocity cut-off points. RESULTS: Open prostatectomy was carried out on 104 patients (61.18%) and TURP on 66 (38.82%). PC was detected in the surgical specimen of 16 patients (9.41%). Variables associated with the finding of PC in the surgical specimen were PSA-density (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.22-6.64; p: 0.007) and PSA-velocity (OR: 2.87; 95% CI: 1.60-5.12: p < 0.001). The AUCs were 0.746, 0.793 and 0.832, for PSA, PSA-density and PSA-velocity, respectively. The most sensitive PSA-density and PSA-velocity cut-off points in detecting PC were 0.15 and 1 ng/ml/year, respectively. Patients without PC showed a median PSA reduction of 9.35 ng/ml (-2.40 - 35.40), following surgery. CONCLUSIONS: PSA-density and PSA-velocity in particular, allow for the prediction of the presence of PC in the TURP or open prostatectomy specimen of patients with previously negative PBs. Diagnostic TURP could prove useful in patients with clinical suspicion of PC, susceptible to curative treatment, with PSA-velocity > 1l ng/ml/year and one or more negative saturation biopsies.

Importancia de la velocidad y la densidad de PSA en la predicción de cáncer de próstata en la pieza de RTU o adenomectomía de pacientes con biopsia prostática previa negativa / Importance of PSA velocity and PSA density in the prediction of prostate cancer in TURP or open prostatectomy specimen of patients with previous negative prostate biopsy

Objetivo: Determinar variables relacionadas con el hallazgo de cáncer de próstata (CaP) en pacientes sometidos a cirugía prostática tras al menos una biopsia prostática (BP) negativa. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 170 pacientes sometidos a resección transuretral de próstata (RTUP) o adenomectomía entre 1999 y 2007, después de una o más BPs negativas. Se realizó un análisis multivariado de regresión logística para identificar variables relacionadas con la presencia de CaP. La capacidad predictiva de PSA, PSA densidad y PSA velocidad se determinó mediante curvas ROC y su área bajo la curva (ABC). Se analizó la sensibilidad, especificidad y valores predictivos para diversos puntos de corte de PSA densidad y PSA velocidad. Resultados: Se realizó adenomectomía en 104 pacientes (61,18%) y RTUP en 66 (38,82%). Se detectó CaP en la pieza quirúrgica de 16 pacientes (9,41%). Las variables asociadas al hallazgo de CaP en la pieza quirúrgica fueron PSA densidad (OR:1,47;95% IC:1,22-6,64; p:0,007) y PSA velocidad (OR:2,87;95% IC:1,60-5,12; p<0,001). Las ABC ROC fueron 0,746, 0,793 y 0,832, para PSA, PSA densidad y PSA velocidad, respectivamente. Los puntos de corte de PSA densidad y PSA velocidad con mayor sensibilidad y especificidad en la detección de CaP fueron 0,15 y 1 ng/ml/año, respectivamente. Los pacientes sin CaP mostraron una reducción mediana de PSA de 9,35 ng/ml (-2,40 – 35,40), después de la cirugía. Conclusiones: El PSA densidad y el PSA velocidad en particular, permiten predecir la presencia de CaP en la pieza de RTUP o adenomectomía, de pacientes con BPs previas negativas. La RTUP diagnóstica podría ser recomendada en pacientes con sospecha clínica de CaP, susceptibles de tratamiento curativo, con PSA velocidad >1ng/ml/año y una o más biopsias de saturación previas negativas (AU)

Purpose: To determine variables related to the finding of prostate cancer (PC) in patients who underwent surgery following atleast one negative prostate biopsy (PB).Materials and methods: A retrospective study of 170 patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)or open prostatectomy between 1999 and 2007, following one or more negative PB sets. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out in order to determine variables related to the finding of PC. The predictive capacity of PSA, PSA-density and PSA-velocity was assessed by means of ROC curves and the area under the curve (AUC). Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were determined for several PSA-density and PSA-velocity cut-off points. Results: Open prostatectomy was carried out on 104 patients (61.18%) and TURP on 66 (38.82%). PC was detected in the surgical specimen of 16 patients (9.41%). Variables associated with the finding of PC in the surgical specimen were PSA-density(OR:1.47;95% CI:1.22-6.64; p:0.007) and PSA-velocity (OR:2.87;95% CI:1.60-5.12; p<0.001). The AUCs were 0.746, 0.793 and 0.832, for PSA, PSA-density and PSA-velocity, respectively. The most sensitive PSA-density and PSA-velocity cut-off points indetecting PC were 0.15 and 1ng/ml/year, respectively. Patients without PC showed a median PSA reduction of 9.35 ng/ml (-2.40– 35.40), following surgery. Conclusions: PSA-density and PSA-velocity in particular, allow for the prediction of the presence of PC in the TURP or open prostatectomy specimen of patients with previously negative PBs. Diagnostic TURP could prove useful in patients with clinical suspicion of PC, susceptible to curative treatment, with PSA-velocity >1ng/ml/year and one or more negative saturation biopsies (AU)

[The utility of artificial neural networks in the prediction of prostate cancer on transrectal biopsy]. / Utilidad de las redes neuronales artificiales en la predicción de cáncer de próstata en la biopsia transrectal.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the development of an artificial neural network (ANN) made up of clinical variables allows for the prediction of prostate biopsy (PB) outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients (n=953) underwent PB at the Arquitecto Marcide Hospital in Ferrol (Spain), between january 2000 and june 2005. The variables studied were age, PSA, digital rectal examination (DRE) and prostate volume, data for all of which were available in 843 cases. In order to determine factors related to prostate cancer (PC) diagnosis, a logistic regression analysis and a feed-forward neural network were developed, including three hidden layer nodes and an output node, representing the probability of PC. Both models were constructed from a random sample of n=643 patients (derivation set). The predictive capacity was assessed with the remaining 200 patients (validation set), by means of ROC curves and the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: PC was detected in 500 (59.3%) cases. Adjusting for age, PSA, digital rectal examination and prostate volume, in a multivariate logistic regression model it was observed that all the variables were independent predictors of PC. The AUC were 0.693 for PSA, 0.707 for prostate volume, 0.815 for logistic regression and 0.819 for ANN. The predictive capacity of the ANN was significantly higher than that of the PSA (p=0.002) and prostate volume (p<0,001) and similar to that of logistic regression (p=0.760). CONCLUSIONS: The ANN shows a PC prediction capacity that is significantly higher than unimodal diagnosis methods, and similar to that of logistic regression.

Utilidad de las redes neuronales artificiales en la predicción de cáncer de próstata en la biopsia transrectal / The utility of artificial neural networks in the prediction of prostate cancer on transrectal biopsy

Objetivo: Determinar si el desarrollo de una red neuronal artificial (RNA) formada por variables clínicas permite predecir el resultado de la biopsia prostática (BP). Material y métodos: Pacientes (n=953) sometidos a BP en el Hospital Arquitecto Marcide, Ferrol, entre enero-2000 y junio-2005. Las variables estudiadas fueron edad, PSA, tacto rectal y volumen prostático, disponiendo de todos estos datos en 843 casos. Para determinar factores relacionados con el diagnóstico de cáncer de próstata (CP), se desarrollaron un análisis de regresión logística y una red neuronal “feed-forward”, con tres nodos en su capa oculta y un nodo de salida, que representa la probabilidad de CP. Ambos modelos fueron construidos a partir de una muestra aleatoria de n=643 pacientes (set de derivación). La capacidad predictiva de ambos modelos se valoró con los 200 pacientes restantes (set de validación), mediante curvas ROC y su área bajo la curva (ABC). Resultados: Se detectó CP en 500 (59,3%) casos. Ajustando por edad, PSA, tacto rectal y volumen prostático, en un modelo de regresión logística multivariante, se observó que todas las variables predecían CP de forma independiente. Las ABC fueron de 0,693 para el PSA, 0,707 para el volumen prostático, 0,815 para la regresión logística y 0,819 para la RNA. La capacidad predictiva de la RNA fue significativamente superior a la del PSA (p=0,002) y volumen prostático (p<0,001) y similar a la de la regresión logística (p=0,760). Conclusiones: La RNA presenta una capacidad de predicción de CP significativamente superior a los métodos diagnósticos unimodales, y similar a la regresión logística

Objective: To determine whether the development of an artificial neural network (ANN) made up of clinical variables allows for the prediction of prostate biopsy (PB) outcome. Materials and methods: Patients (n=953) underwent PB at the Arquitecto Marcide Hospital in Ferrol (Spain), between january 2000 and june 2005. The variables studied were age, PSA, digital rectal examination (DRE) and prostate volume, data for all of which were available in 843 cases. In order to determine factors related to prostate cancer (PC) diagnosis, a logistic regression analysis and a feed–forward neural network were developed, including three hidden layer nodes and an output node, representing the probability of PC. Both models were constructed from a random sample of n=643 patients (derivation set). The predictive capacity was assessed with the remaining 200 patients (validation set), by means of ROC curves and the area under the curve (AUC). Results: PC was detected in 500 (59.3%) cases. Adjusting for age, PSA, digital rectal examination and prostate volume, in a multivariate logistic regression model it was observed that all the variables were independent predictors of PC. The AUC were 0.693 for PSA, 0.707 for prostate volume, 0.815 for logistic regression and 0.819 for ANN. The predictive capacity of the ANN was significantly higher than that of the PSA (p=0.002) and prostate volume (p<0,001) and similar to that of logistic regression (p=0.760). Conclusions: The ANN shows a PC prediction capacity that is significantly higher than unimodal diagnosis methods, and similar to that of logistic regression

Diagnóstico del cáncer de próstata mediante biopsia ampliada de 24 cilindros / Prostate cancer diagnosis using 24 cores extended biopsy

Objetivo: Determinar el rendimiento diagnóstico de la biopsia prostática (BP) ampliada en el cáncer de próstata (CP) y las variables que influyen en su positividad. Material y métodos: Pacientes (n=147) sometidos a BP de 24 cilindros, en el Hospital Arquitecto Marcide, Ferrol, La Coruña, entre diciembre 2002-septiembre 2004. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: pacientes ≤70 años con una o más BP negativas o ≤75 años con dos o más BP negativas. Se realizó análisis univariado mediante testΧ2 en variables cualitativas y test t-Student y U de Mann-Whitney, en variables cuantitativas y análisis de regresión logística para determinar variables relacionadas con la positividad de BP ampliada. Resultados: 60 pacientes (40,82%) presentaron CP. Entre los pacientes con BP negativa y positiva, se observaron diferencias significativas en volumen prostático, relación PSA libre/total en la primera BP, relación PSA libre/total en la BP ampliada, PSA-densidad en la BP ampliada y existencia de prostatitis crónica en BP previas. En el análisis multivariado se comprobó que la densidad de PSA y la existencia de prostatitis crónica en BP previas, predecían de forma independiente la positividad de la BP ampliada. Conclusiones: La BP ampliada permite detectar CP en el 40,82% de los pacientes con BP previamente negativas. El incremento de la densidad de PSA se asocia una mayor probabilidad de CP, mientras que la existencia de prostatitis crónica en las BP previas reduce significativamente la probabilidad de CP, en la BP ampliada (AU)

Objective: To determine the diagnostic performance of extended prostatic biopsy (PB) in prostate cancer (PC) and variables affecting positivity. Materials and Methods: Patients (n=147) underwent 24 cylinder PB at the Arquitecto Marcide Hospital, Ferrol, La Coruña, between December 2002-September 2004. Inclusion criteria were the following: patients aged ≤70 with one or more negative PB or aged ≤75 with two or more negative PB. An univariate analysis was carried out using the Χ2 test for the qualitative variables and the t-Student and U Mann-Whitney tests in the case of the quantitative variables, plus a logistical regression analysis in order to identify those variables related to the extended PB positivity. Results: 60 patients (40.82%) were identified as having PC. Significant differences were observed in prostatic volume, free/total PSA ratio in the initial PB, free/total PSA ratio in the extended PB, PSA-density in the extended PB as well as the existence of chronic prostatitis in previous PB. During the multivariate analysis it was found that the PSA-density and the presence of chronic prostatitis in previous PB independently predicted the positivity of the extended PB. Conclusions: Extended PB allows for the detection of PC in 40.82% of patients with previous negative PB. The increase in PSA density is associated with a greater probability of PC, whilst the existence of chronic prostatitis in prior PB significantly reduces the probability of PC in the extended PB (AU)

[Partial substitution of the ureter using a short segment of the ileum following the Monti procedure]. / Sustitución parcial del uréter por un segmento de ileon tratado según el procedimiento de Monti.

The partial substitution of the ureter using a pediculated segment of the ileum is a technique used to re-establish ureteral transit and preserve the renal unit, following the resection of extensive ureteral lesions. Standard surgical procedure for an ileoureteroplasty consists of isolating an ileal duct of equal or greater length than the ureteral defect and interposing it in the urinary tract in an isoperistaltic direction. Monti described a surgical technique that allows for the creation of catheterizable stomas in continent urinary diversions, using the Mitrofanoff principle. These passageways were created from one or several 2.5 cm long ileal sections by means of their detubulization and transverse retubulization. The clinical case study presented here corresponds to a 57 year-old male with a history of ureteral lithiasis, with a 9 cm stenosis of the sacroiliac ureter. He was treated surgically by means of a resection of the stenotic ureter and the interposition of a duct made up of 2.5 ileal sections, treated in accordance with the Monti procedure. Since this operation, the patient's metabolic state has been completely normal. Morphological and functional results have also proved totally satisfactory, as the use of image techniques have shown.

Sustitución parcial del uréter por un segmento de íleon tratado según el procedimiento de Monti / Partial substitution of the ureter using a short segment of the ileum following the Monti procedure

La sustitución parcial del uréter por un segmento pediculado de íleon es una técnica que se utiliza para restablecer el tránsito ureteral y preservar la unidad renal, tras la resección de lesiones ureterales extensas. La técnica quirúrgica habitual para realizar una íleoureteroplastia consiste en aislar un asa ileal de igual o superior longitud al defecto ureteral, e interponerla en el tracto urinario, en dirección isoperistáltica. Monti describió una técnica quirúrgica que permitía crear estomas cateterizables en derivaciones urinarias continentes, utilizando el principio de Mitrofanoff. Dichos conductos eran confeccionados a partir de uno o varios segmentos ileales de 2,5 cm de longitud, mediante su destubulización y retubulización transversa. El caso clínico que presentamos corresponde a un varón de 57 años con antecedente de litiasis ureteral, que presentaba una estenosis del uréter lumbo-sacro de 9 cm. Se trató quirúrgicamente mediante resección del uréter estenótico, e interposición de un conducto formado por dos segmentos ileales de 2,5 cm, tratados según el procedimiento de Monti. La situación metabólica del paciente has ido absolutamente normal desde la fecha de la intervención. Los resultados morfológicos y funcionales fueron asimismo, plenamente satisfactorios, según se demuestra mediante técnicas de imagen (AU)

The partial substitution of the ureter using a pediculated segment of the ileum is a technique used to re-establish ureteral transit and preserve the renal unit, following the resection of extensive ureteral lesions. Standard surgical procedure for an ileoureteroplasty consists of isolating an ileal duct of equal or greater length than the ureteral defect and interposing it in the urinary tract in an isoperistaltic direction. Monti described a surgical technique that allows for the creation of catheterizable stomas in continent urinary diversions, using the Mitrofanoff principle. These passageways were created from one or several 2.5 cm long ileal sections by means of their detubulization and transverse retubulization. The clinical case study presented here corresponds to a 57 year-old male with a history of ureteral lithiasis, with a 9 cm stenosis of the sacroiliac ureter. He was treated surgically by means of a resection of the stenotic ureter and the interposition of a duct made up of 2.5 ileal sections, treated in accordance with the Monti procedure. Since this operation, the patient’s metabolic state has been completely normal. Morphological and functional results have also proved totally satisfactory, as the use of image techniques have shown (AU)

[Prostate cancer diagnosis using 24 cores extended biopsy]. / Diagnóstico del cáncer de próstata mediante biopsia ampliada de 24 cilindros.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the diagnostic performance of extended prostatic biopsy (PB) in prostate cancer (PC) and variables affecting positivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients (n = 147) underwent 24 cylinder PB at the Arquitecto Marcide Hospital, Ferrol, La Coruña, between December 2002-September 2004. Inclusion criteria were the following: patients aged < or = 70 with one or more negative PB or aged < or = 75 with two or more negative PB. An univariate analysis was carried out using the chi-squared test for the qualitative variables and the t-Student and U Mann-Whitney tests in the case of the quantitative variables, plus a logistical regression analysis in order to identify those variables related to the extended PB positivity. RESULTS: 60 patients (40.82%) were identified as having PC. Significant differences were observed in prostatic volume, free/total PSA ratio in the initial PB, free/total PSA ratio in the extended PB, PSA-density in the extended PB as well as the existence of chronic prostatitis in previous PB. During the multivariate analysis it was found that the PSA-density and the presence of chronic prostatitis in previous PB independently predicted the positivity of the extended PB. CONCLUSIONS: Extended PB allows for the detection of PC in 40.82% of patients with previous negative PB. The increase in PSA density is associated with a greater probability of PC, whilst the existence of chronic prostatitis in prior PB significantly reduces the probability of PC in the extended PB.

[Iatrogenic rupture of the ureter following extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy]. / Rotura yatrógena de uréter secundaria a litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque.

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is the treatment of choice in most cases of urinary calculi, with the estimation that open surgery is only necessary in 5% of all cases. In most cases, the complications derived from this technique are slight, transitory and of little clinical importance, with isolated cases of serious urological or extraurological injury. These complications are either caused by the action of the stone itself or its fragments, or by the action of shock waves. We present a case of ureteral rupture following treatment of a ureteral calculus using extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy which led to a periureteral retroperitoneal abscess that was treated by nephroureterectomy.

[Priapism following paraneoplastic leukemoid reaction in a patient with bladder cancer]. / Priapismo secundario a reacción leucemoide paraneoplásica en paciente con cáncer de vejiga.

Priapism associated with solid tumours is usually produced by penile metastasis or direct tumour infiltration of the corpora cavernosa. Neoplasias are responsible for between 3-8% of all cases of priapism, and in 80% of cases the primary tumour has a genito-urinary origin. Leukemoid reaction is an haematological disorder characterised by a leukocytosis of over 50000/microl, which develops reactively with different pathological processes such as severe inflammation, disseminated infections, intoxications and tumours. The pathophysiologic mechanism that explains priapism following leukemoid reaction is an intravascular obstruction due to blood hyperviscosity, leading to a blood stasis in the cavernosa veins, and impeding the drainage of the corpora cavernosa. We present a case of priapism in a patient with locally advanced bladder cancer, which was probably the result of blood hyperviscosity produced by a paraneoplastic leukemoid reaction.

Rotura yatrógena de uréter secundaria a litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque / Iatrogenic rupture of the ureter following extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

La litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque es el tratamiento de elección de la mayoría de los cálculos urinarios, estimándose que sólo en el 5% de los casos es necesario recurrir a técnicas de cirugía abierta. Las complicaciones derivadas de esta técnica son, en la mayoría de los casos, leves, transitorias y con escasa repercusión clínica, observándose sólo en casos aislados lesiones urológicas o extraurológicas de gravedad. Dichas complicaciones se producen bien por la propia acción del cálculo o sus fragmentos, o bien por la acción de las ondas de choque. Presentamos un caso de rotura ureteral secundaria al tratamiento de un cálculo ureteral mediante litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque, que derivó en un absceso retroperitoneal periureteral, y fue tratado mediante nefroureterectomía

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is the treatment of choice in most cases of urinary calculi, with the estimation that open surgery is only necessary in 5% of all cases. In most cases, the complications derived from this technique are slight, transitory and of little clinical importance, with isolated cases of serious urological or extraurological injury. These complications are either caused by the action of the stone itself or its fragments, or by the action of shock waves. We present a case of ureteral rupture following treatment of a ureteral calculus using extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy which led to a periureteral retroperitoneal abscess that was treated by nephroureterectomy

Priapismo secundario a reacción leucemoide paraneoplásica en paciente con cáncer de vejiga / Priapism following paraneoplastic leukemoid reaction in a patient with bladder cancer

El priapismo asociado a tumores sólidos suele producirse por metástasis peneanas o por infiltración tumoral directa de los cuerpos cavernosos. Las neoplasias son responsables del 3-8% de los casos de priapismo, y en el 80% de los casos el tumor primario es de origen génito-urinario.La reacción leucemoide es un trastorno hematológico caracterizado por una leucocitosis superiora 50000/microl, que se desarrolla de forma reactiva ante diversos procesos patológicos como inflamaciones severas, infecciones diseminadas, intoxicaciones y tumores. El mecanismo fisiopatológico que explica el priapismo secundario a reacción leucemoide es una obstrucción intravascular por hiperviscosidad sanguínea, que origina una estasis sanguínea en las venas cavernosas, impidiendo el drenaje de los cuerpos cavernosos. Presentamos un caso de priapismo en un paciente con un cáncer de vejiga localmente avanzado, que se desencadenó por la hiperviscosidad sanguínea producida por una reacción leucemoide paraneoplásica

Priapism associated with solid tumours is usually produced by penile metastasis or direct tumour infiltration of the corpora cavernosa. Neoplasias are responsible for between 3-8% of all cases of priapism,and in 80% of cases the primary tumour has a genito-urinary origin. Leukemoid reaction is an haematological disorder characterised by a leukocytosis of over 50000/microl, which develops reactively with different pathological processes such as severe inflammation, disseminated infections, intoxications and tumours.The pathophysiologic mechanism that explains priapism following leukemoid reaction is an intravascular obstruction due to blood hyperviscosity, leading to a blood stasis in the cavernosa veins, and impeding the drainage of the corpora cavernosa. We present a case of priapism in a patient with locally advanced bladder cancer, which was probably the result of blood hyperviscosity produced by a paraneoplastic leukemoid reaction

[Giant retroperitoneal cystic mass: appendiceal mucocele]. / Masa quística retroperitoneal gigante: mucocele apendicular.

Appendiceal mucocele is a term used to describe the dilatation of the vermiform appendix produced by an intraluminal accumulation of mucus. Four pathological processes have been described that may lead to an appendiceal mucocele: obturation of cecoappendiceal communication, mucosal hyperplasia, mucinous cystadenoma and mucinous cystoadenocarcinoma. The most frequent is mucinous cystadenoma, seen in 50% of appendiceal mucoceles. 6% of patients with appendiceal mucocele develop peritoneal pseudomixoma, possibly through dissemination of the epithelial cells into the abdominal cavity. Preoperative diagnosis of the lesion is particularly important in order to deal with it carefully during surgery. CT scan is the most precise radiological exploration, although there are no pathognomonic signs of mucocele. Typical CT finding of a mucocele is a well-defined cystic mass that compresses the cecum without any peripheral inflammatory reaction, and with low levels of attenuation that vary between water and soft tissue density. We present a case of an appendiceal mucocele caused by a mucinous cystadenoma clinically presented as a giant retroperitoneal mass. Diagnosis was postoperatively made, after pathological study of the surgical sample.

Masa quística retroperitoneal gigante: mucocele apendicular / Giant retroperitoneal cystic mass: Appendiceal mucocele

Mucocele apendicular es un término que define la dilatación del apéndice vermiforme producida por acumulación intraluminal de moco. Son cuatro los procesos patológicos descritos que pueden ocasionar un mucocele apendicular: obturación de la comunicación cecoapendicular, hiperplasia mucosa, cistoadenoma mucinoso y cistoadenocarcinoma mucinoso. De todos ellos, el cistoadenoma mucinoso es el más frecuente, observándose en el 50% de los mucoceles apendiculares. El 6% de los pacientes con mucocele apendicular desarrollan pseudomixoma peritoneal, posiblemente por diseminación de células epiteliales al interior de la cavidad abdominal. Es de gran importancia el diagnóstico preoperatorio de la lesión, para manipularla cuidadosamente durante el acto quirúrgico. El TAC es la exploración radiológica más precisa, aunque no existen signos patognomónicos de mucocele. En el TAC el mucocele se presenta como una masa quística bien delimitada, que comprime el ciego, sin reacción inflamatoria periférica, y con bajos niveles de atenuación, que oscilan entre densidad agua y tejido blando. Presentamos un caso de mucocele apendicular ocasionado por un cistoadenoma mucinoso, que se presentó clínicamente como masa retroperitoneal gigante. El diagnóstico fue efectuado post-operatoriamente, tras el estudio anatomopatológico de la pieza quirúrgica (AU)

Appendiceal mucocele is a term used to describe the dilatation of the vermiform appendix produced by an intraluminal accumulation of mucus. Four pathological processes have been described that may lead to an appendiceal mucocele: obturation of cecoappendiceal communication, mucosal hyperplasia, mucinous cystadenoma and mucinous cystoadenocarcinoma. The most frequent is mucinous cystadenoma, seen in 50% of appendiceal mucoceles. 6% of patients with appendiceal mucocele develop peritoneal pseudomixoma, possibly through disseminationof the epithelial cells into the abdominal cavity. Preoperative diagnosis of the lesion is particularly important in order to deal with it carefully during surgery. CT scan is the most precise radiological exploration, although there are no pathognomonic signs of mucocele. Typical CT finding of a mucocele is a well-defined cystic mass that compresses the cecum without any peripheral inflammatory reaction, and with low levels of attenuation that vary between water and soft tissue density. We present a case of an appendiceal mucocele caused by a mucinous cystadenoma clinically presented as a giant retroperitoneal mass. Diagnosis was postoperatively made, after pathological study of the surgical sample (AU)

Nefritis bacteriana aguda difusa en riñón de herradura / Acute diffuse bacterial nephritis in a horseshoe kidney

El riñón en herradura es una malformación congénita que predispone al desarrollo de infecciones urinarias altas, por la ectasia piélica inherente a la malrotación de las unidades renales.La nefritis bacteriana aguda es un estadio evolutivo de la infección renal aguda situado entre la pielonefritis aguda y el absceso renal. El diagnóstico diferencial entre estas entidades sólo es posible mediante el apoyo de alguna técnica de imagen, ya que desde el punto de vista clínico son indistinguibles. El TAC con contraste es la técnica de mayor sensibilidad y especificidad en el diagnóstico de nefritis bacteriana aguda, y se considera la prueba de elección. Los hallazgos característicos del TAC son áreas corticales redondeadas o cuneiformes que adquieren una apariencia estriada tras la administración de contraste. El tratamiento está basado en antibioterapia de amplio espectro, que debe mantenerse durante un período de 3-6 semanas.Presentamos un caso de nefritis bacteriana aguda difusa, en un paciente pediátrico con riñón en herradura, que se resolvió satisfactoriamente con tratamiento antibiótico prolongado (AU)

Anuria obstructiva secundaria a prolapso uterino / Obstructive anuria secondary to uterine prolapse

La prevalencia de uropatía obstructiva asociada al prolapso uterino varía según las series entre un 4 per cent y un 80 per cent, probablemente debido a la diferente severidad de los prolapsos considerados. El desarrollo de insuficiencia renal o anuria es una complicación poco frecuente. Se han postulado diversas teorías etiopatogénicas sobre la uropatía obstructiva producida por el prolapso: compresión ureteral por los vasos uterinos, angulación uretral extrema, compresión ureteral sobre la musculatura elevadora del ano y elongación y estrechamiento del uréter distal. La exploración radiológica princeps en el estudio del tracto urinario de estas pacientes es la urografía intravenosa en bipedestación. El tratamiento de urgencia de la anuria obstructiva secundaria a prolapso uterino consiste en la reducción manual del prolapso. La cirugía se considera como el tratamiento definitivo de elección, aunque en pacientes con elevado riesgo anestésico-quirúrgico, la colocación de un pesario de forma permanente puede ofrecer un resultado satisfactorio. Presentamos un caso de anuria obstructiva secundaria a prolapso uterino, que resolvió satisfactoriamente mediante la colocación de un pesario (AU)

[Primary bladder osteosarcoma treated with hemicystectomy]. / Osteosarcoma vesical primario tratado mediante hemicistectomía.

Primary osteosarcoma of the bladder is an extremely rare type of tumour, and less than 30 adequately documented cases have been registered. From a clinical and radiological point of view, it is impossible to distinguish from other types of bladder tumours, since despite the fact that calcification of the bladder wall is common in osteosarcoma, other bladder diseases exist which may also present calcification. Prior to primary bladder osteosarcoma diagnosis, it is vital to first rule out the existence of an skeletal origin. Differential diagnosis must be carried out essentially with other bone-forming tumours, such as carcinosarcoma and transitional cell carcinoma with bone metaplasia. Prognosis for bladder osteosarcoma is extremely pessimistic, as the majority of patients do not survive beyond 6 months, regardless of the treatment carried out. We present a case of bladder osteosarcoma treated by right hemi-cystectomy, which remains disease free after a follow-up period of one year.

[Subepithelial hematoma of kidney pelvis and ureter: Antopol-Goldman lesion]. / Hematoma subepitelial de pelvis renal y uréter: lesión de Antopol-Goldman.

The subepithelial hematoma of the renal pelvis and ureter was described by Antopol and Goldman in 1948. Hematuria and filling defect in the renal pelvis are the most consistently recurring clinical and radiological findings. Only 21 cases were found in the literature on the subject and all of them were treated surgically, usually with partial or total nephrectomy. Here we present a case of Antopol-Goldman lesion which was treated conservatively.