Inflammatory markers in Eisenmenger syndrome and their association with clinical outcomes. A cross-sectional comparative study.

BACKGROUND: Inflammation may be an important factor contributing to the progression of Eisenmenger syndrome (ES). The purpose of the current study was to: characterize the inflammatory profile in ES patients and compare measures to reference values for congenital heart disease and pulmonary arterial hypertension (CHD-PAH); and investigate whether inflammatory markers are associated with other clinical markers in ES. METHODS: Twenty-seven ES patients were prospectively selected and screened for systemic inflammatory markers, including interleukin (IL)-1ß, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and IL-10. Clinical data and echocardiographic parameters were obtained, with concomitant analysis of ventricular function. Functional capacity was assessed using the 6-min walk test (6MWT). Renal function and blood homeostasis were evaluated by the level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and plasma electrolytes. RESULTS: Patients with ES expressed higher IL-10, IL-1ß and TNF-α compared to reference values of patients with CHD-PAH. IL-10 was negatively associated with BUN (r = -0.39,p = 0.07), creatinine (r = -0.35, p = 0.002), sodium (r = -0.45, p = 0.03), and potassium (r = -0.68, p = 0.003). IL-10 was positively associated with bicarbonate (r = 0.45, p = 0.02) and trended toward a positive association with right ventricular fractional area change (RVFAC) (r = 0.35, p = 0.059). IL-1ß was negatively associated with potassium (r = -0.5, p = 0.01). TNF-α demonstrated positive association with creatinine (r = 0.4,p = 0.006), BUN (r = 0.63,p = 0.003), sodium (r = 0.44, p = 0.04), potassium (r = 0.41, p = 0.04), and was negatively associated with RVFAC (r = -0.38,p = 0.03) and 6MWT distance (r = -0.54, p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: ES patients exhibit a more severe inflammatory profile compared to reference values for CHD-PAH. Furthermore, inflammatory markers are related to renal dysfunction, right ventricular impairment and poorer functional capacity.

Inspiratory Muscle Weakness is Related to Poor Short-Term Outcomes for Heart Transplantation

Abstract Introduction: In heart transplantation (HT) recipients, several factors are critical to promptly adopting appropriate rehabilitation strategies and may be important to predict outcomes way after surgery. This study aimed to determine preoperative patient-related risk factors that could adversely affect the postoperative clinical course of patients undergoing HT. Methods: Twenty-one hospitalized patients with heart failure undergoing HT were evaluated according to respiratory muscle strength and functional capacity before HT. Mechanical ventilation (MV) time, reintubation rate, and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay were recorded, and assessed postoperatively. Results: Inspiratory muscle strength as absolute and percentpredicted values were strongly correlated with MV time (r=-0.61 and r=-0.70, respectively, at P<0.001). Concerning ICU length of stay, only maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) absolute and percent-predicted values were significantly associated. The absolute -MIP- was significantly negatively correlated with ICU length of stay (r=-0.58 at P=0.006) and the percent-predicted MIP was also significantly negatively correlated with ICU length of stay (r=-0.68 at P=0.0007). No associations were observed between preoperative functional capacity, age, sex, and clinical characteristics and MV time and ICU length of stay in the cohort included in this study. Patients with respiratory muscle weakness had a higher prevalence of prolonged MV, reintubation, and delayed ICU length of stay. Conclusion: An impairment of preoperative MIP was associated with poorer short-term outcomes following HT. As such, inspiratory muscle strength is an important clinical preoperative marker in patients undergoing HT.

Inspiratory Muscle Weakness is Related to Poor Short-Term Outcomes for Heart Transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: In heart transplantation (HT) recipients, several factors are critical to promptly adopting appropriate rehabilitation strategies and may be important to predict outcomes way after surgery. This study aimed to determine preoperative patient-related risk factors that could adversely affect the postoperative clinical course of patients undergoing HT. METHODS: Twenty-one hospitalized patients with heart failure undergoing HT were evaluated according to respiratory muscle strength and functional capacity before HT. Mechanical ventilation (MV) time, reintubation rate, and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay were recorded, and assessed postoperatively. RESULTS: Inspiratory muscle strength as absolute and percentpredicted values were strongly correlated with MV time (r=-0.61 and r=-0.70, respectively, at P<0.001). Concerning ICU length of stay, only maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) absolute and percent-predicted values were significantly associated. The absolute |MIP| was significantly negatively correlated with ICU length of stay (r=-0.58 at P=0.006) and the percent-predicted MIP was also significantly negatively correlated with ICU length of stay (r=-0.68 at P=0.0007). No associations were observed between preoperative functional capacity, age, sex, and clinical characteristics and MV time and ICU length of stay in the cohort included in this study. Patients with respiratory muscle weakness had a higher prevalence of prolonged MV, reintubation, and delayed ICU length of stay. CONCLUSION: An impairment of preoperative MIP was associated with poorer short-term outcomes following HT. As such, inspiratory muscle strength is an important clinical preoperative marker in patients undergoing HT.

Effects of acute oxygen supplementation on functional capacity and heart rate recovery in Eisenmenger syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) precipitates the extreme manifestation of pulmonary hypertension, which leads to severe functional limitation and poor quality of life. The propose of the current study was: 1) examined the acute effects of 40% oxygen supplementation during the 6-minute walk test (6MWT); and 2) evaluate the relation between exercise capacity and clinical cardiac parameters in patients with ES. METHODS: Thirty subjects were prospectively included; all were submitted to a 6MWT with compressed air and with 40% of oxygen. Heart rate recovery at the first minute (HRR1) and perceived effort Borg scale for dyspnea and lower limb fatigue were recorded in both tests scenarios. RESULTS: The 6MWT distance was modestly, negatively associated with pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) [r=0.46, p=0.02]. Patients improved 6MWT distance (p<0.001) and exhibited a faster HRR1 (p<0.001) with 40% supplemental oxygen compared to compressed air. With 40% supplemental oxygen, subjects revealed lower dyspnea and lower limb fatigue compared to 6MWT without oxygen supplementation (p<0.001). The amount of change in the 6MWT distance from air to oxygen was moderate, positively associated with tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and right ventricular fractional area change (RVFAC) [r=0.50, p=0.03; r=0.64, p<0.001, respectively]. CONCLUSION: Acute 40% oxygen supplementation in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome led to an improvement in 6MWT distance, faster HRR1 and lower dyspnea and lower limb fatigue perception. Moreover, functional capacity was positively associated with right ventricular parameters.

A home-based walking program improves erectile dysfunction in men with an acute myocardial infarction.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of a home-based walking program on erectile function and the relation between functional capacity and erectile dysfunction (ED) in patients with recent myocardial infarctions. Patients with acute myocardial infarctions deemed to be at low cardiovascular risk were randomized into 2 groups: (1) a home-based walking group (n = 41), instructed to participate in a progressive outdoor walking program, and (2) a control group (n = 45), receiving usual care. Functional capacity was determined by the 6-minute walk test and evaluation of sexual function by the International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire; the 2 tests were performed at hospital discharge and 30 days later. In the overall cohort, 84% of patients reported previous ED at hospital discharge. After 30 days, ED had increased by 9% in the control group in relation to baseline (p = 0.08). However, the home-based walking group had a significant decrease of 71% in reported ED (p <0.0001). The 6-minute walk distance was statistically significant higher in the home-based walking group compared with the control group (p = 0.01). There was a significant negative correlation between 6-minute walk distance and ED 30 days after hospital discharge (r = -0.71, p <0.01). In conclusion, an unsupervised home-based progressive walking program led to significant improvements in functional capacity in men at low cardiovascular risk after recent acute myocardial infarctions. In addition, this intervention demonstrated a link between functional capacity and exercise training and erectile function improvement.