Review of Intranasal Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Delivery Systems.

In recent decades, there has been an increased interest in the development of intranasal delivery systems for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) not only for treating local nasal diseases but also for treating systemic diseases, central nervous system (CNS) disorders, and vaccine delivery. The nasal cavity possesses a unique set of anatomical characteristics for delivering active pharmaceutical ingredients, but there are several limitations that recent research in the field of the intranasal administration of APIs aims to overcome. For the effective delivery of nasal preparations, active pharmaceutical ingredients are incorporated into various micro- and nanosystems. Some of the most commonly encountered API delivery systems in the scientific literature include liposomal systems, polymer particles with mucoadhesive properties, in situ gels, nano- and microemulsions, and solid lipid particles. This article provides a review of research on the development of nasal preparations for treating local nasal cavity diseases (in particular, for antibiotic delivery), systemic diseases (analgesics, drugs for cardiovascular diseases, antiviral and antiemetic drugs), CNS disorders (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, schizophrenia, depression), and vaccine delivery. The literature data show that active research is underway to reformulate drugs of various pharmacotherapeutic groups into a nasal form.

Composites Composed of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Polymers, and Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Study of Their Biocompatible Properties.

The creation of artificial biocomposites consisting of biocompatible materials in combination with bioactive molecules is one of the main tasks of tissue engineering. The development of new materials, which are biocompatible, functional, and also biodegradable in vivo, is a specific problem. Two types of products can be formed from these materials in the processes of biodegradation. The first types of substances are natural for a living organism and are included in the metabolism of cells, for example, sugars, lactic, glycolic, and ß-hydroxybutyric acids. Substances that are not metabolized by cells represent the other type. In the latter case, such products should not be toxic, and their concentration when entering the bloodstream should not exceed the established maximum permissible level. The composite materials based on a mixture of biodegradable synthetic and natural polymers with the addition of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, which acts as a stabilizer of the dispersed system during production of the composite, and which is a biologically active component of the resulting matrix, were obtained and studied. The indirect effect of the shape, size, and surface charge of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the structure and porosity of the formed matrix was shown. An in vivo study showed the absence of acute toxicity of the developed composites.

Antimicrobial activity of silver salt and silver nanoparticles in different forms against microorganisms of different taxonomic groups.

The development of antiseptics and medical products (bandaging materials, sponges, etc.) based on silver nanoparticles is an essential task due to the growing resistance of pathogenic microorganisms to medicines long used in clinical practice. Using silver nanoparticles for the same purpose is promising, but the potential hazards and cumulative effects in the application of nanoparticles requires a thorough study of those materials. To evaluate the efficiency of antiseptics and medical products based on silver nanoparticles, it is necessary to conduct an in-depth study of the activity of silver nanoparticles in different forms and immobilized in carriers. The study examines the resistance of bacterial and fungal cultures to silver nanoparticles produced by chemical reduction and microbiological synthesis. The study of resistance was carried out in different growth phases of pathogenic microorganisms and in both liquid and solid media. Chemically and microbiologically synthesized nanoparticles were added in the form of a suspension, as well as encapsulated in chitosan-PVA matrices. It was experimentally discovered that, depending on the medium and form of the silver, the antibacterial effect would significantly differ due to changes in the mechanisms regarding the release of nanoparticles and their activity against the cells of pathogenic and potentially pathogenic microorganisms.

Halobacterium salinarum storage and rehydration after spray drying and optimization of the processes for preservation of carotenoids.

Spray drying is appropriate for the preservation of halophilic microorganisms due to the nature of these microorganisms, as they survive in adverse environmental conditions by being encapsulated in salt crystals. Artificial neural networks were in this study used to optimize practically significant spray-drying regimes of the C50-carotenoids producer Halobacterium salinarum. Immediately after drying, the samples contained up to 54% halobacterial biomass and less than 5% moisture, and the level of preservation of carotenoids was 95-97%. The storage of biomass at 4 °C resulted in the gradual degradation of the carotenoids, which reached 58-64% in the best samples after 1 year. A comprehensive study of changes in halobacteria biomass after spray drying and the nature of the damage provided new data on the survival and preservation of cells and biologically active substances in the various spray-drying regimes and at different storage times.