[Two Cases of Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Colon and Rectum].

We report 2 cases of neuroendocrine carcinoma(NEC)of colon and rectum with distant metastasis. The treatment of NEC with distant metastasis is based on the treatment of small cell lung cancer, but that is controversial because NEC is relatively rare. Case 1: A 75-year-old man who was admitted for anal pain. Physical examination showed the anal tumor and swelling inguinal lymph nodes. CT showed rectum tumor and multiple lymph node metastases to the pelvis and inguinal region. Colonoscopy showed a Type 3 tumor in the rectum. He was diagnosed with NEC based on biopsy and immunostaining. Colostomy was performed for pain relief and etoposide/cisplatin(EP)therapy was introduced. After 6 courses of the chemotherapy, CT showed progression of the tumor, then we made the shift to palliative treatment. Case 2: A 69-year-old man who was admitted for abdominal pain and back pain. CT showed transverse colon tumor with multiple metastases to the liver, lung, and lymph nodes. Colonoscopy showed a circumferential tumor in the transverse colon. He was diagnosed with NEC based on biopsy and immunostaining. He refused chemotherapy and died 2 months later.

[A Case of BRAF-Mutated Obstructive Colon Cancer with Liver Metastases Treated with Multidisciplinary Therapy].

A 39-year-old woman visited our hospital with complaints of nausea, vomiting, and lower abdominal pain for 2 weeks. Abdominal CT revealed thickening of the transverse colonic wall, dilated bowel, and a metastatic ischemic tumor in the liver (S7). We diagnosed her with obstructive colon cancer, clinical Stage Ⅳa(T, type 2, cT3, N0, M1a[liver]). At first, we placed a self-expanding metallic stent(SEMS)to decompress bowel obstructions. We planned a surgical resection of the primary tumor followed by partial resection of the liver. We performed a laparoscopic right hemicolectomy(D3)24 days after the stenting. Pathologically, we diagnosed her with BRAF-mutated colon cancer, pStage Ⅳa(pT4a, N1b[2/43], M1a[liver]). On completion of 4 courses of mFOLFOXIRI and bevacizumab, we confirmed a reduction of the S7 tumor but found a new tumor in S6. Since the tumors were potentially resectable, we performed partial liver resection(S6, S7)1 month later. A month following the hepatectomy, CT revealed a new tumor in S4. The patient has been receiving general chemotherapy (CapeOX and bevacizumab)without disease progression for 6 months. We experienced a challenging case of BRAF- mutated obstructive colon cancer with liver metastases.

[A Successful Case of Multimodal Therapy for Multiple Hypervascular Tumor of Unknown Primary Origin in the Liver].

We experienced a successful case in which the patient was treated with a combination of operation and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for a hypervascular tumor of unknown primary origin in the liver; we report this case with a literature review. A 76-year-old man noticed an upper abdominal tumor and he visited our department for detailed examination. Enhanced CT scan showed multiple hypervascular tumors scattered across both lobes of the liver, and the pattern of contrast effect implied that the tumors were primary neuroendocrine tumors or endocrine metastases. Gastroscopy and colonoscopy showed no tumor in the intestine. TACE was performed mainly for the tumors in the right lobe. One month later, we performed left lateral segmentectomy and partial hepatectomy for segment 6. Histopathological findings showed that the tumors in the left lateral segment had neuroendocrine properties, and the tumor in segment 6 was necrosed. One year has passed since the surgery without recurrence of neuroendocrine tumors in the liver or other organs.

[A Case of Long-Term Survival of a Postoperative Recurrence of Duodenal Papilla Adenosquamous Carcinoma Associated with the Annular Pancreas].

A woman in her mid-50's presented to our hospital with jaundice, fatigue, and fever. Jaundice, elevated tumor markers, and lower bile duct stricture suggested malignancy, for which subtotal stomach-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed. The patient also had annular pancreas as the second part of the duodenum was surrounded by pancreatic parenchyma. The histopathological diagnosis was adenosquamous carcinoma of the duodenal papilla associated with annular pancreas. Adjuvant chemotherapy with TS-1 was administered for 1 year. Although para-aortic lymph node metastasis was detected radiographically 3 years 9 months after surgery, the recurrence remains under control and she is alive at 5 years 9 months after surgery due to multidisciplinary therapy.

[A Case of Advanced Gastric Cancer with Right Gastroepiploic Vein Tumor Thrombus Treated by Preoperative S-1 plus CDDP That Resulted in Pathological Complete Response].

We report a case of advanced gastric cancer with right gastroepiploic vein tumor thrombus treated using preoperative S-1 plus cisplatin(CDDP)in which pathological complete response was achieved. A 78-year-old man was diagnosed with type 2 gastric cancer located at the greater curvature of the antrum, accompanied by right gastroepiploic vein tumor thrombus. Four courses of S-1 plus CDDP were administered as neoadjuvant chemotherapy. After 2 courses, computed tomography(CT) revealed the disappearance of the tumor in the right gastroepiploic vein thrombus. Distal gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenec- tomy was performed, and the diagnosis was pathological complete response(CR). Eight courses of S-1(100mg/day on days 1-28, followed by 2 weeks of rest)were administered as adjuvant chemotherapy. During the 1-year postoperative follow up, the patient showed no recurrence. An S-1 plus CDDP regimen can be a useful preoperative chemotherapy option for advanced gastric cancer with tumor vein thrombus.

[Intrahepatic Bile Duct Metastasis from Rectal Adenocarcinoma Eight Years after Curative Operation].

A 60-year-old male undergoing pelvic evisceration with D3 lymph node dissection for pR0 in 2006f or carcinoma of the rectum was diagnosed pathologically with moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, fStage ⅡA(UICC pT3, pN0, M0). Follow-up CT revealed hypovascular liver tumors with intrahepatic bile duct dilation in the right lobe 8 years after the pelvic evisceration. We conducted right lobe hepatectomy. The resected specimens showed that the tumor extended predominantly along the right intrahepatic bile duct. Histological findings and an immunohistochemical examination of CK7, CK20, and CDX2 revealed metastasis of the rectum cancer. We finally diagnosed him with intrahepatic bile duct metastasis from rectal adenocarcinoma.

[A Case of Cecal Cancer with Simultaneous Liver Metastases Successfully Treated with Multidisciplinary Therapy Including Two-Stage Hepatectomy].

We report a case of colon cancer with simultaneous liver metastases successfully treated with multidisciplinary therapy including two-stage hepatectomy. This is a case of a 72-year-old woman diagnosed with type 1 cecal cancer with 2 simulta- neous liver metastases(S4/8: 98mm, S3: 63mm). At first, laparoscopic resection of the primary site was performed to prevent colon ileus. Liver metastases rapidly grew and became unresectable; fortunately, 11 courses of mFOLFOX6 and bevacizu- mab were effective and liver metastases shrunk(S4/8: 85mm, S3: 67mm). At last, two-stage hepatectomy was performed as conversion surgery, and the patient survived without recurrence for more than 2 years.

[Two Cases of Aneurysm Rupture in Advanced Colorectal Cancer Successfully Treated with Selective Trans-Catheter Arterial Embolization].

We report 2 successful cases treated with trans-catheter arterial embolization(TAE)for hemorrhagic shock due to pseudoaneurysm rupture at the primary tumor site in advanced colorectal cancer. Case 1: A 73-year-old female underwent Hartmann surgery at another hospital for rectal perforation and peritonitis. Six months later, she had a massive bloody stool and was transferred to our hospital. She was diagnosed with bleeding from advanced rectal cancer that remained following the first surgery. Contrast computed tomography(CT)showed that a branch of the superior rectal artery(SRA)developed an aneurysm at the primary tumor site, and TAE was performed to stop bleeding on hospital day 3. Case 2: A 79-year-old male with type 2 sigmoid colon cancer and simultaneous multiple liver metastases developed copious blood in the stool before primary tumor resection and was transferred to our hospital. Contrast CT showed that a branch of the SRA developed an aneurysm at the primary tumor site, and TAE was immediately performed to stop bleeding.

[A Case of Perforated Gastric MALT Lymphoma with Total Gastrectomy].

A 62-year-old man presented with complaints of acute abdominal pain. Abdominal enhanced CT showed free air in the abdominal cavity, a thickened stomach wall accompanied by deep ulcer, and enlarged lymph nodes around the stomach. Emergent surgery was conducted, and a perforation in the upper part of the stomach was found. Total gastrectomy was performed. On pathological examination, a mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma was diagnosed. Histologic examination revealed the absence of Helicobacter pylori in the gastric mucosa. After the operation, adjuvant chemotherapy was not administered. However, he has been well for 11 months without any recurrence. Gastric MALT lymphoma with spontaneous perforation is considered extremely rare. A brief review of the literature is presented.

[A Case of Extrarenal Retroperitoneal Angiomyolipoma].

We report a rare case of a extrarenal retroperitoneal angiomyolipoma. A 64-year-old female visited our hospital because of an abdominal mass in her lower right abdomen. Enhanced CT scan revealed a 67×52mm tumor in lower right retroperitoneal space. MRI revealed adipose component in the tumor on T1 weighted images and T2 weighted images. Our preoperative diagnosis was retroperitoneal liposarcoma, and we performed retroperitoneal tumor resection. At operation the tumor was on the fossa iliaca, which was covered with capsule. It did not invade surrounding tissues. The resected tumor measured 90× 60×45 mm, and tiny hemorrhage was seen in the tumor. Histopathological findings showed that the tumor was composed of a mixture of adipose tissue, vessels, and smooth muscle. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the tumor was stained with asmooth muscle actin(aSMA). We diagnosed the tumor as extrarenal retroperitoneal angiomyolipoma.

[A Case of Non-Functioning Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Accompanied by Stenosis of the Main Pancreatic Duct].

We experienced a rare case of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor(pNET)in which stenosis of the main pancreatic duct occurred despite the tumor diameter being less than 1 cm; therefore, here, we report this case with some literature review.A 41-year-old woman showed dilation of the main pancreatic duct on an abdominal ultrasound as part of a health examination, and she visited our department for a more detailed examination.Enhanced CT scan showed a 7mm subtle enhancing mass in the head of the pancreas and the upstream main pancreatic duct was dilated up to 7 mm.ERCP and MRCP images also showed a dilated main pancreas duct.We suspected that her tumor was a pNET.We decided not to perform surgery immediately. After 6 months of follow-up, the tumor size increased to 10 mm; therefore, we performed subtotal stomach-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy considering the possibility of pancreatic cancer.Histopathological findings showed that the pancreatic tumor had the property of a neuroendocrine tumor and the proliferated fibrous stroma around it caused the pancreas duct stenosis.

[Resection of Pancreatic Metastasis from Renal Cell Carcinoma 21 Years after Nephrectomy].

We report a case where resection was performed for pancreatic metastasis from renal cell carcinoma 21 years after nephrectomy. A 72-year-old man had undergone total gastrectomy with distal pancreatomy and splenectomy for gastric cancer, and right nephrectomy for primary renal cell carcinoma in 1993. Incidentally, a CT scan performed in 2014 revealed a tumor in the head of the pancreas. Enhanced MRI suggested that the tumor contained some fat tissue. The tumor in the pancreatic body had sharp margins; therefore, we performed subtotal pancreatectomy. The tumor was considered pancreatic metastasis from renal cell carcinoma. Pathological findings indicated clear-cell type carcinoma(G1-G2), which is very similar to renal cell carcinoma. We diagnosed pancreatic metastasis from renal cell carcinoma. The patient has remained well, with no recurrence 20 months after the pancreatectomy.

[A Case of Brain Metastases from Pancreatic Cancer That Had Been Treated Effectively with FOLFIRINOX].

We report a case of multiple brain metastases from pancreatic cancer, which had responded remarkably to FOLFIRINOX. A 47-year-old man had hypovascular tumors, 25 mm on the body and 23 mm on the uncus of the pancreas; multiple liver metastases; and skin metastasis. A diagnosis of unresectable pancreatic cancer, cT4N3M1 (HEP, LYM, PUL, SKI), cStage Ⅳb was made. We chose FOLFIRINOX for treatment because of his young age and good performance status. After 6 courses, he showed decreasing tumor marker levels, an almost complete disappearance of the primary lesion, and reduced liver metastases. After 8 courses, abnormal behaviors were noted and we performed a head contrast-enhanced MRI, which revealed diffuse enhancement of the cerebral and cerebellar hemisphere. Multiple brain metastases from pancreatic cancer were diagnosed. We made the shift to palliative treatment, but his general condition was worsening and he died a month later, 7 months after the first diagnosis.

Unusual bleeding from hepaticojejunostomy controlled by adult variable stiffness colonoscopy: report of a case and literature review.

We herein present a case of a 59-year-old man who had undergone pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy with regional lymph node dissection prior to episodes of melena. Series of conventional endoscopic investigations failed to identify the bleeding source. Enhanced computed tomography scan revealed complete obstruction of the main portal vein with numerous collateral veins running towards the hepatic hilus. Comprehensively, hemorrhage from the jejunal varices caused by postoperative portal hypertension was highly suspected. As the jejunal loop was out of reach, adult variable-stiffness colonoscope (AVSC) was utilized to solve the Roux-en-Y anatomy. Numerous telangiectasis and small varices at hepaticojejunostomy were observed and in the mean time, bleeding was noticed and endoclips were placed without any delay. Ectopic variceal bleeding in jejunal loop after pancreaticoduodenectomy is difficult to manage. We believe that AVSC is an alternative device when specialized jejunal endoscopy is not available.

Primary papillary hyperplasia of the gallbladder mimicking gallbladder cancer.

Primary papillary hyperplasia of the gallbladder (PPHG) is a rare entity. PPHG is a benign diffuse mucosal projection without any background chronic inflammation-related disease of the gallbladder or bile ducts. Reported cases of PPHG are limited in that its characteristics are not well defined. We herein report a case of PPHG mimicking gallbladder cancer in radiologic investigations and present a review of the literature. Also coincident erythroderma is discussed.

[A case of scirrhous stomach cancer with follicular lymphoma of the duodenum].

The patient was a 73-year-old woman with hematemesis, who was brought to our hospital by an ambulance. Emergency upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed, and a thickened wall and multiple ulcers were noted in the middle- lower region of the stomach body. The biopsy revealed gastric cancer (por), and the macroscopic depth of invasion was up to the subserosal layer. Multiple white granular protruding lesions were observed in the duodenal bulb and were diagnosed as follicular lymphoma by biopsy. As follicular lymphoma generally takes a long time to progress in many cases, the vital prognosis would be determined by the gastric cancer. Thus, total gastrectomy was performed for gastric cancer. For reconstruction, the double-tract method was used. Duodenal follicular lymphoma was continuously monitored by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Here, we describe the case of a patient with a complication of follicular lymphoma arising from duodenal and gastric cancer, which is very rare, and report this case along with a literature review.

[A case of intussusception caused by low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm with high serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen resected by laparoscopy-assisted colectomy].

The patient was a 43-year-old woman who visited our hospital with a primary complaint of intermittent abdominal pain. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed mild gastritis. The patient was treated with oral drugs, and the course was followed. Subsequently, the abdominal pain aggravated, and computed tomography (CT) was performed, in which right colic intussusception with a 4 cm cystic mass in the advanced portion was noted. Reduction by enema was attempted on the same day; however, a residual tumorous lesion was present in the ileocecal region. The patient was diagnosed with a cecal submucosal tumor with intussusception, and therefore, laparoscopic surgery was performed. Intussusception of the entire appendix in the ascending colon was noted, for which laparoscopic ileocecal resection was performed. In the excised specimen, a cystic lesion comprising the appendix filled with mucus was present. The postoperative recovery was favorable, and the patient was discharged on the seventh postoperative day. The lesion was histopathologically diagnosed as low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm.

[A case of locally advanced colorectal cancer with abscess responding to 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin plus bevacizumab].

We encountered a case of colorectal cancer with pelvic abscess treated with radical surgery following colostomy and chemotherapy. The patient was a man in his 60s with advanced rectal cancer. The tumor had expanded locally and formed an abscess. We evaluated the primary lesion as unresectable, and performed chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil, Leucovorin, and oxaliplatin( mFOLFOX) plus bevacizumab after colostomy. After 13 courses of chemotherapy, the tumor shrank remarkably. We performed a low anterior resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy with capecitabine. The patient has had no recurrence for 18 months after surgery.

[A patient with unresectable progressive advanced rectal cancer maintained in a state of remission by using combination therapy].

We report the case of a patient with unresectable progressive advanced rectal cancer, who has been able to maintain a good quality of life because of combination therapy, including chemoradiotherapy. A 52-year-old woman was diagnosed with progressive locally advanced rectal cancer and invasion of the adnexa of the uterus and the left ureter. No distant metastasis was detected. Colostomy was performed, followed by chemoradiotherapy combined with S-1; then, mFOLFOX6 +bevacizumab (BV) therapy was administered. Aggravation of bilateral hydronephrosis was detected upon completion of 2 courses of treatment, and therefore, percutaneous nephrostomy of the right kidney was performed. After the patient underwent 20 courses of treatment, imaging showed a reduction in the size of the lesion, and the CEA level returned to normal. Later, remission was sustained by sLV5FU2+BV therapy and oral administration of S-1. As a result, we were able to remove the nephrostomy tube from the right kidney in February 2011. Four years after initiation of the treatment, the patient has shown no indication of recurrence.

[A case of simultaneous resection of pancreatic tail and transverse hematogenous metastasis].

CASE: A 51-year-old male patient visited our hospital after a positive result for a stool test for occult blood. Subsequent lower gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a neoplastic lesion in the transverse colon, and abdominal computed tomography revealed a tumor in the tail of the pancreas. Since there was the possibility of multiple cancers with pancreatic cancer and transverse colon cancer, resection of pancreatic tail and transverse colectomy were performed. Histopathological findings: The pancreatic lesion was found to be a moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma, and the lesion in the transverse colon was mainly located in the submucosal layer. In light of the principal lesion having the same histopathological characteristics as the pancreatic lesion, it was diagnosed as hematogenous metastasis of pancreatic cancer to transverse colon. Postoperative course: After 9 courses of 3-week administration of gemcitabine(GEM) and 1-week cessation, he developed hepatic metastasis. The treatment with GEM+S-1 was additionally repeated 7 times, but the patient was not responsive to the treatment, and died 1 year and 6 months after his first visit to our hospital. CONCLUSION: Surgery is not generally indicated in patients with pancreatic cancer with hematogenous metastasis. In this case, a comparatively long-term survival period was achieved after simultaneous resections.