Brain Metastasis in a Young Patient: Consider the Rectum.

Approximately 20% of patients with newly diagnosed colorectal cancer present with distant metastatic disease. Brain metastasis from colorectal cancer is uncommon and usually associated with metachronous metastases in other organs. We describe a rare case of a 49-year-old patient presenting with headaches and left-sided weakness found to have a solitary brain metastasis from primary rectal cancer. Primary rectal cancer, young age, lung and liver metastases, and KRAS mutation are risk factors associated with brain metastases in patients with colorectal cancer. Intracranial imaging should be considered as part of the workup in the staging of colorectal cancer in patients who are at high risk of brain metastasis.

Two Cases of Bleeding Angiodysplasias Within Duodenal Diverticulum.

Although duodenal diverticula are relatively common, the bleeding complications from duodenal diverticula are exceedingly rare. We report 2 cases of obscure upper gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to angiodysplasias within a duodenal diverticula. These cases highlight the importance of considering duodenal diverticular angiodysplasias as a clinically significant etiology for upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Adherence to Appropriate Nutrition in Acute Alcoholic Hepatitis is Low.

Malnutrition is a common cause of impeding recovery in patients with acute alcoholic hepatitis (AAH). Previous reports have shown that appropriate nutritional supplementation reduce short and long-term mortality in patients with AAH. Despite these clear recommendations, the element of nutrition in AAH is often neglected. We designed a quality improvement project to evaluate and improve compliance with appropriate nutrition in patients presenting with AAH at our institution. Patients admitted with AAH between December 2015 to December 2016 were included. Our primary outcome was compliance with appropriate nutrition. Secondary outcomes included nutrition consultation and hepatology consultation. A total of fifty-four patients were included. Nine of the 53 patients (17%) received high calorie and high protein diets. Hepatology was consulted in 72% (38/53) of the patients, and 21% (8/38) of these patients received appropriate nutrition as compared to only 8.3% (1/12) in whom hepatology was not consulted. Nutrition was consulted in 55% (29/53) of these patients and 67% (19/28) of those patients received appropriate nutrition. In conclusion, our compliance of appropriate nutrition in AAH is low. Our initial investigation suggests that hepatology and nutrition consultation improved compliance with appropriate nutrition. The next step will be to implement protocolized care for appropriate nutrition in AAH by incorporating consultation of hepatology and nutrition services, assess the effect on adherence to appropriate nutrition, and determine the impact on patient outcomes.

Longitudinal Analysis of Erythrocyte and Plasma Protoporphyrin Levels in Patients with Protoporphyria.

BACKGROUND: Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) and X-linked protoporphyria (XLP) are inherited cutaneous porphyrias resulting from decreased activity of ferrochelatase and gain-of-function mutations of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthase-2, respectively. Both of these protoporphyrias cause increased protoporphyrin levels that cause photosensitivity and may lead to hepatopathy and further increases in erythrocyte and plasma porphyrin levels. METHODS: We evaluated erythrocyte protoporphyrin and plasma porphyrin levels in all subjects with EPP (83 subjects) or XLP (9 subjects) without evidence of liver disease tested repeatedly at a single laboratory over 25 years. RESULTS: Intersubject variation contributed more than intrasubject variation (78.86% vs 21.14%) to overall variability, and longitudinal variability, estimated by CV, averaged 26%. Erythrocyte total protoporphyrin levels were similar in males and females with EPP (ratio, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.82-1.21; P = 0.96) but were higher in males than females with XLP, although this difference was not statistically significant (ratio, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.43-1.36; P = 0.35). Analysis of 20 subjects from 9 separate families showed significant effects of family compared with effects of individual variation on total variance (50% vs 25%; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Variation of erythrocyte total protoporphyrin up to 25% is expected in patients with protoporphyria, whereas greater increases might raise concern for protoporphyric hepatopathy.

Pitfalls in Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin Measurement for Diagnosis and Monitoring of Protoporphyrias.

BACKGROUND: Laboratory diagnosis of erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) requires a marked increase in total erythrocyte protoporphyrin (300-5000 µg/dL erythrocytes, reference interval <80 µg/dL) and a predominance (85%-100%) of metal-free protoporphyrin [normal, mostly zinc protoporphyrin (reference intervals for the zinc protoporphyrin proportion have not been established)]; plasma porphyrins are not always increased. X-linked protoporphyria (XLP) causes a similar increase in total erythrocyte protoporphyrin with a lower fraction of metal-free protoporphyrin (50%-85% of the total). CONTENT: In studying more than 180 patients with EPP and XLP, the Porphyrias Consortium found that erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentrations for some patients were much higher (4.3- to 46.7-fold) than indicated by previous reports provided by these patients. The discrepant earlier reports, which sometimes caused the diagnosis to be missed initially, were from laboratories that measure protoporphyrin only by hematofluorometry, which is intended primarily to screen for lead poisoning. However, the instrument can calculate results on the basis of assumed hematocrits and reports results as "free" and "zinc" protoporphyrin (with different reference intervals), implying separate measurements of metal-free and zinc protoporphyrin. Such misleading reports impair diagnosis and monitoring of patients with protoporphyria. SUMMARY: We suggest that laboratories should prioritize testing for EPP and XLP, because accurate measurement of erythrocyte total and metal-free protoporphyrin is essential for diagnosis and monitoring of these conditions, but less important for other disorders. Terms and abbreviations used in reporting erythrocyte protoporphyrin results should be accurately defined.