Association of Income Level and Ischemic Heart Disease: Potential Role of Walkability. / Associação de Nível de Renda e Doença Isquêmica do Coração: Papel Potencial da Caminhabilidade.

BACKGROUND: Association of Income Level and Ischemic Heart Disease: Potential Role of Walkability Association of ischemic heart disease (adjusted for traditional risk factors and socioeconomics variables) and income level (A), and walkability z-score (B), and association of walkability z-score and income level (C). BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic status has been linked to ischemic heart disease (IHD). High-income neighborhoods may expose individuals to a walking-promoting built environment for daily activities (walkability). Data from the association between income and IHD is lacking in middle-income countries. It is also uncertain whether walkability mediates this association. OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether income is associated with IHD in a middle-income country and whether neighborhood walkability mediates the income-IHD association. METHODS: This cross-sectional study evaluated 44,589 patients referred for myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT-MPI). Income and walkability were derived from participants' residential census tract. Walkability quantitative score combined 4 variables: street connectivity, residential density, commercial density, and mixed land use. IHD was defined by abnormal myocardial perfusion during a SPECT-MPI study. We used adjusted mixed effects models to evaluate the association between income level and IHD, and we performed a mediation analysis to measure the percentage of the income-IHD association mediated by walkability. We considered p values below 0.01 as statistically significant. RESULTS: From 26,415 participants, those living in the lowest-income tertile census tract were more physically inactive (79.1% versus 75.8% versus 72.7%) when compared to higher-income tertile census tracts (p < 0.001). Income was associated with IHD (odds ratio: 0.91 [95% confidence interval: 0.87 to 0.96] for each 1,000.00 international dollars increase in income) for both men and women equally (p for interaction = 0.47). Census tracts with a higher income were associated with better walkability (p < 0.001); however, walkability did not mediate the income-IHD association (percent mediated = -0.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Income was independently associated with higher prevalence of IHD in a middle-income country irrespective of gender. Although walkability was associated with census tract income, it did not mediate the income-IHD association.

Associação de Nível de Renda e Doença Isquêmica do Coração: Papel Potencial da Caminhabilidade / Association of Income Level and Ischemic Heart Disease: Potential Role of Walkability

Resumo Fundamento O nível socioeconômico tem sido associado à doença isquêmica do coração (DIC). Bairros de alta renda podem expor os indivíduos a um ambiente construído que promova caminhadas para atividades diárias (caminhabilidade). Faltam dados sobre a associação entre renda e DIC em países de renda média. Também é incerto se a caminhabilidade medeia essa associação. Objetivos Investigar se a renda está associada à DIC em um país de renda média e se a caminhabilidade dos bairros medeia a associação entre renda e DIC. Métodos O presente estudo transversal avaliou 44.589 pacientes encaminhados para imagem de perfusão miocárdica (SPECT-MPI). A renda e a caminhabilidade foram derivadas do setor censitário residencial dos participantes. A pontuação quantitativa da caminhabilidade combinou as seguintes 4 variáveis: conectividade viária, densidade residencial, densidade comercial e uso misto do solo. A DIC foi definida pela presença de perfusão miocárdica anormal durante um estudo SPECT-MPI. Utilizamos modelos ajustados com efeitos mistos para avaliar a associação entre nível de renda e DIC e realizamos uma análise de mediação para medir o percentual da associação entre renda e DIC mediada pela caminhabilidade. Consideramos valores de p abaixo de 0,01 como estatisticamente significativos. Resultados Dos 26.415 participantes, aqueles que residiam no setor censitário do tercil de menor renda eram mais fisicamente inativos (79,1% versus 75,8% versus 72,7%) quando comparados aos setores censitários do tercil de maior renda (p < 0,001). A renda foi associada à DIC (odds ratio: 0,91 [intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,87 a 0,96] para cada aumento de 1000,00 dólares internacionais na renda), para homens e mulheres igualmente (p para interação = 0,47). Os setores censitários com maior renda estiveram associados a uma melhor caminhabilidade (p < 0,001); no entanto, a caminhabilidade não mediou a associação entre renda e DIC (porcentagem mediada = −0,3%). Conclusões A renda foi independentemente associada a maior prevalência de DIC em um país de renda média, independentemente de gênero. Embora a caminhabilidade tenha sido associada à renda do setor censitário, ela não mediou a associação entre renda e DIC.

Abstract Background Socioeconomic status has been linked to ischemic heart disease (IHD). High-income neighborhoods may expose individuals to a walking-promoting built environment for daily activities (walkability). Data from the association between income and IHD is lacking in middle-income countries. It is also uncertain whether walkability mediates this association. Objectives To investigate whether income is associated with IHD in a middle-income country and whether neighborhood walkability mediates the income-IHD association. Methods This cross-sectional study evaluated 44,589 patients referred for myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT-MPI). Income and walkability were derived from participants' residential census tract. Walkability quantitative score combined 4 variables: street connectivity, residential density, commercial density, and mixed land use. IHD was defined by abnormal myocardial perfusion during a SPECT-MPI study. We used adjusted mixed effects models to evaluate the association between income level and IHD, and we performed a mediation analysis to measure the percentage of the income-IHD association mediated by walkability. We considered p values below 0.01 as statistically significant. Results From 26,415 participants, those living in the lowest-income tertile census tract were more physically inactive (79.1% versus 75.8% versus 72.7%) when compared to higher-income tertile census tracts (p < 0.001). Income was associated with IHD (odds ratio: 0.91 [95% confidence interval: 0.87 to 0.96] for each 1,000.00 international dollars increase in income) for both men and women equally (p for interaction = 0.47). Census tracts with a higher income were associated with better walkability (p < 0.001); however, walkability did not mediate the income-IHD association (percent mediated = −0.3%). Conclusions Income was independently associated with higher prevalence of IHD in a middle-income country irrespective of gender. Although walkability was associated with census tract income, it did not mediate the income-IHD association.

Psychological distress and fear of Covid-19 in student nurses before clinical placement: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the degree of psychological distress and fear of COVID-19 experienced by undergraduate student nurses who were about to begin their clinical placements. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 100 second- and third-year undergraduate student nurses of the University of Zaragoza (Spain). Measures included the Fear of COVID-19 Scale and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. RESULTS: Regularly, student nurses did not think of themselves as vulnerable to COVID-19. However, a significant association was observed between the student nurses' level of psychological distress and cohabiting with relatives or people who were considered vulnerable to the infection (p = 0.035). The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale results revealed a low level of psychological distress in general; the Fear of COVID-19 Scale indicated moderate fear (2.94). CONCLUSION: Student nurses who lived with their relatives experienced higher levels of stress due to the perceived risk of transmission, but were less fearful of loss of work and income. Anxiety in our sample was associated principally with not knowing their upcoming placement location.

Psychological distress and fear of Covid-19 in student nurses before clinical placement: a cross-sectional study / Sofrimento psicológico e medo da Covid-19 em estudantes de enfermagem antes do estágio clínica: um estudo transversal / Distrés psicológico y miedo a la Covid-19 en estudiantes de enfermería antes de la colocación clínica: un estudio transversal

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the degree of psychological distress and fear of COVID-19 experienced by undergraduate student nurses who were about to begin their clinical placements. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 100 second- and third-year undergraduate student nurses of the University of Zaragoza (Spain). Measures included the Fear of COVID-19 Scale and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Results: Regularly, student nurses did not think of themselves as vulnerable to COVID-19. However, a significant association was observed between the student nurses' level of psychological distress and cohabiting with relatives or people who were considered vulnerable to the infection (p = 0.035). The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale results revealed a low level of psychological distress in general; the Fear of COVID-19 Scale indicated moderate fear (2.94). Conclusion: Student nurses who lived with their relatives experienced higher levels of stress due to the perceived risk of transmission, but were less fearful of loss of work and income. Anxiety in our sample was associated principally with not knowing their upcoming placement location.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar el grado de angustia psicológica y miedo al COVID-19 que experimentan los estudiantes de pregrado de enfermería que estaban a punto de empezar sus prácticas clínicas. Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal en 100 estudiantes de enfermería de segundo y tercer año de la Universidad de Zaragoza (España). Las medidas incluyeron la Escala de Miedo a la COVID-19 y la Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés. Resultados: Normalmente, los estudiantes de enfermería no se consideraban vulnerables a la COVID-19. Sin embargo, se observó una asociación significativa entre el nivel de distrés psicológico de los estudiantes de enfermería y la convivencia con familiares o personas percibidas como vulnerables a la infección (p = 0,035). Los resultados del Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés revelaron un bajo nivel de distrés psicológico en general; la Escala de Miedo a la COVID-19 indicó un miedo moderado (2,94). Conclusión: Los estudiantes de enfermería que vivían con sus familiares experimentaron mayores niveles de estrés debido al riesgo percibido de transmisión, pero tenían menos miedo a la pérdida de trabajo e ingresos. La ansiedad en nuestra muestra se asoció principalmente con el desconocimiento de su próxima ubicación de colocación.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar o grau de sofrimento psicológico e medo da COVID-19 experimentado por estudantes de enfermagem que estavam prestes a iniciar seus estágios clínicos. Método: Um estudo transversal foi realizado em 100 estudantes de enfermagem do segundo e terceiro anos da Universidade de Zaragoza (Espanha). As medidas incluíram a Escala de Medo da COVID-19 e as escalas de Depressão, Ansiedade e Estresse. Resultados: Regularmente, os estudantes de enfermagem não se consideravam vulneráveis à COVID-19. No entanto, observou-se associação significativa entre o nível de sofrimento psicológico dos estudantes de enfermagem e a convivência com familiares ou pessoas percebidas como vulneráveis à infecção (p = 0,035). Os resultados da Escala de Depressão, Ansiedade e Estresse revelaram um baixo nível de sofrimento psicológico em geral; a Escala de Medo da COVID-19 indicou um medo moderado (2,94). Conclusão: Estudantes de enfermagem que moravam com seus familiares experimentaram níveis mais altos de estresse devido ao risco percebido de transmissão, mas tinham menos medo de perda de trabalho e renda. A ansiedade em nossa amostra foi associada principalmente ao desconhecimento de seu próximo local de estágio.

Odontopediatras e técnicas aversivas no controle do comportamento infantil

Avaliar o perfil dos odontopediatras e o uso das técnicas aversivas para o controle do comportamento no cotidiano clínico. Sujeitos e método: foi realizado um estudo transversal, censitário, realizado com 33 odontopediatras atuantes na cidade de João Pessoa, regularmente inscritos no Conselho Regional de Odontologia da Paraíba. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário, objetivando avaliar: dados sociodemográficos; seleção e indicação das técnicas aversivas; ansiedade do odontopediatra e o consentimento e aceitação das técnicas aversivas pelas crianças/responsáveis. A análise dos dados foi realizada por estatística descritiva. Resultados: os odontopediatras foram representados principalmente pelo sexo feminino (93,9%), graduados há mais de 10 anos (84,8%) e com especialização (45,5%). Entre os profissionais, 84,8% utilizavam as técnicas aversivas, destes, 75,0% utilizavam as técnicas em pelo menos dois a cada 10 pacientes. No entanto, apenas 66,6% consideraram a abordagem do assunto suficiente durante a pós/graduação. A técnica aversiva mais escolhida pelos profissionais foi a contenção de braços, pernas e cabeça sem dispositivos específicos (53,6%), a principal indica- ção foi para crianças birrentas e agressivas (39,3%) e os profissionais relataram baixa ansiedade para execução das técnicas (46,4%). A maioria dos odontopediatras (60,7%) não solicitava a assinatura do termo de consentimento. Além disso, 92,9% afirmaram que a estabilização protetora não era rejeitada pelos pais, como também, 92,9% não consideraram que a estabilização protetora prejudicasse a aceitação do tratamento odontológico posterior da família do paciente. Conclusão: foi comum os odontopediatras utilizarem as técnicas aversivas para o controle comportamental, porém poucos solicitavam a autorização pelo termo de consentimento.

Percepções das gestantes e puérperas sobre a saúde bucal infantil: influência das condições sociodemográficas

Verificar a associação entre as condições sociodemográficas e a percepção de gestantes e puérperas sobre a saúde bucal dos seus filhos. Sujeitos e método: estudo transversal, censitário, realizado com 100 gestantes e puérperas, atendidas em Maternidade pública de referência no Nordeste do Brasil. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista. A análise dos dados envolveu estatística descritiva e inferencial, através do teste Qui-Quadrado (α=0,05). Resultado: observou-se, das investigadas, considerável conhecimento sobre a saúde bucal na infância. E, considerando as variáveis sociodemográficas, a escolaridade das mães apresentou associação com a questão relacionada ao momento para início dos cuidados bucais (p=0,03). No que diz respeito à renda familiar, foi encontrada associação dessa com as questões relacionadas à higiene dos dentes antes da erupção dentária (p=0,03) e ao momento para início dos cuidados bucais (p=0,04). A principal dúvida das mães em relação ao tema, foi sobre a adequada forma de higienização bucal das crianças (40,6%). Como sugestão para terem acesso a informações, essas propuseram principalmente a realização de palestras na sala de espera dos serviços de assistência médico-hospitalar (23,0%). Conclusão: as mães apresentaram um considerável domínio do tema. Em relação aos dados sociodemográficos, a escolaridade materna foi associada ao início dos cuidados bucais dos filhos, enquanto a renda foi associada à higiene dos dentes antes da erupção dentária e ao momento para início dos cuidados bucais.

Déficit de ornitina transcarbamilasa: Caso clínico / Ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency: A clinical case

Los trastornos del ciclo de la urea suponen hasta el 60% de las hiperamoniernias graves neonatales. La base de los trastornos de este ciclo deriva en el déficit de una de sus enzimas. El déficit de la enzima ornitina transcarbamilasa es el más frecuente. Su pronóstico dependerá del grado de deficiencia enzimOtica, la edad, la precocidad del diagnóstico e inicio del tratamiento. Presentamos el caso de un adolescente que, a partir de un cuadro de parálisis facial periférica tratado con prednisona, presentó agravamiento de su estado general y falleció a los pocos días. Las cifras elevadas de amoniaco en sangre hicieron sospechar tardíamente de una alteración congénita del ciclo de la urea, que fue confirmada por su estudio genético post mortem. Se estudiaron los familiares y se asesoró a los afectos y portadores. Reflexionamos sobre la importancia de los programas de cribado neonatal y la posibilidad de aplicarlos en la detección de los errores congénitos del metabolismo.(AU)

Disorders of urea cycle account for up to 60% of severe neonatal hyperamoniemias. The base of this cycle disorders results in a deficit of its enzymes. Deficiency of the enzyme ornithine transcarbamylase is the most frequently detected. The prognosis depends on the degree of enzyme deficiency, age, early diagnosis and initiation of treatment. We report the case of a teenager who was treated with prednisone because of a peripheral facial palsy. He showed a progressive worsening and died a few days later. The high levels of ammonia made suspect a congenital disorder of urea cycle. The postmortem genetic study confirmed it. We studied the family and advised carriers. We reflect about the importance of the neonatal screening programs and their applicability for detection of inborn errors of metabolism.(AU)

Déficit de ornitina transcarbamilasa: Caso clínico / Ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency: A clinical case

Los trastornos del ciclo de la urea suponen hasta el 60% de las hiperamoniernias graves neonatales. La base de los trastornos de este ciclo deriva en el déficit de una de sus enzimas. El déficit de la enzima ornitina transcarbamilasa es el más frecuente. Su pronóstico dependerá del grado de deficiencia enzimàtica, la edad, la precocidad del diagnóstico e inicio del tratamiento. Presentamos el caso de un adolescente que, a partir de un cuadro de parálisis facial periférica tratado con prednisona, presentó agravamiento de su estado general y falleció a los pocos días. Las cifras elevadas de amoniaco en sangre hicieron sospechar tardíamente de una alteración congénita del ciclo de la urea, que fue confirmada por su estudio genético post mortem. Se estudiaron los familiares y se asesoró a los afectos y portadores. Reflexionamos sobre la importancia de los programas de cribado neonatal y la posibilidad de aplicarlos en la detección de los errores congénitos del metabolismo.

Disorders of urea cycle account for up to 60% of severe neonatal hyperamoniemias. The base of this cycle disorders results in a deficit of its enzymes. Deficiency of the enzyme ornithine transcarbamylase is the most frequently detected. The prognosis depends on the degree of enzyme deficiency, age, early diagnosis and initiation of treatment. We report the case of a teenager who was treated with prednisone because of a peripheral facial palsy. He showed a progressive worsening and died a few days later. The high levels of ammonia made suspect a congenital disorder of urea cycle. The postmortem genetic study confirmed it. We studied the family and advised carriers. We reflect about the importance of the neonatal screening programs and their applicability for detection of inborn errors of metabolism.

[Ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency. A clinical case]. / Déficit de ornitina transcarbamilasa. Caso clínico.

Disorders of urea cycle account for up to 60% of severe neonatal hyperamoniemias. The base of this cycle disorders results in a deficit of its enzymes. Deficiency of the enzyme ornithine transcarbamylase is the most frequently detected. The prognosis depends on the degree of enzyme deficiency, age, early diagnosis and initiation of treatment. We report the case of a teenager who was treated with prednisone because of a peripheral facial palsy. He showed a progressive worsening and died a few days later. The high levels of ammonia made suspect a congenital disorder of urea cycle. The postmortem genetic study confirmed it. We studied the family and advised carriers. We reflect about the importance of the neonatal screening programs and their applicability for detection of inborn errors of metabolism.

Déficit de ornitina transcarbamilasa: Caso clínico. / [Ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency: A clinical case].

Disorders of urea cycle account for up to 60

of severe neonatal hyperamoniemias. The base of this cycle disorders results in a deficit of its enzymes. Deficiency of the enzyme ornithine transcarbamylase is the most frequently detected. The prognosis depends on the degree of enzyme deficiency, age, early diagnosis and initiation of treatment. We report the case of a teenager who was treated with prednisone because of a peripheral facial palsy. He showed a progressive worsening and died a few days later. The high levels of ammonia made suspect a congenital disorder of urea cycle. The postmortem genetic study confirmed it. We studied the family and advised carriers. We reflect about the importance of the neonatal screening programs and their applicability for detection of inborn errors of metabolism.

[Percentile values for physical condition for Cali, Colombian children and adolescents]. / Percentiles de condición física de niños y adolescentes de Santiago de Cali, Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Baseline data for physical condition are not available for adolescents in Cali, Colombia. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop representative age- and sex- specific percentile baseline data for physical condition (mL.kg-1.min-¹) for urban adolescents aged 10-16 years. Materials and methods. The sample (n=1,773) consisted of 865 males and 908 females from the cross-sectional population survey, the IFRECNTEC Study (Identification of Risk Factors of Non-Transmissible Adult Chronic Diseases in School-age Populations in the City of de Cali), for whom the data for physical condition were recorded. Smoothed age- and sex- specific 5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 95th centile values where derived using least mean squares regression analysis. RESULTS: Percentile-based reference data for physical condition were presented for adolescent Colombian boys and girls for the first time. In males, the p50 of the PWC-170 (VO2max) ranged 49-43, and in females 52-40. A decreasing trend (~10%) in the p50 was seen in both sexes over 16 years of age. In general, more heterogeneity was present among males than females in terms of physical aptitude through VO2max test. CONCLUSION: The results established a baseline level of physical condition in adolescents that can be interpreted as an indicator of future cardiovascular health. They also recommend that the physical condition of Colombian adolescents must be improved to protect against cardiovascular disease in adulthood.

Inverse correlation between serum calcium and copper levels in male urban Colombian preschool children: relationships with anthropometry and age.

Copper and calcium are essential for human growth and development. The present study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between calcium and copper levels, as well as their relationship to age and anthropometry in 180 preschool children ages 2-5 years old. Serum copper levels were inversely correlated with age (r = -0.184, P = 0.032) and height (r = -0.175, P = 0.043) in the whole group and with height for age Z score only in male children (r = -0.291, P = 0.016). The correlation with age is not maintained when it is analyzed for gender. Serum calcium values in the total group were inversely correlated with weight (r = -0.153, P = 0.044) and weight for height Z score (r = -0.246, P = 0.001). No differences were found for gender in the levels of both metals. A negative relationship between serum calcium and copper was found only in male children (r = -0.339, P = 0.005). Studies are required in other populations and experimental designs that can explain an inverse relationship between serum calcium and copper levels.

Percentiles de condición física de niños y adolescentes de Santiago de Cali, Colombia / Percentile values for physical condition for Cali, Colombian children and adolescents

Introducción. Muchos estudios han mostrado la relación entre la condición física durante la infancia y adolescencia y el riesgo cardiovascular en la edad adulta. Objetivos. Determinar los valores por edad y sexo de la condición física de niños y adolescentes de 10 a 16 años de Cali, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo en 1.773 niños y adolescentes de ambos sexos, 865 niños y 908 niñas, pertenecientes al estudio Identificación de factores de riesgo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles del adulto en la población escolarizada de 10 a 16 años en el Municipio de Cali, Colombia (IFRECNTEC), a quienes se les determinó la condición física con la prueba de capacidad física de trabajo a una frecuencia cardiaca de 170 por minuto (Physical Working Capacity, the workload at a heart rate of 170 bpm, PWC170), como marcador del volumen máximo de oxígeno (VO2máx). Se calcularon los valores percentiles (5, 25, 50, 75, 90 y 95) con el método de los mínimos cuadrados (Least Mean Squares, LMS) por curvas centiles que representan la asimetría, la mediana y la viariabilidad, utilizando el paquete estadístico Growth Analyzer®. Resultados. Se presentan los datos percentiles de la condición física en menores de 10 a 16 años, por primera vez en esta población. En los de sexo masculino, el percentil 50 medido con la prueba de PWC170 (VO2máx) se situó entre 49 y 43 ml/kg por minuto, y en las de sexo femenino, entre 52 y 40 ml/kg por minuto. Por otro lado, hay una tendencia a la disminución (~10 %) en el percentil 50, en adolescentes de ambos sexos de 16 años de edad por VO2máx estimado. En general, en el sexo masculino hay más heterogeneidad que en el femenino, en términos de condición física mediante el VO2máx. Conclusión. Los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio permiten evaluar e interpretar correctamente la condición física de niños y adolescentes de 10 a 16 años. También, indican que la condición física de este grupo de edad en Colombia, se debe mejorar para ayudar a protegerlos contra las enfermedades cardiovasculares en la edad adulta.

Introduction. Baseline data for physical condition are not available for adolescents in Cali, Colombia. Objective. This study aimed to develop representative age- and sex- specific percentile baseline data for physical condition (mL•kg -1 •min -1 ) for urban adolescents aged 10-16 years. Materials and methods. The sample (n=1,773) consisted of 865 males and 908 females from the crosssectional population survey, the IFRECNTEC Study (Identification of Risk Factors of Non-Transmissible Adult Chronic Diseases in School-age Populations in the City of de Cali), for whom the data for physical condition were recorded. Smoothed age- and sex- specific 5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 95th centile values where derived using least mean squares regression analysis. Results. Percentile-based reference data for physical condition were presented for adolescent Colombian boys and girls for the first time. In males, the p50 of the PWC-170 (VO2 max) ranged 49- 43, and in females 52-40. A decreasing trend (~10%) in the p50 was seen in both sexes over 16 years of age. In general, more heterogeneity was present among males than females in terms of physical aptitude through VO2max test. Conclusion. The results established a baseline level of physical condition in adolescents that can be interpreted as an indicator of future cardiovascular health. They also recommend that the physical condition of Colombian adolescents must be improved to protect against cardiovascular disease in adulthood.