Enuresis: percepción y actitud en la población de nuestro país / Enuresis: Perception and attitude in population of our country

Objetivo Conocer la percepción y la actitud hacia la enuresis por parte de familias y cuidadores con el objetivo de establecer un plan terapéutico racional. Material y métodos Se realizó una encuesta de 25 preguntas a padres y madres mayores de 18años con al menos un hijo de entre 5 y 13años, manteniendo la representatividad nacional en términos de residencia, clase social y edad de los hijos. La recogida de datos se realizó en abril del 2021. Resultados Se obtuvieron datos de 501 encuestas de 626 enviadas, en su mayoría relativos a familias de clase social media de Andalucía, Cataluña y la Comunidad de Madrid. El 47,9% de los encuestados conocían la existencia de la enuresis, aunque únicamente el 23,8% sabían cuál era el término médico. Solo el 16,6% y el 9,6% recordaban que el/la pediatra o el/la enfermero/a, respectivamente, se hubieran referido en algún momento a la misma. Entre los participantes con algún conocimiento, las fuentes de información principales fueron los casos cercanos (36,6%), los medios de comunicación (31,1%) y el pediatra (27,8%). Los padres se preocuparían mucho (35,3%) o bastante (43,1%) ante un caso. Sin embargo, el nivel de conocimiento fue mayor y el grado de preocupación menor entre padres con hijos con enuresis respecto a los que no tenían casos en la familia. Conclusiones Mejorar el conocimiento de los padres sobre la enuresis y cambiar la percepción que tienen de la misma puede resultar de importancia para mejorar su atención y anticipar su resolución (AU)

Objective To know the perception and attitude towards enuresis from families and caregivers with the aim of establishing a rational therapeutic plan. Material and methods A 25-question survey was performed among parents over 18years old with at least a child between 5 and 13years old, maintaining national representativeness in terms of residence, social class and age of the children. Data collection was performed in April 2021. Results Data from 501 out of 626 sent surveys was obtained, mostly from middle-class families from Andalusia, Catalonia and the Community of Madrid. From all the participants, 47.9% knew about the existence of enuresis, although only 23.8% knew which was the medical term. Only 16.6% and 9.6% remembered that the pediatrician or the nurse, respectively, had referred to the condition at any time. Among the respondents with some knowledge about enuresis, their main information source were close cases (36.6%), media outlets (31.1%) and the pediatrician (27.8%). Parents would be very (35.3%) or somewhat (43.1%) worried in the event of an enuresis case. However, the level of knowledge was higher, and the level of concern was lower among parents with a child with enuresis in comparison to those without a case in their family. Conclusion Improving parent knowledge about enuresis and changing their perception towards this condition might be of importance to improve their attention and anticipate its resolution (AU)

[Enuresis: Perception and attitude in population of our country]. / Enuresis: percepción y actitud en la población de nuestro país.

OBJECTIVE: To know the perception and attitude towards enuresis from families and caregivers with the aim of establishing a rational therapeutic plan. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 25-question survey was performed among parents over 18years old with at least a child between 5 and 13years old, maintaining national representativeness in terms of residence, social class and age of the children. Data collection was performed in April 2021. RESULTS: Data from 501 out of 626 sent surveys was obtained, mostly from middle-class families from Andalusia, Catalonia and the Community of Madrid. From all the participants, 47.9% knew about the existence of enuresis, although only 23.8% knew which was the medical term. Only 16.6% and 9.6% remembered that the pediatrician or the nurse, respectively, had referred to the condition at any time. Among the respondents with some knowledge about enuresis, their main information source were close cases (36.6%), media outlets (31.1%) and the pediatrician (27.8%). Parents would be very (35.3%) or somewhat (43.1%) worried in the event of an enuresis case. However, the level of knowledge was higher, and the level of concern was lower among parents with a child with enuresis in comparison to those without a case in their family. CONCLUSION: Improving parent knowledge about enuresis and changing their perception towards this condition might be of importance to improve their attention and anticipate its resolution.

Efficacy of feed additives against Campylobacter in live broilers during the entire rearing period: Part B.

A total of 636 day-of-hatch Ross 308 broilers chicks were used in 4 independent trials carried out to screen the effect of 12 feed additives on reducing cecal colonization of Campylobacterin broilers. The tested additives were probiotics based on B. subtilis and S. cerevisae, a garlic extract, a blend of herbal substances and essential oils, two different combinations of essential oils and organic acids (OA), two mixtures of flavoring compounds, medium chain fatty acids (MCFA), monoglycerides (MG) of MCFA and MG-MCFA+OA. At 14 days of age, all the birds were orally infected with 0.1 mL of a bacterial suspension of C. jejuni ST-45 diluted at 10(5) cfu/mL in tryptone salt broth. In each trial, there was a positive control group and 2 (Trials 1 and 2) or 4 (Trials 3 and 4) additional treatment groups supplemented with additives, which were added to feed or water only to the finisher (21 to 42 d) diet (Trials 1 and 2) or to the starter (0 to 21 d) and finisher diets (Trials 3 and 4). Feed and water were available ad libitum. On days 35 and 42 of age in Trials 1 and 2, and on days 21, 35 and 42 of age in Trials 3 and 4, 10 (Trials 1 and 2) or 12 birds (Trials 3 and 4) per group were euthanized for cecal sampling. In Trial 1, birds fed with MCFA and MG-MCFA had a significant (P<0.05) reduction in cecal Campylobacter colonization compared to control at 35 d, but only the group treated with MG-MCFA maintained the reduction at 42 d. In Trials 2 to 4, no significant differences (P>0.05) in cecal Campylobacter counts were found between the treated and control animals. In conclusion, although none of the treatments were able to completely prevent the colonization of chickens with C. jejuni, MCFA and MG-MCFAs could reduce the pathogen counts when supplemented from 21 days onwards.

Effects of a chelated copper as growth promoter on performance and carcass traits in pigs.

Three studies were conducted to investigate whether a chelated Cu can replace CuSO4 as a growth promoter in pigs. In Exp. 1, a total of 240 piglets (Large White×Landrace, 7.36±0.10 kg) were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatments with 8 replicates and 10 piglets per pen. Treatments included a NRC control (CuSO4, 6 mg/kg), two Cu supplementations from either CuSO4 or Cu(HMTBa)2 at 170 mg/kg. Pigs fed Cu(HMTBa)2 were 6.0% heavier than pigs fed either the NRC control or 170 mg/kg CuSO4 (p = 0.03) at the end of the experiment. During the 42 days of experimental period, pigs fed Cu(HMTBa)2 gained 9.0% more (p = 0.01), tended to eat more feed (p = 0.09), and had better feed efficiency (p = 0.06) than those fed CuSO4. Compared with the 6 mg/kg CuSO4 NRC control, liver Cu was increased 2.7 times with 170 mg/kg CuSO4 supplementation, and was further increased with Cu(HMTBa)2 (4.5 times, p<0.05). In Exp. 2, a total of 616 crossbred piglets (PIC, 5.01±0.25 kg) were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatments with 7 replicates and 22 piglets per pen. Treatments included a NRC control (from CuSO4), and three pharmaceutical levels of Cu (150 mg/kg) supplemented either from CuSO4, tri-basic copper chloride (Cu2[OH]3Cl), or Cu(HMTBa)2. Pigs fed CuSO4 or Cu(HMTBa)2 had better feed efficiency (p = 0.01) and tended to gain more (p = 0.08) compared with those fed the NRC control. Pigs fed Cu2(OH)3Cl were intermediate. Pigs fed Cu(HMTBa)2 had the highest liver Cu, which was significantly higher than those fed (Cu2[OH]3Cl) or the negative control (p = 0.01). In Exp. 3, a total of 1,048 pigs (PIC, 32.36±0.29 kg) were allotted to 6 treatments with 8 replicates per treatment and 20 to 22 pigs per pen. The treatments included a NRC control with 4 mg/kg Cu from CuSO4, a positive control with 160 mg/kg Cu from CuSO4, and incremental levels of Cu(HMTBa)2 at 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/kg. During the overall experimental period of 100 days, no benefit from 160 mg/kg CuSO4 was observed. Pigs fed Cu(HMTBa)2 had increased ADG (linear and quadratic, p≤0.05) and feed efficiency (linear and quadratic, p≤0.05) up to 80 mg/kg and no further improvement was observed at 160 mg/kg for the whole experimental period. Pigs fed 80 mg/kg Cu(HMTBa)2 weighed 1.8 kg more (p = 0.07) and were 2.3 kg heavier in carcass (p<0.01) compared with pigs fed 160 mg/kg CuSO4. In addition, loin depth was increased with increased Cu(HMTBa)2 supplementation with pigs fed 80 mg/kg Cu(HMTBa)2 had the greatest loin depth (p<0.05). In summary, Cu(HMTBa)2 can be used to replace high CuSO4 as a growth promoter in nursery and grower-finisher pigs.

Effects of a blend of essential oil compounds and benzoic acid on performance of broiler chickens as revealed by a meta-analysis of 4 growth trials in various locations.

A series of growth trials with broiler chicks was conducted in various geographical locations to evaluate the efficacy of a novel eubiotic feed additive (EFA) at various dietary inclusion levels on performance of growing chicks. The EFA product consisted of a blend of essential oil compounds (thymol, eugenol, piperine) with benzoic acid, all belonging to the group of flavoring substances. Although variable in responses, the overall results indicated that 300 mg/kg of this EFA represented an optimum supplementation dose for generation of beneficial performance effects in broilers. A meta-analysis with all data from the 300 mg/kg EFA-supplemented treatments in comparison with the non-supplemented controls revealed that the eubiotic product significantly improved BW on d 21 (+2.0%; P = 0.0021) and on d 42 (+1.4%; P = 0.0151). Furthermore, the birds on the EFA 300 mg/kg treatment expressed a higher average daily gain in the starter phase (d 1-21; +2.1%; P = 0.0023) and over the entire experimental period (d 1-42; +1.5%; P = 0.0154). Feed conversion ratio was more favorable with dietary EFA supplementation (-0.6%; P = 0.0414), when compared with the control birds. Mortality was considered normal and was not affected by the dietary treatment (control = 3.09%; EFA 300 mg/kg = 3.26%). In conclusion, 300 mg/kg of this new eubiotic product demonstrated to effectively improve performance of broiler chicks under various husbandry conditions.

Evaluation of different protections of butyric acid aiming for release in the last part of the gastrointestinal tract of piglets.

Three tests, 2 in vivo and 1 in vitro, were conducted to compare how 2 forms of protection of butyric acid (BA) affect its liberation along the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of piglets. The 2 forms of BA were vegetable fat-encapsulated sodium butyrate (SBE) and monoglyceride of butyric acid (MB). In the first trial, 528 piglets were weaned at 21 d of age and assigned to 3 diets in 8 replicate pens of 22 piglets per pen for 39 d. The 3 diets were (i) prestarter and starters I and II (Con), (ii) C + SBE (6 kg/t in both prestarter and starter feeds), and (iii) C + MB (2.5 kg/t in the prestarter feed, 2 kg/t in the starter feed I, and 0 kg/t in the starter feed II). Piglets receiving C and SBE feeds tended to show higher BW (18.74, 18.66, and 17.82 kg; P < 0.1) and ADG (331.2, 330.5, and 308.9 g/d; P < 0.1) than MB piglets; no significant differences were observed in feed intake or FCR. In the second trial, 8 pens of 4 piglets each (4 pens per treatment), weaned at 21 d, were given either a standard postweaning program with SBE (2 kg/t) or with MB (2 kg/t) and received the same amount of BA. Body weight, feed intake, and FCR were evaluated at days 14 and 28 of trial. At the end of the trial, 1 animal per pen was euthanized and the concentration of BA and VFA in duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, and cecum were quantified with HPLC. There were no statistical differences in growth, feed intake, or FCR. However, SBE-fed animals had higher concentration of VFA in colon than MB-fed animals. There were relevant numerical differences in the rest of the GIT sections but they were not statistically significant. The in vitro digestion of the products confirmed that BA can be released more easily from SBE (157.2 g of BA/kg of product after 7 h) than from MB (56.4 g of BA/kg of product after 7 h). It is concluded that the addition of SBE allows more BA to reach the distal sections of the GIT than MB.

Influence of enzyme supplementation and heat processing of barley on digestive traits and productive performance of broilers.

We studied the influence of enzyme supplementation (ES) of the diet and heat processing (HP) of barley on digestive traits and productive performance of broilers from 1 to 42 d of age. There were 6 diets arranged factorially with 2 doses (0 and 500 ppm) of a fungal enzyme complex with beta-glucanase and xylanase activity and 3 HP of barley (raw, micronized, and expanded). In addition, a control diet based on raw corn without ES was also included from 1 to 21 d of age. Enzymes reduced intestinal viscosity (IV) at all ages (P < or = 0.001) and water intake at 21 d of age (P < or = 0.01) and increased DM of the ileal contents at 28 d (P < or = 0.001). Also, ES increased total tract apparent retention of nutrients and BW gain and feed conversion ratio from 1 to 42 d of age (P < or = 0.001). Heat processing of barley increased IV at 7 and at 28 d of age, and DM of ileal contents (P < or = 0.05) at 28 d of age. In addition, HP improved feed intake (P < or = 0.01) and BW gain (P < or = 0.001) from 1 to 7 d of age, but the effects disappeared after 21 d of age. From 1 to 7 d of age, chicks fed micronized barley had higher IV, gained less weight, and had poorer feed conversion ratio than chicks fed expanded barley (P < or = 0.05). It is concluded that barley with enzymes can substitute for all of the corn in diets fed to broilers from 1 to 21 d of age. Enzymes improved digestive traits, retention of nutrients, and broiler performance from 1 to 42 d of age, and HP of barley improved performance from 1 to 7 d of age. The effects of HP of barley on broiler performance were more evident with expansion than with micronization.

Heat processing of barley and enzyme supplementation of diets for broilers.

The influence of heat processing (HP) of barley and enzyme supplementation (ES) of the diet on digestive and performance traits of broilers to 21 d was studied. There were four treatments arranged factorially with two barley-processing treatments (raw or heated), two levels of ES (0 or 500 ppm), and five replicates per treatment. Chicks fed HP barley grew faster than broilers fed raw barley until 8 d of age, but the effect disappeared thereafter. In general, ES improved broiler performance at all ages. Intestinal viscosity was increased by HP of barley (P < or = 0.05) and reduced by ES (P < or = 0.001), and the decrease in viscosity caused by ES was greater for HP than for raw barley diets (HP x ES; P < or = 0.05). Heat processing of barley and ES of the diet improved apparent retention of nutrients (P < or = 0.001). Age affected apparent retention of nutrients differently. For starch and neutral detergent fiber, retention increased linearly with age (P < or = 0.01), but for the remaining nutrients the retention decreased from d 4 to 8 and then increased until d 21 (P < or = 0.001). Also, the beneficial effects of HP on retention of nutrients were more pronounced at younger ages (HP x age; P < or = 0.05). Both HP (P < or = 0.001) and ES (P < or = 0.01) increased liver weight, and enzymes reduced the weights of pancreas (P < or = 0.05) and small intestine (P < or = 0.001). Villus height was improved by HP (P < or = 0.001) and ES (P < or = 0.01), but villus surface area was only improved by enzymes (P < or = 0.01). It was concluded that broiler performance is improved by HP of barley at early ages and by ES of the diet throughout the trial. Also, HP and ES increased apparent retention of nutrients, AMEn of the diet, and villus height.

Alpha-amylase supplementation of broiler diets based on corn.

A 42-d trial was conducted to study the influence of exogenous alpha-amylase on digestive and performance traits in broilers fed a corn-soybean meal diet. There were two treatments (control and alpha-amylase supplemented diet) and six replicates (14 Cobb male chicks caged together) per treatment. At 7 d of age, alpha-amylase supplementation improved daily gain by 9.4% (P < or = 0.05) and feed conversion by 4.2% (P < or = 0.01). At the end of the trial, birds fed the alpha-amylase-supplemented diet ate more and grew faster (P < or = 0.05) and hadbetter feed conversion (P < or = 0.10) than broilers fed the control diet. Also, alpha-amylase supplementation improved apparent fecal digestibility of organic matter and starch (P < or = 0.01) and AMEn of the diet (P < or = 0.001). However, no effects were detected for CP or fat digestibility. Nutrient digestibility and AMEn of the diet increased with age (P < or = 0.001); however, no interactions of alpha-amylase x age were observed for any trait. Coefficients of apparent ileal and fecal digestibility of starch at 28 d of age were similar, which indicated that most of the undigested starch was not fermented in the hindgut of the chick. alpha-Amylase supplementation reduced relative pancreas weight (P < or = 0.001) but did not affect the weight of the remaining organs. Age consistently reduced intestinal viscosity and relative weights of all the organs (P < or = 0.001). The data indicated that alpha-amylase supplementation of a corn-soybean meal diet improved digestibility of nutrients and performance of broilers.

Effect of sex and terminal sire genotype on performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of pigs slaughtered at 117 kg body weight.

The effects of gender (barrows; gilts) and terminal sire genotype (DD, Danish Duroc; PxLW, Pietrain×Large White) on performance and carcass and meat quality of pigs sacrificed at a fixed weight of 117 kg were studied. Barrows ate more feed, grew faster, and had poorer feed conversion and less yield of trimmed lean cuts than gilts. Castrates were fatter and had more intramuscular fat and more intense colour of the meat than females. Crossbreds from DD boars grew faster and had better feed conversion than crossbred from P×LW boars. Also, DD sired-pigs had smaller dressing percentages but more trimmed lean cuts proportion than P×LW sired-pigs. Meat from DD pigs was more tender, had more intramuscular fat, and presented lower a* value than meat from P×LW pigs. We conclude that DD boars are a good alternative to P×LW boars for production of heavy pigs destined for the dry-cured industry.

The use of ciprofloxacin in veterinary proprietary products of enrofloxacin.

A 3-mo chemical surveillance of 5 proprietary products of enrofloxacin for veterinary use was carried out. In all, 50 samples were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Only the original brand of enrofloxacin (BAYTRIL) contained 5% of the drug while the 40 samples from the other 4 products contained 7.5% ciprofloxacin. A word of caution is given for the indiscriminate use of fluoroquinolones in veterinary medicine.

[IgG subclasses: placental transfer in the full-term neonate and their evolution during the first 3 months of life]. / Subclases de IgG: paso trasplacentario en el recién nacido término y su evolución en los tres primeros meses de vida.

The authors studied the placental transfer of IgG subclasses in 43 newborns (NB) and their mothers. All the observations included low-risk pregnancies and full-term deliveries. The values expressed in arithmetric mean +/- standard deviation (means +/- SD), and referred in mg %, showed the following results: maternal Ig Gtotal 1,183 +/- 237 versus (vs.) NBG 1,179 +/- 187; maternal Ig G1 792 +/- 230 vs. NB 822 +/- 124; maternal Ig G2 138 +/- 77 vs. NB 209 +/- 70; maternal Ig G3 48 +/- 33 vs. NB 95 +/- 30, and maternal Ig G4 10 +/- 8 vs. NB 4.9 +/- 2. The relation between the average levels of maternal and cord serum was 1, 1.5, 1.9 and 0.48 for Ig G1, Ig G2, Ig G3 and Ig G4, respectively. It was also proved a maximum decrease in the levels of the subclasses in the first three months for the Ig G3, a percentage being noticed in the third month, in relation to the NB level, of 18, 29, 1.9 and 19% for Ig G1, Ig G2, Ig G3 and Ig G4, respectively. After primovaccination, a response was produced and it affected the 4 subclasses: Ig G1 845 mg %, Ig G2 229 mg %, Ig G3 38 mg % and Ig G4 7.44 mg %, with an increment in relation to prevaccination values of 5.5, 3.7, 20.7 and 12.4, respectively. The authors concluded by showing reference patterns in the active placental transfer of Ig G subclasses in normal full-term newborns.

[The value of diagnostic endoscopy in the treatment of intestinal polyps in the child]. / Valor de la endoscopia en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de los pólipos del tracto intestinal en el niño.

The polyps of the digestive tract, with the exception of the juvenile ones, are not often found in children. Out of 762 endoscopies paediatric patients carried out, 31 were seen to be affected by digestive polyps, of which 16 were juvenile. The rest belonged to other types, among which 5 adenomas are included. In this paper, clinical aspects are analysed, pointing out also the value of the endoscopy as choice method not only for diagnosis but also for treatment of polyps.