The effects of pregnancy in subjects with repaired tetralogy of Fallot.

BACKGROUND: Previous reports reveal inconsistent findings of right ventricular (RV) changes following pregnancy in subjects with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF). METHODS: A two-center, retrospective cohort study which included women with rTOF who completed pregnancy that were matched to nulliparous women with rTOF by age at the time of baseline cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), RV ejection fraction (RVEF), and indexed RV end-diastolic volume (RVEDVi). Pre-pregnancy and postpartum cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) were analyzed and compared to sequential CMR of nulliparous subjects with rTOF. RESULTS: Thirty-six women with rTOF who completed pregnancy were matched to 72 nulliparous women with rTOF. Over a mean period of 3.1 years for the pregnancy group and 2.7 years for the comparison group, there was no significant change in the RVEDVi, RVEF, RV mass, pulmonary regurgitation severity, left ventricular (LV) volumes, LV ejection fraction (LVEF), or LV mass when comparing the baseline CMR and the follow-up CMR in either of the groups. There was a slight increase in RV indexed end-systolic volume (RVESVi) when comparing the baseline CMR and the follow-up CMR in the pregnancy group (68.93, SD 23.34 ml/m2 at baseline vs. 72.97, SD 25.24 mL/m2 at follow-up, P = .028). Using a mixed effects model for CMR parameters change over time; when adjusted for time between baseline and follow-up CMR there was no significant difference in rate of change between the pregnancy and comparison groups. CONCLUSIONS: Most ventricular remodeling parameters measured by CMR did not significantly change in subjects with rTOF who completed pregnancy or in nulliparous subjects with rTOF. In the pregnancy group, RVESVi is larger in those individuals who have undergone pregnancy without a significant change in ventricular function. These patients should be followed longitudinally to determine the long-term ventricular and clinical effects of pregnancy.

Cardiac MRI predictors of good long-term outcomes in patients with repaired TOF.

BACKGROUND: Risk stratification in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF) have focused on poor clinical outcomes while predictors of a benign clinical course have not been characterized. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to Identify cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) markers of a good clinical course late after TOF repair. METHODS: Clinical and CMR data from the International Multicenter TOF Registry (INDICATOR) were analyzed. The primary outcome was time to the earliest occurrence of a composite of death, aborted sudden death, and sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT). The secondary outcome was time to the earliest occurrence of atrial arrhythmia, nonsustained VT, and NYHA class >II. Multinomial regression was used to identify predictors of the 3-category outcome: (a) good outcome, defined as freedom from the primary AND secondary outcomes at age 50 years; (b) poor outcome, defined as presence of the primary outcome before age 50 years; and (c) intermediate outcome, defined as not fulfilling criteria for good or poor outcomes. RESULTS: Among 1088 eligible patients, 96 had good outcome, 60 experienced poor outcome, and 932 had intermediate outcome. Patients were age 25.8±10.8 years at the time of the index CMR. Median follow-up was 5.8 years (IQR 3.0, 9.9) after CMR in event-free patients. By univariate analysis, smaller right ventricular (RV) end-systolic and end-diastolic volume index, smaller left ventricular end-systolic volume index, higher right and left ventricular ejection fraction, lower right and left ventricular mass index, and lower left ventricular mass/volume ratio were associated with good outcome. Multivariable modeling identified higher RV ejection fraction (OR 2.38 per 10% increase, P = .002) and lower RV mass index (OR 1.72, per 10 g/m2 decrease, P = .002) as independently associated with good outcome after adjusting for age at CMR. Classification and regression tree analysis identified important thresholds associated with good outcome that were specific to patients age ≥37 years at the time of CMR; these were RV ejection fraction ≥42% and RV mass index <39 g/m2. CONCLUSIONS: Adults with rTOF and no more than mild RV dysfunction combined with no significant RV hypertrophy are likely to be free from serious adverse clinical events into their sixth decade of life and may require less frequent cardiac testing.

Biventricular Global Function Index Is Associated With Adverse Outcomes in Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) derived biventricular global function index (BVGFI) is a new CMR parameter that integrates biventricular volumes, mass, and function using clinically available CMR parameters. The associations of BVGFI with clinical outcomes in repaired tetralogy of Fallot are unknown. METHODS: Patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot who had a CMR before the occurrence of a composite outcome of death, resuscitated sudden death, or sustained ventricular tachycardia were studied. BVGFI was calculated as the average of right and left GFI. GFI was defined as (ventricular stroke volume×100)/(ventricular mean cavity volume + total ventricular myocardial volume). Ventricular mean cavity volume was defined as ([end-diastolic + end-systolic volume]/2). Cox multivariable regression analysis and classification and regression tree methodology were used. RESULTS: Of the 736 eligible subjects (mean age at CMR 25.4±14.5 years), with a median follow-up of 28 months, 55 subjects (7.4%) reached the composite outcome (46 deaths and 9 sustained ventricular tachycardia). Independent associations with the composite outcome were as follows: BVGFI <37 (hazard ratio, 2.52; P=0.004), right ventricular end-systolic volume index >85 mL/m2 (hazard ratio, 3.25; P<0.001), atrial tachycardia (hazard ratio, 2.03; P=0.021), and age at repair >2.5 years (hazard ratio, 3.37; P<0.001). Classification and regression tree analysis identified BVGFI as the most discriminatory CMR parameter associated with a high risk for adverse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: BVGFI, a novel CMR-derived imaging biomarker combining biventricular volumes, mass, and function, may improve risk stratification for adverse clinical outcomes in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot.

Impact of pulmonary valve replacement on left ventricular rotational mechanics in repaired tetralogy of Fallot.

BACKGROUND: In repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF), abnormal left ventricular (LV) rotational mechanics are associated with adverse clinical outcomes. We performed a comprehensive analysis of LV rotational mechanics in rTOF patients using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) prior to and following surgical pulmonary valve replacement (PVR). METHODS: In this single center retrospective study, we identified rTOF patients who (1) had both a CMR ≤ 1 year before PVR and ≤ 5 years after PVR, (2) had no other intervening procedure between CMRs, (3) had a body surface area > 1.0 m2 at CMR, and (4) had images suitable for feature tracking analysis. These subjects were matched to healthy age- and sex-matched control subjects. CMR feature tracking analysis was performed on a ventricular short-axis stack of balanced steady-state free precession images. Measurements included LV basal and apical rotation, twist, torsion, peak systolic rates of rotation and torsion, and timing of events. Associations with LV torsion were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 60 rTOF patients (23.6 ± 7.9 years, 52% male) and 30 healthy control subjects (20.8 ± 3.1 years, 50% male) were included. Compared with healthy controls, rTOF patients had lower apical and basal rotation, twist, torsion, and systolic rotation rates, and these parameters peaked earlier in systole. The only parameters that were correlated with LV torsion were right ventricular (RV) end-systolic volume (r = - 0.28, p = 0.029) and RV ejection fraction (r = 0.26, p = 0.044). At a median of 1.0 year (IQR 0.5-1.7) following PVR, there was no significant change in LV rotational parameters versus pre-PVR despite reductions in RV volumes, RV mass, pulmonary regurgitation, and RV outflow tract obstruction. CONCLUSION: In this comprehensive study of CMR-derived LV rotational mechanics in rTOF patients, rotation, twist, and torsion were diminished compared to controls and did not improve at a median of 1 year after PVR despite favorable RV remodeling.

Impact of Pregnancy on Ventricular Strain in Women with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot.

Increasing numbers of women with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF) are reaching reproductive age and seek counseling regarding their cardiovascular risks related to pregnancy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize changes in left ventricular (LV) strain in women with rTOF during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. Seventeen pregnancies in women with rTOF were included (mean age at repair = 3.2 years ± 5.5 years; mean age at delivery = 32.7 ± 4 years). Echocardiograms from three time periods were analyzed; baseline (prior to conception or in the first trimester), third trimester, and 4-6 weeks postpartum. Sixty-five percent of the patients had at least mild pulmonary regurgitation. Eight patients (47%) had undergone at least one pulmonary valve replacement. There were no changes in LV ejection fraction (EF) or circumferential strain across the three time periods. Significant differences were present in longitudinal strain within the three time points (p = 0.01). Postpartum strain decreased in magnitude compared to the third trimester value (- 17.7 ± 4.1 vs. - 21 ± 5, p-value = 0.003) but was not different when compared to baseline strain (- 17.7 ± 4.1 vs. - 19.4 ± 3.4; p-value = 0.15). In conclusion, in women with rTOF, changes in longitudinal strain were observed during pregnancy with a return to baseline after delivery; EF did not change. These findings provide evidence that pregnancy does not adversely impact LV mechanics in the short term in this potentially vulnerable patient population.

Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Performance During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period.

Increasing numbers of women with congenital heart disease are undergoing pregnancy after transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (TPVR). We present the course of 9 pregnancies in 7 women with TPVR, noting pre-pregnancy, antepartum, and postpartum gradients, as well as maternal cardiac, obstetric, and neonatal outcomes. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).