Infección de sitio quirúrgico en el Programa de Trasplante Hepático en Uruguay: alta incidencia de bacilos gramnegativos multirresistentes y extremadamente resistentes / Surgical site infection in the Liver Transplant Program in Uruguay: high incidence of multiresistant and extremely resistant gram-negative bacilli

Introducción: la infección de sitio quirúrgico (ISQ) en trasplante hepático (TH) significa para estos pacientes una importante causa de morbimortalidad. Objetivo: conocer la incidencia de ISQ, identificar microorganismos involucrados y factores favorecedores en vistas de optimizar nuestras estrategias de profilaxis. Material y método: estudio de cohorte en el cual los pacientes con trasplante hepático fueron incluidos prospectivamente en nuestra base de datos nacional, BaDaInTOS. Período de estudio: 14 de julio de 2009 a 31 de mayo 2013. Análisis estadístico: se utilizó chi cuadrado. Si el valor en tabla de contingencia fue menor o igual a 5 se usó el test exacto de Fisher. Se consideró significativo un valor de p < 0,05. Resultados: se trasplantaron 65 pacientes en este período. La frecuencia relativa acumulada de ISQ fue de 12 pacientes (18,46%); la distribución temporal muestra un aumento en su incidencia en los últimos 12 meses donde se presentaron siete episodios (58%) de todos los episodios de ISQ. La mediana de presentación fue de 17 días. Del total de pacientes con ISQ, 7 presentaron factores de riesgo para microorganismos multirresistentes en el pretrasplante. Se aislaron 16 microorganismos, 12 correspondieron a bacilos gramnegativos (BGN): (Klebsiella spp, n = 6), (Acinetobacter baumannii, n = 2), (Enterobacter cloacae, n = 1), (Aeromonas spp, n = 1), (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, n = 1), (E. coli, n = 1). En cuanto al perfil de resistencia: diez pacientes presentaron perfil de multirresistencia (MDR) y extremada resistencia (XDR). Conclusiones: uno de cada cinco pacientes presentó ISQ en nuestro centro, con una alta incidencia de BGN, MDR y XDR.

Delirium epidemiology in critical care (DECCA): an international study.

INTRODUCTION: Delirium is a frequent source of morbidity in intensive care units (ICUs). Most data on its epidemiology is from single-center studies. Our aim was to conduct a multicenter study to evaluate the epidemiology of delirium in the ICU. METHODS: A 1-day point-prevalence study was undertaken in 104 ICUs from 11 countries in South and North America and Spain. RESULTS: In total, 975 patients were screened, and 497 fulfilled inclusion criteria and were enrolled (median age, 62 years; 52.5% men; 16.7% and 19.9% for ICU and hospital mortality); 64% were admitted to the ICU because of medical causes, and sepsis was the main diagnosis (n = 76; 15.3%). In total, 265 patients were sedated with the Richmond agitation and sedation scale (RASS) deeper than -3, and only 232 (46.6%) patients could be evaluated with the confusion-assessment method for the ICU. The prevalence of delirium was 32.3%. Compared with patients without delirium, those with the diagnosis of delirium had a greater severity of illness at admission, demonstrated by higher sequential organ-failure assessment (SOFA (P = 0.004)) and simplified acute physiology score 3 (SAPS3) scores (P < 0.0001). Delirium was associated with increased ICU (20% versus 5.7%; P = 0.002) and hospital mortality (24 versus 8.3%; P = 0.0017), and longer ICU (P < 0.0001) and hospital length of stay (LOS) (22 (11 to 40) versus 7 (4 to 18) days; P < 0.0001). Previous use of midazolam (P = 0.009) was more frequent in patients with delirium. On multivariate analysis, delirium was independently associated with increased ICU mortality (OR = 3.14 (1.26 to 7.86); CI, 95%) and hospital mortality (OR = 2.5 (1.1 to 5.7); CI, 95%). CONCLUSIONS: In this 1-day international study, delirium was frequent and associated with increased mortality and ICU LOS. The main modifiable risk factors associated with the diagnosis of delirium were the use of invasive devices and sedatives (midazolam).