Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of lumbosacral epidural bupivacaine in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs: The effects of two volumes of 0.25% solution.

The purpose of this study was to compare cardiovascular and respiratory effects of two volumes of bupivacaine 0.25% (0.2 mL kg-1-treatment BUP02-and 0.4 mL kg-1 -treatment BUP04) administered epidurally at the lumbosacral intervertebral space in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane. This experimental prospective randomized crossover design trial used six mixed breed adult dogs, four neutered males and two spayed females. Each dog was anesthetized on three different occasions: the first for isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) measurement, and the following two assigned treatments (BUP02 or BUP04). On the two treatment days, anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane at 1.3 MAC during the experiments. Cardiovascular and respiratory measurements were recorded before (T0) and 5, 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after the epidural administration of bupivacaine. Comparisons between and within groups were performed by a mixed-model ANOVA and Friedman's test when appropriate followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test or Dunnet's test to compare time points within each treatment with T0 (p < 0.05). Mean arterial pressure decreased significantly from 15 to 90 minutes after the administration of BUP02 and from 5 to 60 minutes in BUP04, with lower values in BUP04 than in BUP02 lasting up to 30 minutes after bupivacaine administration. No significant changes in cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance were observed in either treatment. Hypoventilation was only detected in BUP04. Hemoglobin concentration and arterial oxygen content decreased after both treatment of bupivacaine with no significant decrease in oxygen delivery. Two dogs in BUP04 developed Horner's syndrome. The epidural administration of 0.4 mL.kg-1 of bupivacaine to dogs in sternal recumbency anesthetized with isoflurane 1.3 MAC caused more cardiovascular and respiratory depression than 0.2 mL.kg-1.

Alveolar Tidal recruitment/derecruitment and Overdistension During Four Levels of End-Expiratory Pressure with Protective Tidal Volume During Anesthesia in a Murine Lung-Healthy Model.

PURPOSE: We compared respiratory mechanics between the positive end-expiratory pressure of minimal respiratory system elastance (PEEPminErs) and three levels of PEEP during low-tidal-volume (6 mL/kg) ventilation in rats. METHODS: Twenty-four rats were anesthetized, paralyzed, and mechanically ventilated. Airway pressure (Paw), flow (F), and volume (V) were fitted by a linear single compartment model (LSCM) Paw(t) = Ers × V(t) + Rrs × F(t) + PEEP or a volume- and flow-dependent SCM (VFDSCM) Paw(t) = (E1 + E2 × V(t)) × V(t) + (K1 + K2 × |F(t)|) × F(t) + PEEP, where Ers and Rrs are respiratory system elastance and resistance, respectively; E1 and E2× V are volume-independent and volume-dependent Ers, respectively; and K1 and K2 × F are flow-independent and flow-dependent Rrs, respectively. Animals were ventilated for 1 h at PEEP 0 cmH2O (ZEEP); PEEPminErs; 2 cmH2O above PEEPminErs (PEEPminErs+2); or 4 cmH2O above PEEPminErs (PEEPminErs+4). Alveolar tidal recruitment/derecruitment and overdistension were assessed by the index %E2 = 100 × [(E2 × VT)/(E1 + |E2| × VT)], and alveolar stability by the slope of Ers(t). RESULTS: %E2 varied between 0 and 30% at PEEPminErs in most respiratory cycles. Alveolar Tidal recruitment/derecruitment (%E2 < 0) and overdistension (%E2 > 30) were predominant in the absence of PEEP and in PEEP levels higher than PEEPminErs, respectively. The slope of Ers(t) was different from zero in all groups besides PEEPminErs+4. CONCLUSIONS: PEEPminErs presented the best compromise between alveolar tidal recruitment/derecruitment and overdistension, during 1 h of low-VT mechanical ventilation.

Avaliação da hidroxiapatita contendo estrôncio como substituto ósseo em tíbias de ovelhas / Evaluation of strontium containing hydroxyapatite as bone substitute in sheep's tibia

Com o avanço das pesquisas em biomateriais, tem sido sugerido que a melhor osteocondutividade da hidroxiapatita seria alcançada se o seu cristal estivesse mais próximo da estrutura, tamanho e morfologia da apatita biológica, por isso a nano-hidroxiapatita (nano-HA) é de grande interesse atual. Os íons estrôncio são conhecidos por reduzir a reabsorção óssea, induzir a atividade osteoblástica e estimular a formação óssea. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a biocompatibilidade e a osteocondução em defeitos cirúrgicos preenchidos com microesferas de nano-hidroxiapatita contendo estrôncio a 1% (nano-SrHA), microesferas de nano-HA estequiométrica (nano-HA) em comparação ao coágulo (controle). Quatro ovelhas Santa Inês, pesando em média 32 kg, foram anestesiadas e submetidas a três perfurações de 2 mm de diâmetro na face medial da tíbia. Os defeitos cirúrgicos foram preenchidos com coágulo sanguíneo, microesferas de Sr-HA 1% e microesferas de HA. Após 30 dias as amostras foram trefinadas (6 mm), descalcificadas, processadas para inclusão em parafina e coradas com hematoxilina e eosina (HE) para avaliação histológica com microscopia de luz. Todos os grupos revelaram neoformação óssea da periferia para o centro do defeito, sendo o grupo nano-SrHA com menor intensidade dentre os estudados. Presença de discreto infiltrado inflamatório mononuclear em todos os grupos experimentais. Células gigantes do tipo corpo estranho só foram observadas no grupo da HA. Áreas de neoformação óssea foram observadas em íntimo contato com ambos os biomateriais. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, microesferas de HA e SrHA 1% são biocompatíveis e apresentam propriedade de osteocondução.

With the advances on biomaterials research have suggested that the best osteoconductivity of hydroxyapatite could be achieved if the crystal was closer to the structure, size and morphology of biological apatite, so the nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HA) is of current interest. Strontium ions are known to reduce bone resorption, induce osteoblastic activity and thus stimulate bone formation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility and osteoconductive in surgical defects filled with spheres of nano-hydroxyapatite containing strontium 1% (nano-SrHA), nano-hydroxyapatite stoichiometric (nano-HA) when compared to the blood clot (control). Four Santa Inês sheeps, weighing on average 32 kg were anesthetized and subjected to three perforation 2 mm in diameter on the medial site of tibia. The surgical defects were filled with blood clot, Sr-HA 1% microspheres and HA microspheres. After 30 days the samples were trephyned (6 mm), decalcifi ed, processed for embedding in paraffi n and stained with hematoxilin and eosin (HE) for histological evaluation with light microscopy. All groups showed new bone formation from the periphery to the center of the defects, and the group nano-Sr with a lesser extent among those studied. The mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate remained mild in all experimental groups. The presence of giant cells type foreign body was detected only in the HA group. Areas of bone formation were detected in close contact with biomaterials. According to the results spheres containing nano-SrHA 1% and nano-HA can be considered as biocompatible and with osteoconductive properties.