[Comparison of four formulas of adjusting QT interval for the heart rate in young elite athletes]. / Intervalle QT chez les athlètes : comparaison de quatre formules de correction dans une population de jeunes sportifs de haut niveau.

PURPOSE: Sudden cardiac death in young athlete is always tragic. Some international guidelines recommend the realization of an electrocardiogram before practicing competitive sports to carry out the risk of sudden cardiac death due to genetic cardiopathy like QT long syndrome. Unfortunately, the diagnosis can be difficult because intensive sport can increase the QT interval over normal recognized values for sedentary people. Using a QT correction formula free of heart rate appears essential. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Four hundred and forty-six young athletes (aged 10 to 18) had an electrocardiogram. QT intervals were measured and four methods were used to correct the QT interval for heart rate. RESULTS: The Bazett formula performed the worst in terms of rate adjustment success. Hodges and Fridericia formulas are the best both in males and females, independently of age. Female had longer QTc intervals than males. CONCLUSION: The most widely used Bazett formula should be surrendered whereas Hodges and Fridericia formulas should be preferred, particularly in young athletes.

[An exceptional case of tricuspid infective endocarditis due to Bartonella henseale revealed by an old pulmonary embolism]. / Un cas exceptionnel d'endocardite infectieuse tricuspide à Bartonella henselae révélée par une embolie pulmonaire « vieillie ¼.

We report a case of blood culture-negative tricuspid infective endocarditis revealed after tick bite by repeated pulmonary infection during one year due to septic pulmonary emboli in a 67-year-old farmer woman. Tricuspid vegetation and pulmonary emboli are calcified. Lyme serology is negative. Serologic test and PCR analysis are positive to Bartonella henselae. The evolution is favorable after antibiotic and anticoagulant treatment. Infective endocarditis due to B. henselae is an exceptional complication of cat scratch disease. You have to think about in case of blood culture-negative endocarditis with calcified valvular lesions even without cat bite, tick seems to be vector of the bacteria.

[Echographic diagnosis of systolic murmur among 280 young French militaries. Implications for the expertise in military medicine]. / Diagnostic échographique d'un souffle cardiaque systolique au sein d'une population de 280 jeunes militaires français. Implications en médecine d'expertise militaire.

UNLABELLED: Clinically discovering a systolic murmur is frequent among the young military population. When this murmur does not sound benign, a transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is made to detect any cardiopathy, which could cause sudden cardiac death. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interest of systematic TTE in the assessment of any cardiac systolic murmur (CSM) among militaries. METHODS: We ran a retrospective monocentric study in the "Clermont-Tonnerre" military hospital in Brest. We included all patients sent for TEE, aged 15 to 30 years old, from the 1st January 2010 until the 31st July 2013. RESULTS: Two hundred and eighty TTES assessing CSM were performed. We found 28/280 (10%) echocardiographic abnormalities: 13 were bicuspid aortic valves (4.6%), 6 were ventricular septal defects (2.15%), 3 were atrial septal defects (1.07%), 4 were mild mitral regurgitations (1.43%), one mild pulmonary stenosis (0.35%) and one aortic stenosis (0.35%). No hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was found. Concerning military expertise, 11 (3.92%) patients among these 28 with abnormal TEE were considered unfit for work or "fit for work with limitations". CONCLUSION: Assessing a cardiac systolic murmur with TEE lead to the diagnosis of a cardiomyopathy in 10% of the case. This study enhances the importance of systematic TEE when a CSM is detected in the young military, in order to determine if those soldiers can still fulfill their military duty.

[Fatal surgical extraction of cardiac resynchronisation therapy defibrillator leads in a context of endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. A case report and review of literature]. / Extraction chirurgicale fatale de sondes de défibrillateur cardiaque triple chambre dans un contexte d'endocardite à Staphylococcus epidermidis méthicilline-résistant. À propos d'un cas et revue de la littérature.

A 82-year-old man equipped with a cardiac resynchronisation therapy defibrillator for dilated cardiomyopathy with normal coronary arteries, in complete atrioventricular block, develops six months after a change of the generator-pocket a severe endocarditis due to a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis with a large lead vegetation. After 4 days of adapted antimicrobial therapy, a surgical device removal is realised with unfortunately a fatal end during extraction. This observation points out the severity of cardiovascular device infections in old and weak population, as well as the difficulty of treatment choices because of both infectious and rhythmic constraints. The lead extraction is a strong recommendation but the modality and timing of extraction are not consensual, especially in cardioverter defibrillator-dependent patients. Surgical removal remains an alternative to percutaneous lead extraction but with a higher operative risk.

[An exceptional cause of pacemaker dysfunction]. / Une cause exceptionnelle de dysfonction de stimulateur cardiaque.

Twiddler syndrome is a very rare and surprising complication of pacemaker treatment. We report the case of a woman with psychiatric disease who presented two cardiac arrests due to loss of ventricular capture. Finally, pacemaker retropectoral implantation resolves the problem.

[Athlete's heart in the young: electrocardiographic and echocardiographic patterns in 107 French athletes]. / Le cœur d'athlète de l'adolescent : aspects électrocardiographiques et échocardiographiques. À propos de 107 sportifs français.

PURPOSE: Since 2009 in France, every people practicing sport in competition must have a cardiovascular exam with electrocardiogram, to prevent sudden cardiac death. Sometimes, an echocardiography will be necessary. Little is known about athlete's heart in the young, particularly in the French people. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and seven French elite adolescent athletes had an electrocardiogram with echocardiography to establish reference values in this population. RESULTS: QTcorrected (QTc) interval calculated by the Hodges formula, is always in the normal values. Interventricular septal thickness is always ≤ 11 mm and left ventricular end diastolic diameter ≤ 55 mm in about 90 % of the athletes. Females have QTc interval longer than males and interventricular septal thickness finer. Diastolic function (18.9 ± 2.6 cm/s for e', E/e' ratio at 5.3 ± 0.8) is "supernormal" and correlate with age and cardiac frequency. Right ventricular systolic function is always good. CONCLUSION: Adolescent athlete's heart is normal. If QTc interval is not normal, be afraid of a QT long syndrome. Furthermore, when interventricular septal thickness is > 11 mm or left ventricular end diastolic diameter > 55 mm, myocardiopathy will have to be ruled out.

[Heart failure and anaphylactic shock. A report of two cases]. / Défaillance cardiaque et choc anaphylactique. À propos de deux cas.

Anaphylactic shock can sometimes take the appearance of heart failure, in relation to an acute coronary syndrome, even with normal coronary arteries, that we illustrate by two observations. We firstly report the case of an anaphylactic shock caused by succinylcholine, after anesthesia induction for inguinal hernia surgery in a 50-year-old man with cardiovascular risks, who presented with ventricular fibrillation followed by a cardiac arrest. An acute and severe anterior coronary syndrome was suspected and treated with thrombolysis. Then the electrocardiogram normalized, as well as the left ventricular function. No significant coronary stenosis was retrospectively revealed by coronarography, and a severe coronary vasospasm induced by the anaphylactic reaction was confirmed. We also describe the case of an anaphylactoid shock caused by cisatracurium infusion, that occurred at the beginning of an adnexectomy in a 55-year-old woman without any particular history. She presented with a cardiogenic shock after intravenous administration of epinephrine. The echocardiograpghic evaluation pointed out an aspect of stress-induced cardiomyopathy, and the coronarography showed normal coronary arteries. The left ventricular dysfunction completely normalized, strongly suggesting the diagnosis of Takotsubo-like syndrome after the anaphylactic shock and its treatment. Both of these cases point out the major interest of cardiologic and allergic evaluation in case of heart failure during general anesthesia. Coronary vasospasm and stress-induced cardiomyopathy are two pathologies that may be observed during anaphylactic shock, and their diagnosis should be considered after elimination of coronary thrombosis.

[Normal values of the peak early diastolic Ea using myocardial tissue Doppler in 100 elite athletes]. / Valeur normale du pic protodiastolique Ea au doppler tissulaire myocardique chez les athlètes de haut niveau, à propos de cent sportifs.

INTRODUCTION: Intense physical training can induce morphological and functional changes in the heart, leading to 'Athlete's heart'. This can be responsible for adaptive left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), which is sometimes difficult to differentiate from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with its inherent threat to life. Echocardiography usually allows the diagnosis to be clarified, but in borderline cases it can be insufficient. OBJECTIVE: The value of myocardial tissue Doppler (MTD) in the diagnosis of HCM has been highlighted recently. Normal values in athletes have been published, but these series have only studied a small number of athletes in a small number of sporting disciplines. METHODS: Using echocardiography with MTD at the lateral mitral annulus, we therefore evaluated 100 elite athletes from a very wide range of disciplines, in order to obtain a mean reference value for early diastolic Ea velocities. RESULTS: The peak early diastolic Ea was measured at 18.2 +/- 2.7 cm/s. The E/A ratio was 1.7 +/- 0.4. We found that 75% of the athletes had a value for Ea=17 cm/s, and for 84% of them the E/Ea ratio was correlated positively with the E/A ratio, and negatively with age. CONCLUSION: Elite athletes have early diastolic velocities measured with MTD that are higher due to their physical training. This study has allowed a mean reference value to be established for Ea in this specific population, with the potential opportunity to distinguish between LVH and HCM.

[Myocardial bridging and coronary spasm on effort]. / Pont myocardique et spasme coronaire à l'effort.

The discovery of myocardial bridging during coronary angiographies is common. Yet these bridges are rarely the origin of acute coronary syndrome. We report the case of an active 45 year old man with no cardiovascular risk factors who had acute coronary syndrome. Emergency coronary angiography just revealed two myocardial bridges on the anterior interventricular artery which did not explain this acute episode. A subsequent second angiogram together with endocoronary echography demonstrated that there was no atheroma and a methergin test set off diffuse coronary spasm. The association of myocardial bridging and coronary spasm has only rarely been reported in the literature. We describe the clinical, therapeutic and prognostic characteristics.

[Sudden death by coronary spasm: a particular and often unrecognised clinical entity]. / Mort subite par s pasme coronaire: une entité particulière, trop souvent méconnue.

The authors report 3 cases of resuscitated sudden death in which the investigations clearly showed coronary spasm. This was demonstrated by systematic coronary angiography with an ergometric test. Two patients underwent electrophysiological investigations which were normal. The three patients were prescribed long-term calcium antagonist therapy and one of them underwent coronary angioplasty. With a follow-up of 6 months to 3 years, there was no clinical recurrence or documented arrhythmia. A review of the literature shows that this is a cause of sudden death which is probably underestimated and unrecognised. Electrophysiological investigations often give disappointing results and medical therapy is the keystone of treatment. Coronary angioplasty and implantation of an automatic defibrillator are second-line treatments reserved to forms refractory to medical therapy.